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== Croatisation in the NDH ==
== Croatisation in the NDH ==
[[File:Glina church massacre.jpg|thumb|200px|Serb civilians forced to convert to Catholicism by the Ustaša in [[Glina, Croatia|Glina]]]]
The Croatisation during [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and towards Italians, Jews and Roma to a lesser degree. The [[Ustaše]] aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serb population of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]]. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as [[Mile Budak]] in [[Gospić]] and, a month later, by [[Mladen Lorković]].<ref>Eric Gobetti, ''"L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941–1943)"'', Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; {{ISBN|88-430-4171-1}}, {{ISBN|978-88-430-4171-8}}, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952</ref>
The Croatisation during [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and towards Italians, Jews and Roma to a lesser degree. The [[Ustaše]] aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serb population of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]]. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as [[Mile Budak]] in [[Gospić]] and, a month later, by [[Mladen Lorković]].<ref>Eric Gobetti, ''"L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941–1943)"'', Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; {{ISBN|88-430-4171-1}}, {{ISBN|978-88-430-4171-8}}, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952</ref>


Revision as of 23:14, 4 March 2021

Croatisation or Croatization (Croatian: kroatizacija, or pohrvaćenje; Italian: croatizzazione; Serbian: хрватизација / hrvatizacija or похрваћење / pohrvaćenje) is a process of cultural assimilation, and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically only partially Croatian or non-Croatian become Croatian.

Croatisation of Serbs

Religion

Serbs in the Roman Catholic Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope establishes the Eparchy of Marča (Vratanija) with seat at the Serbian-built Marča Monastery and instates a Byzantine vicar as bishop sub-ordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb, working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region. In 1695 Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Lika-Krbava and Zrinopolje is established by metropolitan Atanasije Ljubojević and certified by Emperor Josef I in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and becomes part of the Serbian Orthodox Church until 1753 when the Pope restores the Roman Catholic clergy. On 17 June 1777 the Eparchy of Križevci is permanently established by Pope Pius VI with see at Križevci, near Zagreb, thus forming the Croatian Greek Catholic Church which would after World War I include other people; Rusyns and Ukrainians of Yugoslavia.[1][2]

Croatisation in the NDH

Serb civilians forced to convert to Catholicism by the Ustaša in Glina

The Croatisation during Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and towards Italians, Jews and Roma to a lesser degree. The Ustaše aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serb population of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as Mile Budak in Gospić and, a month later, by Mladen Lorković.[3]

  • One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism.
  • One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed).
  • One third of the Serbs were to be killed.


Croatisation in Dalmatia

Even with a predominant Croatian majority, Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian communities in the coast (Italian majority in some cities and islands, largest concentration in Istria). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort to get Croatian language into schools and offices. Most Dalmatian Italians gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although Italian language and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II.[4]

Croatisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (19th century – present)

During the 19th century, with the emergence of ideologies and active political engagements on introduction of ethno-national identity and nationhood among South Slavs, strong pressure was exerted on Bosnia and Herzegovina's diverse religious communities from outside forces, mainly from Serbia and Croatia.[5] At the time, this pressure provoked some resistance, especially among Bosnian Franciscans, some of whom fiercely advocated against imminent Croatisation of Bosnian Catholics on one side, as well as imminent Serbianisation of Bosnian Orthodox people on the other, as prominent friar and historian, Antun Knežević, called them Catholic Bosniaks and Orthodox Bosniaks in his works. Knežević's position and doctrine was that all Bosnians or Bosniaks are one people of three faiths, and that up to late 19th century, Croatian identity (and/or Serbian for that matter) never existed in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[6] Although Fra Antun Knežević was not a unique phenomenon in this sense, he was certainly among the most articulate ones, and along with Fra. Ivan Franjo Jukić, who was his teacher and mentor earlier in his life and from whom he learned and adopted ideas, that as a champions of the notion that Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims are one nation and that Bosnia and Herzegovina is country with deep cultural and historical roots, they had strongest impact and left the deepest mark on Bosnian culture and history, albeit insufficient to eventually halt the process. Even earlier, since at least the 17th century, many other members of the Franciscan order in Bosnia were developing and adopting the idea of a Bosniak identity regardless of religion, nurturing it within the brotherhood and carrying it over into 18th and 19th century.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Meanwhile, contemporary scholars saw Croatisation as a long lasting process of influencing and changing historical memory, through various methods and strategies.[5] Dubravko Lovrenović, for instance, saw it as influencing a reception and interpretation of Bosnian medieval times, underlining its contemporary usage via revision and re-interpretation, in forms spanning from historical mythmaking by domestic and especially neighboring ethno-nationalist, to identity and culture politics, often based on fringe science and public demagoguery of academic elite, with language and material heritage in its midst.[5]

Following the establishment of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia in November 1991, and especially from May 1992 forward, the Herzeg-Bosnia leadership engaged in continuing and coordinated efforts to dominate and "Croatise" (or ethnically cleanse) the municipalities which they claimed were part of Herzeg-Bosnia, with increasing persecution and discrimination directed against the Bosniak population.[13] The Croatian Defence Council (HVO), the military formation of Croats, took control of many municipal governments and services, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders.[14] Herzeg-Bosnia authorities and Croat military forces took control of the media and imposed Croatian ideas and propaganda.[15] Croatian symbols and currency were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. Many Bosniaks were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed.[citation needed] Many of them were deported to concentration camps: Heliodrom, Dretelj, Gabela, Vojno, and Šunje.

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the official language Serbo-Croatian broke up into separate official languages and the process in relation to Croatian involved the Croatisation of its lexicon.[16]

Notable individuals who voluntarily Croatised

  • Dimitrija Demeter, a playwright who was the author of the first modern Croatian drama, was from a Greek family.
  • Vatroslav Lisinski, a composer, was originally named Ignaz Fuchs. His Croatian name is a literal translation.
  • Bogoslav Šulek, a lexicographer and inventor of many Croatian scientific terms, was originally Bohuslav Šulek from Slovakia.
  • Stanko Vraz, a poet and the first professional writer in Croatia, was originally Jakob Frass from Slovenia.
  • August Šenoa, a Croatian novelist, poet and writer, is of Czech-Slovak descent. His parents never learned the Croatian language, even when they lived in Zagreb.
  • Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, a geologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist who discovered Krapina man[17] (Krapinski pračovjek), was of German descent. He added his second name, Gorjanović, to be adopted as a Croatian.
  • Slavoljub Eduard Penkala was an inventor of Dutch/Polish origins. He added the name Slavoljub in order to Croatise.
  • Lovro Monti, Croatian politician, mayor of Knin. One of the leaders of the Croatian national movement in Dalmatia, he was of Italian roots.
  • Adolfo Veber Tkalčević -linguist of German descent
  • Ivan Zajc (born Giovanni von Seitz) a music composer was of German descent
  • Josip Frank, nationalist Croatian 19th century politicia, born as a Jew
  • Vladko Maček, Croatian politician, leader of the Croats in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after Stjepan Radić and one time opposition reformist, maker of the Cvetković-Maček agreement that founded the Croatian Banate, born in a Slovene-Czech family

Notable individuals, of Croatian origin, partially magyarized through intermarriages and then croatized again

families:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture at Google Books
  2. ^ Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire at Google Books
  3. ^ Eric Gobetti, "L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941–1943)", Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; ISBN 88-430-4171-1, ISBN 978-88-430-4171-8, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952
  4. ^ Društvo književnika Hrvatske, Bridge, Volume 1995, Numbers 9–10, Croatian literature series – Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989
  5. ^ a b c Lovrenović, Dubravko (2013). Govedarica, Blagoje (ed.). "Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka (O jednom modelu promjene historijskog pamcenja)" [Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages in Light of the Religious Character of Stecak Tombstones (About a model of the changing the historical memory)]. Godišnjak/Jahrbuch (in Serbo-Croatian). 42. Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine [ Centre for Balkan Studies of the Academy sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ]: 103–130. doi:10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40. ISSN 2232-7770.
  6. ^ Truhelka, Ćiro (1 October 1930). "Jedno zanimljivo pismo bosanskog historičara fra Ante Kneževića". Narodna starina (in Bosnian). 9 (22). hrcak.srce.hr: 227–233. ISSN 1849-1510. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  7. ^ Zemljopis i poviestnica Bosne. Internet Archive. 1851. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  8. ^ Zemljopis i poviestnica Bosne by Ivan Frano Jukić as Slavoljub Bošnjak, Zagreb, 1851, UDC 911.3(497.15)
  9. ^ Putpisi i istorisko-etnografski radovi by Ivan Frano Jukić as Slavoljub Bošnjak ASIN: B004TK99S6
  10. ^ "Kratka povjest kralja bosanskih". Dobra knjiga. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  11. ^ "Predstavljanje: Kratka povjest kralja bosanskih". visoko.co.ba.vinet.ba. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  12. ^ Kratka povjest kralja bosanskih by Antun Knežević ISBN 978-9958-688-68-3
  13. ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict – A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 c) The municipality of Kiseljak".
  14. ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict – A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 – b) The municipality of Busovača".
  15. ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict — A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 – c) The municipality of Kiseljak". the authorities created a radio station which broadcast nationalist propaganda
  16. ^ Todorova-Pirgova, Iveta (2001). "Langue Et Esprit National: Mythe, Folklore, Identité". Ethnologie Française. 31 (2): 291. doi:10.3917/ethn.012.0287.
  17. ^ Krapina C Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ https://www.geni.com/family-tree/canvas/6000000008657536462
  19. ^ Zrinski family
  20. ^ https://www.geni.com/people/Andr%C3%A1s-de-M%C3%A1tyok-Kezi/6000000027948344175
  21. ^ Dora Pejačević[4] ANCESTRY[5][6][7] Dora Pejačević Budapest, 1885 – Munich, 1923 (Roman Catholic) Father: Teodor Pejačević Našice, 1855 – Vienna, 1928) (Roman Catholic) Grandfather: Ladislav Pejačević [8][9] (Sopron, 18 – Našice, Veröce 1901 ) (Roman Catholic) Great-grandfather: Ferdinánd Pejačević[10] Sopron1800-Graz,(A) 1878(...) (Roman Catholic)(mother:Erdödy) Great-grandmother: Mária Döry de Jobaháza[11] Zomba, 1800 – Zalabér,Zala 1880) (Roman Catholic) mother: felsöbüki Julianna Nagy Grandmother: Gabriella Döry de Jobaháza? Zomba 1830 – Našice 1913) (Roman Catholic) Great-grandfather: Gábor Döry de Jóbaháza[12] (Pécs 1803,Szentgál 1871) (Roman Catholic) (mother: felsöbüki Júlia Nagy 1766-1828) Great-grandmother: Erzsébet Döry de Jóbaháza Zomba 1806 – Našice 18... (Roman Catholic) (f: Pál Döry/ m: Anna Krisztina Tallián, 1787 Ádánd-1809 Pécs) Mother: Elisabeth Vay Alsózsolca, Borsod 1860-1941 (Roman Catholic) Grandfather: báró vajai Béla Vay (1829 Alsózsolca, Borsod-1910 Alsózsolca- ) (Roman Catholic) Great-grandfather: báró vajai Lajos Vay 1803 Golop,Borsod – 1888 Vatta ) (Roman Catholic) Great-grandmother: gróf Erzsébet Teleki de Szék. (1812 Sáromberke, Maros-Torda – 1881 Budapest) (Roman Catholic) Grandmother: gróf széki Zsófia Teleki Gernyeszeg 1836,Maros-Torda, Transylvania, – , 1898) (Roman Catholic) Great-grandfather: gróf Domokos Teleki de Szék 1810 Marosvásárhely, Maros-Torda - 1876 Kolozsvár, Kolozs (Roman Catholic) Great-grandmother: Jozefa Bánffy de Losonc 1810 Déva, Hunyad (Roman Catholic)
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