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{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict|conflict = Battle of Assandun|place = Unknown, various locations possible, but probably somewhere in [[Essex]]|date = 18 October 1016|result = Danish victory|combatants_header = Belligerents|combatant1 = [[Kingdom of England]]|combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Denmark]]|commander1 = [[Edmund Ironside]]|commander2 = [[Canute the Great]]}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
| conflict = Battle of Assandun
| place = Unknown; various locations possible, but probably somewhere in [[Essex]]
| date = 18 October 1016
| result = Danish victory
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom of England]]
| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Denmark]]
| commander1 = [[Edmund Ironside]]
| commander2 = [[Canute the Great]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}


[[File:Ashingdon Hilltop.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Ashingdon hill, possible location of the battle.]]
[[File:Ashingdon Hilltop.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Ashingdon hill, possible location of the battle.]]


The '''Battle of Assandun''' (or '''Essendune''')<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Ernest F. |editor-last=Fairbairn |editor-first=W. H. |others=[1916] |title=Tewkesbury Abbey |series=Notes on Famous Churches and Abbeys |page=2 |location=London |publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|SPCK]] |url=https://archive.org/details/tewkesburyabbey00smituoft}}</ref> was fought between [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] and [[Anglo-Saxon England|English]] armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be [[Ashdon]] near Saffron Walden in north [[Essex]] or, as long supposed, [[Ashingdon]] near Rochford in southeast [[Essex]], England. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by [[Canute the Great]], who triumphed over the English army led by King [[Edmund Ironside]]. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish conquest of England.
The '''Battle of Assandun''' (or '''Essendune''')<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Ernest F. |editor-last=Fairbairn |editor-first=W. H. |others=[1916] |title=Tewkesbury Abbey |series=Notes on Famous Churches and Abbeys |page=2 |location=London |publisher=[[SPCK]] |url=https://archive.org/details/tewkesburyabbey00smituoft}}</ref> was fought between [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] and [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|English]] armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be [[Ashdon]] near [[Saffron Walden]] in north [[Essex]], England, or, as long supposed, [[Ashingdon]] near Rochford in south-east Essex. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by [[Canute the Great]], who triumphed over the English army led by King [[Edmund Ironside]]. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish conquest of England.


==Battle==
==Battle==
During the battle, [[Eadric Streona]], the Ealderman of Mercia, left the battle allowing the Scandinavians to break through the English lines and win a decisive victory. Eadric Streona had previously defected to Canute when he landed in England but after Canute's defeat at the Battle of Otford he came back to the English, but this was a trick as he would betray them at Assandun.
During the battle, [[Eadric Streona]], the [[ealdorman]] of [[Mercia]], left the battle allowing the Scandinavians to break through the English lines and win a decisive victory. Eadric Streona had previously defected to Canute when he landed in England but after Canute's defeat at the Battle of Otford he came back to the English, but this was a trick as he would betray them at Assandun.


The battle is mentioned briefly in ''[[Knýtlinga saga]]'' which quotes a verse of [[skaldic poetry]] by [[Óttarr svarti]], one of Canute's court poets.
The battle is mentioned briefly in ''[[Knýtlinga saga]]'' which quotes a verse of [[skaldic poetry]] by [[Óttarr svarti]], one of Canute's court poets.


{{quote|text=King Knut fought the third battle, a major one, against the sons of Æthelred at a place called Ashington, north of the Danes' Woods. In the words of Ottar:
{{quote|text=King Knut fought the third battle, a major one, against the sons of [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]] at a place called Ashington, north of the Danes' Woods. In the words of Ottar:

:At Ashington, you worked well
:At Ashington, you worked well
:in the shield-war, warrior-king;
:in the shield-war, warrior-king;
Line 23: Line 33:
}}
}}


During the course of the battle, [[Eadnoth the Younger]], Bishop of Dorchester, was killed by Canute's men whilst in the act of saying mass on behalf of Edmund Ironside's men. According to Liber Eliensis, Eadnoth's hand was first cut off for a ring, and then his body cut to pieces.<ref>Fairweather, Janet, trans., Liber Eliensis (Woodbridge, 2005), p. 169</ref> The Ealdorman [[Ulfcytel Snillingr]] also died in the battle.
During the course of the battle, [[Eadnoth the Younger]], Bishop of Dorchester, was killed by Canute's men whilst in the act of saying mass on behalf of Edmund Ironside's men. According to Liber Eliensis, Eadnoth's hand was first cut off for a ring, and then his body cut to pieces.<ref>Fairweather, Janet, trans., Liber Eliensis (Woodbridge, 2005), p. 169</ref> The ealdorman [[Ulfcytel Snillingr]] also died in the battle.


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
Following his defeat, Edmund was forced to sign a treaty with Canute. By this treaty, all of England except [[Wessex]] would be controlled by Canute and when one of the kings should die the other would take all of England, that king's son being the heir to the throne. After Edmund's death on 30 November, Canute built a church, chapel, or holy site after winning the battle to commemorate the soldiers who died in battle. A few years later in 1020 the completion of the memorial church known as Ashingdon Minster took place, on the hill next to the presumed site of the battle in Ashingdon. The church still stands to this day. Canute attended the dedication of Ashingdon Minster with his bishops and appointed his personal priest, [[Stigand]], to be priest there. The church is now dedicated to Saint Andrew but is believed previously to have been dedicated to Saint Michael, who was considered a military saint: churches dedicated to him are frequently located on a hill.
Following his defeat, Edmund was forced to sign a treaty with Canute. By this treaty, all of England except [[Wessex]] would be controlled by Canute and when one of the kings should die the other would take all of England, that king's son being the heir to the throne. After Edmund's death on 30 November, Canute built a church, chapel, or holy site after winning the battle to commemorate the soldiers who died in battle. A few years later in 1020 the completion of the memorial church known as Ashingdon Minster took place, on the hill next to the presumed site of the battle in Ashingdon. The church still stands to this day. Canute attended the dedication of Ashingdon Minster with his bishops and appointed his personal priest, [[Stigand]], to be priest there. The church is now dedicated to [[Saint Andrew]] but is believed previously to have been dedicated to [[Saint Michael]], who was considered a military saint: churches dedicated to him are frequently located on a hill.


==Battlefield location==
==Battlefield location==
There is another possible location of the battle; Ashdon, also in Essex, or closer to nearby Hadstock. There have been many finds of Roman and Anglo-Saxon coins in the area and the construction of the Saffron Walden to Bartlow branch line through the 'Red Field' between Hadstock and Linton in the 1860s discovered a large number of skeletal remains. Historians have argued inconclusively over the different sites for years. Ashdon's 10th-century wooden village church, itself possibly built on the site of a pre-Christian temple, was probably rebuilt in stone in the early 11th century, about the right time for Canute's conquest. Unfortunately little remains of the earlier structures, which were largely obliterated by the construction of the current church of All Saints during the late 13th to early 15th centuries. A more likely site for Canute's church is St Botolph's Church in Hadstock, known to date from the early 11th century, still largely extant, and much closer to the likely battle site. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmaryssaffronwalden.org/ashdon/history.htm |title=All Saints Church, Ashdon, Essex - History |access-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145129/http://www.stmaryssaffronwalden.org/ashdon/history.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.magnitudesurveys.co.uk/index.php/2016/02/red-field/|title=In Search of the Battle of Assandun - Magnitude Surveys }}</ref>
There is another possible location of the battle; Ashdon, also in Essex, or closer to nearby [[Hadstock]]. There have been many finds of Roman and Anglo-Saxon coins in the area and the construction of the Saffron Walden to [[Bartlow]] branch line through the 'Red Field' between Hadstock and [[Linton, Kent|Linton]] in the 1860s discovered a large number of skeletal remains. Historians have argued inconclusively over the different sites for years. Ashdon's 10th-century wooden village church, itself possibly built on the site of a pre-Christian temple, was probably rebuilt in stone in the early 11th century, about the right time for Canute's conquest. Little remains of the earlier structures, which were largely obliterated by the construction of the current church of All Saints during the late 13th to early 15th centuries. A more likely site for Canute's church is St Botolph's Church in Hadstock, known to date from the early 11th century, still largely extant, and much closer to the likely battle site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmaryssaffronwalden.org/ashdon/history.htm |title=All Saints Church, Ashdon, Essex - History |access-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145129/http://www.stmaryssaffronwalden.org/ashdon/history.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.magnitudesurveys.co.uk/index.php/2016/02/red-field/|title=In Search of the Battle of Assandun - Magnitude Surveys }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:50, 6 August 2021

Battle of Assandun
Date18 October 1016
Location
Unknown; various locations possible, but probably somewhere in Essex
Result Danish victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Denmark
Commanders and leaders
Edmund Ironside Canute the Great

Ashingdon hill, possible location of the battle.

The Battle of Assandun (or Essendune)[1] was fought between Danish and English armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be Ashdon near Saffron Walden in north Essex, England, or, as long supposed, Ashingdon near Rochford in south-east Essex. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by Canute the Great, who triumphed over the English army led by King Edmund Ironside. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish conquest of England.

Battle

During the battle, Eadric Streona, the ealdorman of Mercia, left the battle allowing the Scandinavians to break through the English lines and win a decisive victory. Eadric Streona had previously defected to Canute when he landed in England but after Canute's defeat at the Battle of Otford he came back to the English, but this was a trick as he would betray them at Assandun.

The battle is mentioned briefly in Knýtlinga saga which quotes a verse of skaldic poetry by Óttarr svarti, one of Canute's court poets.

King Knut fought the third battle, a major one, against the sons of Æthelred at a place called Ashington, north of the Danes' Woods. In the words of Ottar:

At Ashington, you worked well
in the shield-war, warrior-king;
brown was the flesh of bodies
served to the blood-bird:
in the slaughter, you won,
sire, with your sword
enough of a name there,
north of the Danes' Woods.[2]

During the course of the battle, Eadnoth the Younger, Bishop of Dorchester, was killed by Canute's men whilst in the act of saying mass on behalf of Edmund Ironside's men. According to Liber Eliensis, Eadnoth's hand was first cut off for a ring, and then his body cut to pieces.[3] The ealdorman Ulfcytel Snillingr also died in the battle.

Aftermath

Following his defeat, Edmund was forced to sign a treaty with Canute. By this treaty, all of England except Wessex would be controlled by Canute and when one of the kings should die the other would take all of England, that king's son being the heir to the throne. After Edmund's death on 30 November, Canute built a church, chapel, or holy site after winning the battle to commemorate the soldiers who died in battle. A few years later in 1020 the completion of the memorial church known as Ashingdon Minster took place, on the hill next to the presumed site of the battle in Ashingdon. The church still stands to this day. Canute attended the dedication of Ashingdon Minster with his bishops and appointed his personal priest, Stigand, to be priest there. The church is now dedicated to Saint Andrew but is believed previously to have been dedicated to Saint Michael, who was considered a military saint: churches dedicated to him are frequently located on a hill.

Battlefield location

There is another possible location of the battle; Ashdon, also in Essex, or closer to nearby Hadstock. There have been many finds of Roman and Anglo-Saxon coins in the area and the construction of the Saffron Walden to Bartlow branch line through the 'Red Field' between Hadstock and Linton in the 1860s discovered a large number of skeletal remains. Historians have argued inconclusively over the different sites for years. Ashdon's 10th-century wooden village church, itself possibly built on the site of a pre-Christian temple, was probably rebuilt in stone in the early 11th century, about the right time for Canute's conquest. Little remains of the earlier structures, which were largely obliterated by the construction of the current church of All Saints during the late 13th to early 15th centuries. A more likely site for Canute's church is St Botolph's Church in Hadstock, known to date from the early 11th century, still largely extant, and much closer to the likely battle site.[4][5]

References

  1. ^ Smith, Ernest F. Fairbairn, W. H. (ed.). Tewkesbury Abbey. Notes on Famous Churches and Abbeys. [1916]. London: SPCK. p. 2.
  2. ^ "Knut's Invasion of England in 1015-16, according to the Knytlinga Saga". De Re Militari. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  3. ^ Fairweather, Janet, trans., Liber Eliensis (Woodbridge, 2005), p. 169
  4. ^ "All Saints Church, Ashdon, Essex - History". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  5. ^ "In Search of the Battle of Assandun - Magnitude Surveys".
  • Bartlett, W. B. (2018). King Cnut and the Viking Conquest of England 1016. Amberley Publishing.

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