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[[File:Cuscus.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Couscous]] is traditionally enjoyed on Friday, the holy day in Islam. Garnished with vegetables and chickpeas, it is served communally.]]
[[File:Cuscus.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Couscous]] is traditionally enjoyed on Friday, the holy day in Islam. Garnished with vegetables and chickpeas, it is served communally.]]


[[Moroccan cuisine]] is generally a mix of [[Berbers|Amazigh]] (Berber), [[Andalusian cuisine|Andalusi]], [[Arab cuisine|Arab]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yabiladi.com|title=Moroccan cuisine, a melting pot of peoples and cultures [Interview]|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/87614/moroccan-cuisine-melting-peoples-cultures.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] cuisines with slight European and sub-Saharan influences. It is known for dishes such as [[couscous]], [[tajine]], and ''[[pastilla]]''. Moroccan cuisine uses many herbs, including [[Coriander|cilantro]], [[parsley]], and [[Spearmint|mint]]; spices such as [[cinnamon]], [[turmeric]], [[ginger]], [[cumin]], and [[saffron]]; and produce such as tomatoes, onions, garlic, zucchini, bell peppers, and [[eggplant]]. One of the defining features of Moroccan cuisine is the interplay between sweet and savory flavors, as exemplified by ''[[tfaya]]'', a mix of caramelized onions, butter, cinnamon, sugar, and raisins often served with meat.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Nada Kiffa |title=T'faya in Moroccan Cooking |url=https://tasteofmaroc.com/tfaya-moroccan-cooking/ |website=Taste of Maroc |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106234044/https://tasteofmaroc.com/tfaya-moroccan-cooking/ |archive-date=6 January 2020 |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
[[Moroccan cuisine]] is generally a mix of [[Berbers|Amazigh]] (Berber), [[Andalusian cuisine|Andalusi]], [[Arab cuisine|Arab]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yabiladi.com|title=Moroccan cuisine, a melting pot of peoples and cultures [Interview]|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/87614/moroccan-cuisine-melting-peoples-cultures.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] cuisines with slight European and sub-Saharan influences. [[Berbers]] had food staples such as [[Fig|Figs,]] [[Olive]]<nowiki/>s and [[Date palm|Dates]] and prepared lamb and poultry dishes frequently. This has heavily influenced Moroccan cuisine as all of these are used in abudance. Morrocco is known for dishes such as [[couscous]], [[tajine]], and ''[[pastilla]]''. Moroccan cuisine uses many herbs, including [[Coriander|cilantro]], [[parsley]], and [[Spearmint|mint]]; spices such as [[cinnamon]], [[turmeric]], [[ginger]], [[cumin]], and [[saffron]]; and produce such as tomatoes, onions, garlic, zucchini, bell peppers, and [[eggplant]]. One of the defining features of Moroccan cuisine is the interplay between sweet and savory flavors, as exemplified by ''[[tfaya]]'', a mix of caramelized onions, butter, cinnamon, sugar, and raisins often served with meat.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Nada Kiffa |title=T'faya in Moroccan Cooking |url=https://tasteofmaroc.com/tfaya-moroccan-cooking/ |website=Taste of Maroc |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106234044/https://tasteofmaroc.com/tfaya-moroccan-cooking/ |archive-date=6 January 2020 |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>


Historically, couscous has been the staple of the Moroccan diet. On special occasions, more complex meals like the traditional Moroccan [[pastilla]] and some special pastries such as ''[[gazelle ankles]]'' and ''briwates'' are served for guests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://moroccanzest.com/moroccan-food-you-must-try/|title=Moroccan Traditional Cuisine {{!}} What to Eat in Morocco {{!}} MoroccanZest|date=2018-07-28|work=Moroccan Zest|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Mint tea, called ''[[Maghrebi mint tea|atay]]'' in Morocco, is commonly regarded as the national beverage.<ref name="Njoku2006">{{cite book|author=Raphael Chijioke Njoku|title=Culture and Customs of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRV1ZTDoSsUC&pg=PA83|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33289-0|page=83}}</ref>
Historically, couscous has been the staple of the Moroccan diet. On special occasions, more complex meals like the traditional Moroccan [[pastilla]] and some special pastries such as ''[[gazelle ankles]]'' and ''briwates'' are served for guests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://moroccanzest.com/moroccan-food-you-must-try/|title=Moroccan Traditional Cuisine {{!}} What to Eat in Morocco {{!}} MoroccanZest|date=2018-07-28|work=Moroccan Zest|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Mint tea, called ''[[Maghrebi mint tea|atay]]'' in Morocco, is commonly regarded as the national beverages. Coffee is also universally enjoyed from espresso to cappuccinos.


== Celebrations and holidays ==
== Celebrations and holidays ==

Revision as of 18:12, 4 February 2022

The culture of Morocco represents and is shaped by a confluence of influences throughout history. This sphere may include, among others, the fields of personal or collective behaviors, language, customs, knowledge, beliefs, arts, legislation, gastronomy, music, poetry, architecture, etc. ... While Morocco started to be stably predominantly Sunni Muslim starting from 9th-10th century AD, in the Almoravids empire period, a very significant old Jewish population had contributed to the shaping of Moroccan culture. In antiquity, starting from the second century A.D and up to the seventh, a rural Donatist Christianity was present, along an urban still-in-the-making Roman Catholicism. All of the cultural super strata tend to rely on a multi millennial aboriginal Amazigh substratum still strongly present and dates back to prehistoric times.

The linguistic landscape of Morocco is complex. It generally tends to be horizontally diverse and vertically stratified. It is though possible to broadly classify it into two main components: Amazigh and Semitic. It is hardly possible to speculate about the origin of Amazigh languages as it is traced back to low antiquity and prehistoric times.[1] The Semitic influence, on the contrary, can be fairly documented by archaeological evidence.[2] It came in two waves: Canaanite, in its Punic, Carthaginian and Hebrew historic varieties, from the ninth century B.C and up to high antiquity, and Arabic, during the low Middle Ages, starting from the seventh century A.D. The two Semitic languages being close, both in syntax and vocabulary it is hard to tell them apart as to who influenced more the structure of modern Maghrebi.[3] The Arab conquerors having certainly encountered large romanized urban Punic population as they advanced.[4] In any case, the linguistic and cultural identity of Morocco, just as its geography would predict, is the result of the encounter of three main circles: African Amazigh, Semitic and Western Mediterranean European.

While the two official languages of Morocco are Standard Arabic and Standard Moroccan Berber, according to the 2014 general census, most Moroccans speak Moroccan Arabic (Darija) as a native language. 30 to 40%[5] of the population speaks an Amazigh language, in its Tarifit, Tamazight, or Tashelhit varieties. Bilingualism and diglossia[6] being the norm in most of the territory, the census seems to neglect to what extent speakers of Darija are bilingual. While the accuracy of these figures is still highly controversial in the country,[7] the understanding of the ideological motives behind the lack in clarity of these figures might help in the understanding of the modern cultural landscape.

Language

Main articles: Languages of Morocco, Arabic, and Amazigh language

Modern Standard Arabic and Standard Moroccan Tamazight are the official languages of Morocco,[8] while Moroccan Arabic is the national vernacular language;[9] Amazigh dialects, especially Tarifit, Central Atlas Tamazight, and Tashelhit, are also widely spoken. Varieties of Judeo-Arabic have also traditionally been spoken in Morocco.[10] Foreign languages, particularly French, English, and Spanish, are widely spoken in urban centers such as Tangier or Casablanca. With all of these languages, code-switching is an omnipresent phenomenon in Moroccan speech and media.[11]

Arabic

Classical Arabic, a formal rather than natural language, is used primarily in formal, academic, and religious settings.[12] Moroccan Arabic, in its various regional and contextual forms, is used more often in casual situations, at home, and on the street.[13] Hassaniya is a distinct dialect of Arabic spoken in the south of Morocco.

Tamazight

Tashelhit (also known locally as Soussia) is spoken in southwest Morocco, in an area between Sidi Ifni in the south, Agadir in the north, and Marrakesh and the Draa and Sous valleys in the east. Central Atlas Tamazight is spoken in the Middle Atlas, between Taza, Khemisset, Azilal, and Errachidia. Tarifit is spoken in the Rif area of northern Morocco in towns like Nador, Al Hoceima, Ajdir, Tétouan, Taourirt, and Taza.

Most Amazigh embraced Islam quickly, though their non-Arab ethnic and linguistic distinction has resisted the Arab-Islamic influence. Hundreds of Amazigh (Berber) associations have been created to defend their culture and identity in the last few decades in Morocco and Algeria. Newsstands and bookstores in all the major cities are filled with new Berber publications that provide articles and essays about the Amazigh culture and art. In 1994, the state-owned TV station RTM (now TVM) started broadcasting a daily, 10-minute-long news bulletin in the 3 Berber dialects. Berber activists are demanding a fifty percent share of broadcasting time in standardized Berber (Tamazight) on all state-owned TV channels. There is also a national Tamazight channel in Morocco, called Tamazight TV. It opened in 2010, and broadcasts for over 13 hours a day, with an extended broadcast on weekends.

Literature

Main article: Moroccan literature
A folio of an 18th-century Moroccan Quran, with a characteristically Maghrebi script used to write surahs 105–114

As Amazigh societies primarily practiced oral tradition, the history of Moroccan literature started in the early Middle Ages. In the era of the Berber dynasties, coinciding with the flowering of Al-Andalus, there were several important Moroccan writers, especially in the fields of religion and poetry.[citation needed]

Music

Main article: Music of Morocco
An Amazigh musician wearing two large triangular brooches in southern Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century
A group performing Gnawa in Zagora, South Eastern Morocco near the Algerian border

Moroccan music is characterized by its great diversity from one region to another. It includes Arabic music genres, such as chaâbi and aita in the Atlantic plains (Doukkala-Abda, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Rehamna), melhoun in the Andalusi cities (Meknes, Fes, Salé, Tetouan, Oujda...), and Hassani in the Moroccan Sahara. There is also Amazigh music such as the Rif reggada, the ahidus of the Middle Atlas and the Souss ahwash. In the South there is also deqqa Marrakshia and gnawa. In addition, young people synthesize the Moroccan spirit with influences from around the world (blues, rock, metal, reggae, Moroccan rap, etc.).

A gnawa street performer wearing traditional gnawi clothing in Rabat's Qasbat al-Widaya

Tarab al-āla  [ar] (طرب الآلة lit. "joy of the instrument") is a celebrated musical style in Morocco, a result of a large migration of Muslims from Valencia to Moroccan cities and especially Fes.[14] The Fessi āla style utilizes the Moroccan forms of the Andalusi nubah melodical arrangements.[15] While this musical style is sometimes popularly referred to as Andalusi music, specialists prefer the name āla (آلة "instrument") to differentiate it from the Sufi tradition of samā', which is purely vocal, and to deëmphasize its relationship with Europe.[16] Mohammed al-Haik's 18th century songbook Kunnash al-Haik, is a seminal text of the āla tradition.[16] Traditional songs such as "Shams al-'Ashiya" are still played at celebrations and formal events.[17] Dar ul-Aala in Casablanca is a museum and conservatory dedicated to this musical heritage. Another style of music derived from the musical traditions of al-Andalus is Gharnati music.

A genre known as Contemporary Andalusian Music and art is the brainchild of Morisco visual artist/composer/oudist Tarik Banzi, founder of the Al-Andalus Ensemble.

Chaabi ("popular") is a music consisting of numerous varieties which are descended from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.

Popular Western forms of music are becoming increasingly popular in Morocco, such as fusion, rock, country, metal and, in particular, hip hop.

Morocco participated in the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest, where it finished in the penultimate position.

Visual arts

Festival Scene: a watercolor by Muhammad Ben Ali Rabati, one of Morocco's first painters

The decorative arts have a long and important history in Morocco. One of the traditional elements of artistic expression in Morocco is Maghrebi-Andalusian art and architecture.[18] Carved plaster Arabesques, zellige tilework, carved wood, and other expressions of Islamic geometric patterns are typical features of this style.[19]

A 19th century poster of the word "Allah" by the master calligrapher Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi in his improvised Maghrebi script.

Maghrebi Arabic script is an important feature of the history of visual art in Morocco.[20] While some aspects of Maghrebi script are codified and prescribed, there have also been innovations, such as those by the 19th century calligrapher Muhammad al-Qandusi.[21]

Muhammad Ben Ali Rabati was one of the first Moroccans to paint in a European style.[22]

Chaïbia Talal was another celebrated naive painter from Morocco.

Modern art

Hamid Irbouh identifies three groups within Moroccan modernism: the Populists, the Nativists, and the Bipictorialists. Among the Populists—usually self-trained artists who received support from French and American patrons and depicted everyday vernacular life—were artists such as Ahmed Louardighi, Hassan el Glaoui, Ahmed Drissi, and Fatima Hassan El Farouj.[23] The Nativists—active in the 1960s and led by Farid Belkahia and other members of the Casablanca School, such as Mohamed Melehi and Mohamed Chabâa—sought to break entirely with the West in general and with France in particular.[23][24] The Bipictorialists, including Ahmed Cherkaoui and Jilali Gharbaoui, entered in dialog with Moroccan, French, and Western influences, working toward a reconciliation of the various dimensions of postcolonial Moroccan identity.[23]

Contemporary art

Contemporary art in Morocco is still developing. with considerable potential for growth. Since the 1990s-2000s Moroccan cities have welcomed institutions that contribute to the diffusion of contemporary art and the visual arts: L'appartement 22 and Radio Apartment 22 in Rabat,[25][26] the Cinémathèque de Tanger in Tangier, La Source du Lion in Casablanca, Dar Al-Ma'mûn residency and center, the Marrakech Art Fair, and the Marrakech Biennale, all in Marrakech.

Local art galleries such as Galerie Villa Delaporte, Atelier 21, Galerie Matisse and Galerie FJ are also platforms showing contemporary artwork and contributing to its development.[27]

The global art market also influences the development and visibility of contemporary art in Morocco; international exhibitions such as "Africa Remix" (2004) and "Uneven Geographies" (2010) featured contemporary artists from North Africa, including Moroccan ones. Regional events such as the Dakar Biennale (or Dak'Art – Biennale de l'Art Africain Contemporain), a major contemporary African art exhibition, gives greater visibility to artists from the African continent.

Moroccan artists and their initiatives

Artists born in Morocco or with Moroccan origins include Mounir Fatmi, Latifa Echackhch, Mohamed El Baz, Bouchra Khalili, Majida Khattari, Mehdi-Georges Lahlou, and Younes Baba-Ali.[28]

Moroccan artists have devised several initiatives to help develop a contemporary art market in the country. For example, Hassan Darsi created La Source du Lion in 1995, an art studio that welcomes artists-in-residence, and Bouchra Khalili and Yto Barrada founded the Cinémathèque de Tanger in 2003, which is dedicated to promoting Moroccan cinematographic culture.[29] A group of seven Moroccan artists, among them Amina Benbouchta, Hassan Echair, Jamila Lamrani, Safâa Erruas and Younès Rahmoun, formed "Collectif 212" to exhibit their work at Le Cube, an independent art room. Their first major show was in 2006 at the exhibition Un Siècle de peinture au Maroc [A century of painting in Morocco] when the new premises of the French Institute of Rabat (L'Institut Français de Rabat) were officially opened.[30] They committed to creating artistic experiences in the context of Moroccan culture, as well as collaborating with other artists such as Hicham Benohoud.

The young local artists Batoul Shim and Karim Rafi participated in the "Working for Change" project, which aims to create art expressive of Moroccan culture, during the 2011 Venice Biennale.[31]

Art Market

There is a burgeoning market for modern & contemporary art. The art movement began over 50 years ago at the center of Marrakech, in the bustling market place of Jemaa el-Fna, when a group of abstract artists[32] got together and exhibited their work. The exhibit lasted for 10 days and is considered the beginning of a movement in modern and contemporary art. It has been gaining recognition throughout the African continent and globally ever since.

Marrakech has emerged as the "art capital" of Morocco. It houses numerous art museums including the Farid Belkahia Museum, named after one of the leading Jemaa el-Fna artists who died in 2014. Marrakech is home to the Yves Saint Laurent Museum and hosts the annual Marrakech International Film Festival.

Tangier is another center for art, producing renowned artists like Ahmed Yacoubi and Abdellatif Zine and Mohamed Hamri whose works are displayed around the world.

Tattooing

Haratin Moroccan women with facial tattooing from Tissint near Tata, Morocco. Photo taken at the National Folklore Festival in Marrakesh in 1970.

Tattooing was once a popular tradition in the Maghreb, particularly among rural Amazigh populations.[33]

Cuisine

Main article: Moroccan cuisine
Couscous is traditionally enjoyed on Friday, the holy day in Islam. Garnished with vegetables and chickpeas, it is served communally.

Moroccan cuisine is generally a mix of Amazigh (Berber), Andalusi, Arab,[34] and Mediterranean cuisines with slight European and sub-Saharan influences. Berbers had food staples such as Figs, Olives and Dates and prepared lamb and poultry dishes frequently. This has heavily influenced Moroccan cuisine as all of these are used in abudance. Morrocco is known for dishes such as couscous, tajine, and pastilla. Moroccan cuisine uses many herbs, including cilantro, parsley, and mint; spices such as cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, cumin, and saffron; and produce such as tomatoes, onions, garlic, zucchini, bell peppers, and eggplant. One of the defining features of Moroccan cuisine is the interplay between sweet and savory flavors, as exemplified by tfaya, a mix of caramelized onions, butter, cinnamon, sugar, and raisins often served with meat.[35]

Historically, couscous has been the staple of the Moroccan diet. On special occasions, more complex meals like the traditional Moroccan pastilla and some special pastries such as gazelle ankles and briwates are served for guests.[36] Mint tea, called atay in Morocco, is commonly regarded as the national beverages. Coffee is also universally enjoyed from espresso to cappuccinos.

Celebrations and holidays

Religious holidays

Islamic holidays

Morocco' official religion is Islam. The rhythm of life for Moroccans is dictated by religious celebrations throughout the year, such as Ramadan and Eid Al Adha. During these celebrations, most of them being public holidays, Moroccans focus on praying and spending time with their family. Moroccans also celebrate al-Mawlid al-Nabawi, the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, and the Islamic New Year.

Other religious celebrations include the Friday weekly prayer where most Moroccans go to the mosque for the Friday mid-day prayer.[37]

Jewish holidays

Jewish Wedding in Morocco by Eugène Delacroix, Louvre, Paris

Morocco has long had a significant Jewish population, distinguished by traditions particular to Moroccan Jews. For example, Mimouna is a characteristically Maghrebi holiday celebrated the day after Passover.[38] Mahia is traditionally associated with Moroccan Purim celebrations.[39]

Folk celebrations

Yennayer, the Amazigh new year, has been celebrated from January 12 to January 13, the beginning of the Julian calendar, since antiquity.[40]

Other celebrations include Ashura, the tenth day of the Islamic year, and Bujlood, a folk carnival celebrated after Eid al-Adha.

Festivals

Taburida, or mawsam or fantasia, is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Maghreb performed during cultural festivals and for Maghrebi wedding celebrations.[41] There are also several annual festivals that take place in Morocco, such as the Betrothal Festival in Imilshil, the rose festival in Qalaat Megouna, or the saffron festival in Taliween.

Carpets, dress and jewellery

Carpet weaving

Moroccan carpets for sale at a shop on the Street of the Consulates in Rabat

Carpet weaving is a traditional craft in Morocco. Styles vary dramatically from region to region and from tribe to tribe. Among the more popular varieties there are:

Some Atlas tribes, such as the Beni Ouarain, also weave hendiras, which are ornate woven cloaks for use in the winter. When it is snowing, they can be overturned and the loose loops of wool help snow fall off to keep the cloak dry.[43]

A woman's hendira, woven out of wool in the early 20th century

Traditional clothing

A Moroccan kaftan

The traditional dress for men and women[44] is called djellaba (جلابة); a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. The djellaba has a hood that comes to a point called a qob. The qob protects the wearer from the sun or in colder climates, like the mountains, the qob keeps in body heat and protects the face from falling snow. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly referred to as a Fez. Women wear kaftans (قفطان) decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear balgha (بلغة) —- soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.

The distinction between a djellaba and a kaftan is the hood on the djellaba, which a kaftan lacks. Most women's djellabas are brightly colored and have ornate patterns, stitching, or beading, while men's djellabas are usually plainer and colored neutrally.

Berber jewellery

Among other cultural and artistic traditions, jewellery of the Berber cultures worn by Amazigh women and made of silver, beads and other applications was a common trait of Berber identities in large areas of the Maghreb up to the second half of the 20th century.[45]

Media

Main article: Media of Morocco

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Morocco

In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca had many movie theaters, such as Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx and Cinema Vox—the largest in Africa at the time it was built.[46][47][48]

The 1942 American film Casablanca is supposedly set in Casablanca and has had a lasting impact on the city's image, though it was filmed entirely in California and doesn't feature a single Moroccan character with a speaking role.[49] Salut Casa! was a propaganda film brandishing France's purported colonial triumph in its civilizing mission in the city.[50]

Mostafa Derkaoui's 1973 film About Some Meaningless Events (Arabic: أحداث بلا دلالة) was screened twice in Morocco before it was banned under Hassan II.[51]

Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, was one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude. Bouchra Ijork's 2007 made-for-TV film Bitter Orange achieved wide support among Moroccan viewers.[52] Nour-Eddine Lakhmari's Casanegra (2008) depicts the harsh realities of Casablanca's working classes.[53][54] The films Ali Zaoua (2000), Horses of God (2012), Much Loved (2015), and Ghazzia (2017) of Nabil Ayouch—a French director of Moroccan heritage—deal with street crime, terrorism, and social issues in Casablanca, respectively.[55] The events in Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi's 2018 film Sofia revolve around an illegitimate pregnancy in Casablanca.[56] Hicham Lasri and Said Naciri also from Casablanca.

Atlas Studios in Warzazat is a large movie studio.[57]

Movies in Morocco

  • 1944: Establishment of the "Moroccan Cinematographic Center" (CCM/the governing body). Studios were open in Rabat.
  • 1958: Mohammed Ousfour creates the first Moroccan movie "Le fils maudit"
  • 1982: The first national festival of cinema – Rabat.
  • 1968: The first Mediterranean Film Festival was held in Tangier. The Mediterranean Film Festival in its new version is held in Tetouan.
  • 2001: The first International Film Festival of Marrakech was held in Marrakech.
See also: List of foreign movies shot in Morocco

Some directors have set films in Morocco. In 1952 Orson Welles chose Essaouira as the setting for several scenes in his adaptation of Shakespeare's "Othello", which had won the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film at that year's Cannes Film Festival. In 1955, Alfred Hitchcock directed The Man Who Knew Too Much and in 1962, David Lean shot the Tafas Massacre scene of Lawrence of Arabia in the city of "Ouarzazate", which houses Atlas Studios. Aït Benhaddou has been the setting of many films. The film Hideous Kinky was filmed in Marrakech.

Architecture

Main articles: Moroccan architecture and Moroccan style

Qsour

Qsar Tamnugalt, a qsar near Agdz in the Draa Valley

A qsar (p. qsur) or an ighrem is a North African fortified village, especially an Amazigh one.[58] There are over 300 qsur and qasbas the Draa Valley, particularly in the area between Agdz and Zagora.[58]

Agadirs

The Id Aissa Agadir near Amtoudi in the Anti-Atlas region

An agadir, not to be confused with the city Agadir, is a communal granary traditionally found in Amazigh communities in southern Morocco.[59][60]

Gardens

Andalusi gardens, inherited from Morisco refugees who settled in Morocco, are a prominent feature of Moroccan architecture.[61] These have been used in building palaces such as the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh. The Andalusi garden, which usually features a burbling fountain, has an important role in cooling riads: the evaporation of water is an endothermic chemical reaction, which absorbs heat from the area garden and surrounding rooms.

Morocco has many beautiful gardens, including the Majorelle Garden in Marrakech and the Andalusian Garden in the Kasbah of the Udayas in Rabat.

Domestic architecture

Main article: Moroccan architecture
A window displaying a wrought iron window grill in Asila. The knots are tied with bent metal in the traditional way, rather than soldered.

Dar, the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco, is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Most Moroccan homes traditionally adhere to the Dar al-Islam, a series of tenets on Islamic domestic life.[62] Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation.[63] Dars are typically composed of thick, high walls that protect inhabitants from thievery, animals, and other such hazards; however, they have a much more symbolic value from an Arabic perspective. In this culture the exterior represents a place of work, while the interior represents a place of refuge.[64] Thus, Moroccan interiors are often very lavish in decoration and craft.

Consistent with most Islamic architecture, dars are based around small open-air patios, surrounded by very tall thick walls, to block direct light and minimize heat.[63] Intermediary triple-arched porticos lead to usually two to four symmetrically located rooms. These rooms have to be long and narrow, creating very vertical spaces, because the regional resources and construction technology typically only allow for joists that are usually less than thirteen feet.[63]

Upon entering a dar, guests move through a zigzagging passageway that hides the central courtyard. The passageway opens to a staircase leading to an upstairs reception area called a dormiria, which often is the most lavish room in the home adorned with decorative tilework, painted furniture, and piles of embroidered pillows and Moroccan rugs. More affluent families also have greenhouses and a second dormiria, accessible from a street-level staircase. Service quarters and stairways were always at the corners of the structures.[63]

Ziliij

File:زليج في ضريح محمد الخامس.jpg
Ziliij tile work in a fountain at the Muhammad V Mausoleum in Rabat

Ziliij, colorful geometric mosaic tile work, is a decorative art and architectural element commonly found in Moroccan mosques, mausolea, homes, and palaces. These probably evolved from Greco-Roman mosaics, which have been found in cities such as Volubilis and Lixus.[65]

Modernist architecture

In the mid to late 20th century, architects such as Elie Azagury, Jean-François Zevaco, Abdeslam Faraoui, Patrice de Mazières, and Mourad Ben Embarek marked the architecture of Casablanca and other parts of Morocco with significant works of modernist and brutalist architecture.[66]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Blench, Roger. "Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Benramdane, Farid (1998-12-31). "" Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire » de ELIMAM, Abdou (Ed. ANEP, Alger 1997)". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales (in French) (6): 129–130. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.12102. ISSN 1111-2050.
  4. ^ Merrils, A.H (2004). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on late Antique North Africa. Ashgate. ISBN 0754641457.
  5. ^ "Restricted access".
  6. ^ Yassir, Malahakch. "Diglossic Situations in Morocco: Extended diglossia as a sociolinguistic situation in Er-rich". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "عصِيد: باحثُو الإحصاء يطرحون "سؤال الأمازيغيَّة" بطرق ملتويَة". Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية (in Arabic). 2014-09-08. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  8. ^ "دستور المملكة المغربية". Cour Constitutionnelle | المحكمة الدستورية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-10-20. تظل العربية اللغة الرسمية للدولة. وتعمل الدولة على حمايتهاوتطويرها، وتنمية استعمالها. تعد الأمازيغية أيضا لغة رسمية للدولة، باعتبارها رصيدا مشتركا لجميع المغاربة بدون استثناء.
  9. ^ Ricento, Thomas (2015). Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199363391.
  10. ^ Dynamique langagière au Maroc. Vol. 143. Messaoudi, Leila (1950-....). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. 2013. ISBN 978-2-7351-1425-2. OCLC 865506907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ News, Morocco World (2014-02-12). "Morocco: Code switching and its social functions". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2019-10-20. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ Rouchdy, Aleya. (2012). Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic. Taylor and Francis. p. 71. ISBN 9781136122187. OCLC 823389417.
  13. ^ Ennaji, Moha (2005-12-05). Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 162. ISBN 9780387239804.
  14. ^ "مالكة العاصمي: أنواع الأدب الشعبي بالمغرب – طرب الآلة – – وزارة الثقافة". 2021-10-08. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  15. ^ Dossier I, Musiques d'Algérie Dossier II, Algérie : histoire, société, cultures, arts. Vol. 47. Khaled,. Bentounès, Mohammed,. Souheil Dib, Malika Dorbani-Bouabdellah, Mohammed,. Harbi, Mohammed Habib Samrakandi, Rachid,. Aous. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail. 2002. ISBN 2-85816-657-9. OCLC 496273089.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ a b "طرب الآلة.. ذلك الفن الباذخ". مغرس. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  17. ^ "كيف صارت "شمس العشية" أغنية العيد في المغرب؟". BBC News Arabic (in Arabic). 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  18. ^ "Discover Islamic Art Virtual Exhibitions | The Muslim West | Andalusian-Maghrebi Art |". Islamic Art Museum. 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  19. ^ Brigitte Hintzen-Bohlen (2000). Andalusia: Art & Architecture. Könemann. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-3-8290-2657-4.
  20. ^ Kane, Ousmane (2016-06-07). Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05082-2.
  21. ^ Habibeh Rahim (1996). Inscription as Art in the World of Islam: Unity in Diversity : at the Emily Lowe Gallery, April 14-May 24, 1996. Hofstra Museum, Hofstra University. p. 65.
  22. ^ "محمد بن علي الرباطي .. أول رسام على الطريقة الأوروبية". مغرس. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  23. ^ a b c Irbouh, Hamid (2005). Art in the Service of Colonialism. I.B.Tauris. doi:10.5040/9780755607495. ISBN 978-1-85043-851-9.
  24. ^ "Give us a swirl: How Mohamed Melehi became Morocco's modernist master". The Guardian. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  25. ^ Katarzyna Pieprzak (1 January 2010). Imagined Museums: Art and Modernity in Postcolonial Morocco. U of Minnesota Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4529-1520-3.
  26. ^ "R22 Art Radio / Radio Apartment 22 راديو الشقة ٢٢ - L'appartement 22". www.appartement22.com. 17 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  27. ^ Bérénice Saliou. [1]. Contemporary Art Magazine, Issue 6
  28. ^ "Surveillé(e)s" (PDF). L’appartement 22. L’appartement 22. 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  29. ^ Geraldine Pratt (23 June 2014). Film and Urban Space. Edinburgh University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7486-7814-3.
  30. ^ Julia Barroso Villar (2 December 2016). Mujeres árabes en las artes visuales. Los países mediterráneos. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. p. 176. ISBN 978-84-16933-22-8.
  31. ^ Alice Planel. Traveling Back to Ourselves: The Maghreb as an Art Destination, p. 4, higheratlas.org.
  32. ^ Jaggi, Maya (2019-08-03). "Casablanca's Gift to Marrakech and the Birth of Morocco's Modern Art Movement". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  33. ^ Leu, Felix (2017). Berber tattooing in Morocco's Middle Atlas : tales of unexpected encounters in 1988. Leu, Loretta. Kenmare, County Kerry, Ireland. ISBN 9780955110955. OCLC 1023521225.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ Yabiladi.com. "Moroccan cuisine, a melting pot of peoples and cultures [Interview]". en.yabiladi.com. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  35. ^ Nada Kiffa (27 October 2017). "T'faya in Moroccan Cooking". Taste of Maroc. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  36. ^ "Moroccan Traditional Cuisine | What to Eat in Morocco | MoroccanZest". Moroccan Zest. 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
  37. ^ "Morocco Culture & Religion | MoroccanZest". Moroccan Zest. 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  38. ^ Jane S. Gerber (1995). "Integrating the Sephardic Experience Into Teaching". In Jane S. Gerber; Michel Abitbol (eds.). Sephardic Studies in the University. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8386-3542-1.
  39. ^ "Sous le figuier, l'alcool !". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  40. ^ Boudraa, Nabil. "Far From North Africa, Berbers In The U.S. Ring In A New Year". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  41. ^ Steet, Linda (2000). Veils and Daggers: A Century of National Geographic's Representation of the Arab World. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 141.
  42. ^ a b c d e f "Our guide to different types of Moroccan Rugs". A New Tribe. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  43. ^ a b c d "THE VIEW FROM FEZ: Beginners' Guide to Moroccan Carpets". THE VIEW FROM FEZ. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  44. ^ "Traditional Clothing | Kaftan and Djellaba | Morocco Guide".
  45. ^ See, for example, Rabaté, Marie-Rose (2015). Les bijoux du Maroc: du Haut-Atlas à la vallée du Draa. Paris: ACR ed. and Rabaté, Marie-Rose; Jacques Rabaté; Dominique Champault (1996). Bijoux du Maroc: du Haut Atlas à la vallée du Draa. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud/Le Fennec, as well as Gargouri-Sethom, Samira (1986). Le bijou traditionnel en Tunisie: femmes parées, femmes enchaînées. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.
  46. ^ "LES CINÉMAS DE L'EPOQUE A CASABLANCA.6/6". Centerblog (in French). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  47. ^ "Cinéma : 245 salles fermées entre 1980 et 2017". La Vie éco (in French). 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  48. ^ Pennell, C. R. (2000). Morocco Since 1830: A History. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-426-1.
  49. ^ "When Tangier Was Casablanca: Rick's Café & Dean's Bar". Tangier American Legation. 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  50. ^ "Contact Zones". Pages Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  51. ^ ""أحداث بلا دلالة".. إعادة النبش في تحديات السينما المغربية بعد نصف قرن". الجزيرة الوثائقية (in Arabic). 2020-12-28. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  52. ^ "جدير بالمشاهدة: "البرتقالة المرة".. فيلم ذاق عبره المغاربة مرارة الحب (فيديو وصور)". al3omk.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  53. ^ "" Casa Negra " remporte la médaille de bronze". aujourdhui.ma. Aujourd'hui le Maroc. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2011.[permanent dead link]
  54. ^ Karim Boukhari (12 December 2008). "Nari, nari, Casanegra". telquel-online.com. TelQuel. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  55. ^ Goodman, Sarah (2019-03-17). "Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco's Nabil Ayouch". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  56. ^ "" Sofia " : le récit d'un délit de grossesse au Maroc" (in French). 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  57. ^ "Destination Ouarzazate, entre culture hollywoodienne et artisanat berbère". www.journaldesfemmes.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  58. ^ a b Pradines, Stéphane (2018-09-17). Earthen Architecture in Muslim Cultures: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-35633-7.
  59. ^ "Greniers collectifs - Patrimoine de l'Anti Atlas au Maroc | Holidway Maroc". Holidway (in French). 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  60. ^ "Collective Granaries, Morocco". Global Heritage Fund. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  61. ^ "الحدائق الأندلسية بالمغرب .. "جنان" من التاريخ". Hespress (in Arabic). 16 June 2013. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  62. ^ Verner, p. 9
  63. ^ a b c d Verner, pp. 41–42
  64. ^ Verner, pp. 9–10
  65. ^ Lesch-Middelton, Forrest (2019-10-01). Handmade Tile: Design, Create, and Install Custom Tiles. Quarry Books. ISBN 978-0-7603-6430-7.
  66. ^ Dahmani, Iman; El moumni, Lahbib; Meslil, El mahdi (2019). Modern Casablanca Map. Translated by Borim, Ian. Casablanca: MAMMA Group. ISBN 978-9920-9339-0-2.

Bibliography

  • Verner, Corince. (2004). The villas and riads of Morocco. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers
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