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{{family name hatnote|Peralta|Azurdia|lang=Spanish}}
{{family name hatnote|Peralta|Azurdia|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Colonel
| honorific-prefix = Colonel
|image= Enrique Peralta Azurdia (cropped).jpg
| image = Enrique Peralta Azurdia (cropped).jpg
| order=[[President of Guatemala|Head of Government and Prime Minister of Guatemala]]<ref name="defacto" />
| order = [[President of Guatemala|Head of Government and Prime Minister of Guatemala]]<ref name="defacto" />
| term_start=March 31, 1963
| term_start = March 31, 1963
| term_end=July 1, 1966
| term_end = July 1, 1966
| signature=
| signature =
| predecessor=[[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]]
| predecessor = [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]]
| successor=[[Julio César Méndez Montenegro|Julio César Méndez]]
| successor = [[Julio César Méndez Montenegro|Julio César Méndez]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1908|6|17}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|6|17}}
| birth_place=[[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]]
| birth_place = [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1997|2|18|1908|6|17}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|2|18|1908|6|17}}
| death_place=[[Florida]], [[United States]]
| death_place = [[Florida]], [[United States]]
| spouse=
| spouse =
| party = [[Institutional Democratic Party]]
| party=
| occupation=
| occupation =
| allegiance = {{flag|Guatemala}}
| branch = [[Guatemalan Army]]
| nationality = Guatemalan
| rank = Colonel
| otherparty = [[National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)|National Liberation Movement]]
}}
}}
[[Colonel]] '''Alfredo Enrique Peralta Azurdia''' (June 17, 1908 – February 18, 1997) was [[President of Guatemala]] from March 31, 1963 to July 1, 1966.
[[Colonel]] '''Alfredo Enrique Peralta Azurdia''' (June 17, 1908 – February 18, 1997) was [[President of Guatemala]] from March 31, 1963 to July 1, 1966.


Enrique Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in [[Guatemala City]]. He took over the presidency after a coup against president [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]], under whom he served as Agriculture (1959–1960) and Defense Minister (1961–1963). He set up the [[Institutional Democratic Party]], a pro-military governing party modeled on the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], which dominated Guatemalan politics until 1982.<ref name="umn" /> In the [[1978 Guatemalan general election|1978 election]], he was the candidate of the [[National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)|National Liberation Movement]] but was defeated by [[Fernando Romeo Lucas García]].
Enrique Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in [[Guatemala City]]. He took over the presidency after a coup against president [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]], under whom he served as Agriculture (1959–1960) and Defense Minister (1961–1963). He set up the [[Institutional Democratic Party]], a pro-military governing party modeled on the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], which dominated Guatemalan politics until 1982.<ref name="umn" /> In the [[1978 Guatemalan general election|1978 election]], he was the candidate of the [[National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)|National Liberation Movement]] but was defeated by [[Fernando Romeo Lucas García]].

== Biography ==

=== Early life and education ===
Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in [[Guatemala City]]. He studied at the {{Ill|Escuela Politécnica (Guatemala)|lt=Escuela Politécnica|es|Escuela Politécnica (Guatemala)}} and enlisted in the [[Guatemalan Army]] in 1926.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biografia de Enrique Peralta Azurdia |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/peralta_azurdia.htm |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.biografiasyvidas.com}}</ref>

=== Career ===
Peralta served as a [[military attaché]] for the embassies of [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]] and the [[United States]], and was later promoted to a [[plenipotentiary]] to [[Cuba]], El Salvador and Costa Rica.

In 1958, Peralta became the Director General of Agricultural Affairs under [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]]'s government, a position he served until 1959. From 1959 to 1960, Peralta was the Minister of Agriculture, and from 1961 to 1963, was the [[Ministry of Defence (Guatemala)|Minister of Defence]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Coup d'état and rise to power ===
On March 31, 1963, Peralta came to power via a [[coup d'état]], overthrowing Ydígoras. However, Ydígoras was not the main target of the coup. Fearing the country would be overtaken by "communists", Peralta's coup also targeted the former left-wing president [[Juan José Arévalo]], who had announced his candidacy for the upcoming elections and was coming back to Guatemala from exile.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-04-05 |title=Guatemala: Coup Against the Left |language=en-US |work=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,830047,00.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guatemala: Democracy and Human Rights (June 1997) |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/ins/guatemala_demochumrts_97.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}</ref>

=== Presidency ===
After coming to power, Peralta suspended the [[Constitution of Guatemala|Constitution]], dissolved the [[Congress of the Republic of Guatemala|Congress]], and banned the [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist Party]] (PGT). However, in 1964, a year after he became head of government, Peralta ended press censorship and lifted the state of emergency. The same year, Peralta called for [[1964 Guatemalan Constitutional Assembly election|constituent elections]] where only two groups could contest: the [[National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)|National Liberation Movement]] (MLN) and the [[Revolutionary Party (Guatemala)|Revolutionary Party]] (PR).<ref name=":0" />

Peralta's government continued its repressive activities against left-wing rebels. Some of the most notable of which occurred on March 3 and 5, 1966, when the G-2 (military intelligence) and the Judicial Police raided three houses in Guatemala City, capturing twenty-eight trade unionists and members of the PGT. The twenty-eight "disappeared" while in the custody of the security force, marking it one of the largest forced disappearances in Latin American history.<ref>Doyle and Osorio, 2013</ref>

In 1965, a new Constitution of Guatemala was approved, and [[1966 Guatemalan general election|general elections]] were held on March 6, 1966, contested by the [[Institutional Democratic Party]] (PID), who supported Peralta, and the PR. The PR candidate [[Julio César Méndez Montenegro]] won, and Peralta peacefully handed power to Méndez on July 1.<ref name=":0" />

=== Later life and death ===
Peralta unsuccessfully contested the [[1978 Guatemalan general election|1978 elections]] as a candidate for the MLN.<ref name=":1" /> He died on February 18, 1997, in [[Miami]].<ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 04:36, 8 February 2023

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Peralta and the second or maternal family name is Azurdia.
Colonel
Enrique Peralta Azurdia
Head of Government and Prime Minister of Guatemala[1]
In office
March 31, 1963 – July 1, 1966
Preceded byMiguel Ydígoras Fuentes
Succeeded byJulio César Méndez
Personal details
Born(1908-06-17)June 17, 1908
Guatemala City, Guatemala
DiedFebruary 18, 1997(1997-02-18) (aged 88)
Florida, United States
Political partyInstitutional Democratic Party
Other political
affiliations		National Liberation Movement
Military service
Allegiance Guatemala
Branch/serviceGuatemalan Army
RankColonel

Colonel Alfredo Enrique Peralta Azurdia (June 17, 1908 – February 18, 1997) was President of Guatemala from March 31, 1963 to July 1, 1966.

Enrique Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in Guatemala City. He took over the presidency after a coup against president Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, under whom he served as Agriculture (1959–1960) and Defense Minister (1961–1963). He set up the Institutional Democratic Party, a pro-military governing party modeled on the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which dominated Guatemalan politics until 1982.[2] In the 1978 election, he was the candidate of the National Liberation Movement but was defeated by Fernando Romeo Lucas García.

Biography

Early life and education

Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in Guatemala City. He studied at the Escuela Politécnica [es] and enlisted in the Guatemalan Army in 1926.[3]

Career

Peralta served as a military attaché for the embassies of Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador and the United States, and was later promoted to a plenipotentiary to Cuba, El Salvador and Costa Rica.

In 1958, Peralta became the Director General of Agricultural Affairs under Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes's government, a position he served until 1959. From 1959 to 1960, Peralta was the Minister of Agriculture, and from 1961 to 1963, was the Minister of Defence.[3]

Coup d'état and rise to power

On March 31, 1963, Peralta came to power via a coup d'état, overthrowing Ydígoras. However, Ydígoras was not the main target of the coup. Fearing the country would be overtaken by "communists", Peralta's coup also targeted the former left-wing president Juan José Arévalo, who had announced his candidacy for the upcoming elections and was coming back to Guatemala from exile.[4][5]

Presidency

After coming to power, Peralta suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Congress, and banned the Communist Party (PGT). However, in 1964, a year after he became head of government, Peralta ended press censorship and lifted the state of emergency. The same year, Peralta called for constituent elections where only two groups could contest: the National Liberation Movement (MLN) and the Revolutionary Party (PR).[3]

Peralta's government continued its repressive activities against left-wing rebels. Some of the most notable of which occurred on March 3 and 5, 1966, when the G-2 (military intelligence) and the Judicial Police raided three houses in Guatemala City, capturing twenty-eight trade unionists and members of the PGT. The twenty-eight "disappeared" while in the custody of the security force, marking it one of the largest forced disappearances in Latin American history.[6]

In 1965, a new Constitution of Guatemala was approved, and general elections were held on March 6, 1966, contested by the Institutional Democratic Party (PID), who supported Peralta, and the PR. The PR candidate Julio César Méndez Montenegro won, and Peralta peacefully handed power to Méndez on July 1.[3]

Later life and death

Peralta unsuccessfully contested the 1978 elections as a candidate for the MLN.[5] He died on February 18, 1997, in Miami.[3]

References

  1. ^ He never officially occupied the post of Constitutional President of the Republic of Guatemala, signed decrees under the title of "Head of Government of the Republic of Guatemala", which can be translated as a de facto Prime Minister.
  2. ^ Guatemala: Democracy and Human Rights (June 1997)
  3. ^ a b c d e "Biografia de Enrique Peralta Azurdia". www.biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  4. ^ "Guatemala: Coup Against the Left". Time. April 5, 1963. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Guatemala: Democracy and Human Rights (June 1997)". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  6. ^ Doyle and Osorio, 2013
Government offices
Preceded by Head of Government of Guatemala
1963–1966 		Succeeded by


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