Kenneth Blum

Kenneth Blum, Ph.D. (born August 8, 1939) is an internationally recognized authority and researcher on neuropsychopharmacology and genetics. He is a distinguished academician and researcher in the fields of neuropsychiatry and genetics, nutritional genetics, and pharmacogenetics. Dr. Blum's research has been recognized worldwide through numerous awards, scientific publications in the leading peer-reviewed medical and scientific journals in the world, and in academic circles.

Dr. Blum is currently an Adjunct Full Professor in the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology at Wake Forest University School Of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He is also Chief Scientific Officer of Salugen, Inc., a personalized health and wellness company in San Diego, California ([1]). He is a retired, Full-Tenured Professor in the Department of Pharmacology; retired Chief of the Division of Addictive Diseases; retired Chief of the Division of Substance and Alcohol Misuse; and retired Director of the Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, in San Antonio, Texas.

To learn more about Dr. Blum, please download his curriculum vitae[(http://www.salugen.com/assets/documents/blum_cv_19apr06.pdf)] or visit his website at DrKenBlum.com. [(http://drblum.blogspot.com)]

Academic Background

Dr. Blum received his B.S. in Pharmacy from Columbia University in 1961. He received his M.S. in Medical Science in 1965 from the New Jersey College of Medicine, and his Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 1968 from the New York Medical College. Dr. Blum has completed post-doctorate reseach in psychopharmacology from the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education where Irving Geller was his mentor. He also completed a fellowship in pharmacogenetics under Gerald McClearn at the University of Colorado College of Pharmacy in Boulder in 1977. For 26 years, Dr. Blum worked in academia at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio in San Antonio, Texas where he retired as a full-tentured professor in 1997.

Dr. Blum's Famed Genetic Research Into Addictions

Dr. Blum was made famous in 1990 with the publication of a study he co-led with Dr. Ernest Noble, the former director of the NIH's National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and researcher from UCLA, that correlated the Dopamine D2 Receptor Taq 1 allele with alcoholism. This study was published in the world-renowned Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Blum expanded his research of genes involved in brain reward circuitry. By the early 1980’s there were many suggestions that alcoholism had genetic antecedents and a very high hereditability rate. The world of genetics as it related to finding gene associations was just beginning. In fact, in the late 70’s and early 80’s even in single gene disorders like Huntington’s chorea, scientists did not originally find gene associations. Harvard scientists utilizing a new technique called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLIP) found the gene for Huntington’s disease and then in 1987, a scientist using this technique found the first gene connection to depression in an Amish population. This was the gene involved in the conversion of the amino-acid tyrosine to DA. This prompted other scientist to also utilize this methodology to explore candidate genes for another complex disorder called alcoholism. The result was the pioneering work by Blum et al, published 10 years before publication of the human genome, in JAMA in 1990 demonstrating an association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and severe alcoholism.

Following great controversy, many studies around the globe substantiated this same association for alcoholism. There are even some individuals, lacking the scientific pedigree of Dr. Blum who have accused Dr. Blum of being a "fraud" for suggesting that there is a biological or genetic influence over alcoholism. One of those individuals in Stanton Peele [2].

While the press erroneously coined the finding which was published in JAMA as the “alcoholic gene”, in reality, the scientists never stated their findings to be an alcoholic gene. Rather they clearly stated that they had found a “reward gene”. The term reward gene was borne out by many subsequent papers that also found association with the DRD2 gene variant called the A1 allele with not only alcoholism and children of alcoholics, but cocaine dependence, heroin addiction, smoking behavior, marijuana dependence, ADHD, Tourettes syndrome, autism, tics, early onset sexual intercourse, high defense style (lying), pathological gambling, obesity, BMI, overeating, percentage body fat, energy expenditure, pathological aggression, inability to cope with stress, schizoid avoidance behavior, glucose metabolism, memory, and shopping addiction, among other addictive behaviors. Utilizing Bayes' theorem, it was calculated that persons carrying the DRD2 A1 allele at birth will have a 74% likelihood of engaging in one or more of these RDS behaviors. These behaviors were grouped into a classification of an umbrella termed “Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).

Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), first coined by Dr. Kenneth Blum in 1995 and published in 1996 by the journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, links genetic polymorphisms to a common thread of dopaminergic dysfunction leading to addictive, compulsive and impulsive aberrant behavior (Blum et al. 1996b). Since this time, a number of reports supported this novel concept and the number of supportive publications increases yearly. In this regard, a number of other genes and their variants (called polymorphisms) have emerged in the scientific literature. These genes seem to include the same systems (serotonin, opium, cannabinoid, GABA, dopamine, etc.) involved in the proposed brain–reward cascade (genes involving synthesis, release mechanism(s), second messenger responses, synaptic activity genes [transporter}, catabolism and metabolism etc).

Dr. Blum hosts a blog on RDS [3].

Dr. Blum's Expertise Has Been Recognized Worldwide

Dr. Blum has been elected to numerous bodies including the Publication Committee - Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research; Nomination Committee - Research Society on Alcoholism; Scientific Advisory Committee - International Neurotoxicology Congress, Italy; Council Member - Gordon Research Conferences; Chairman - Steering Committee for Program on Gordon Research Conferences on Alcohol; Chairman, First International Congress on Neurogenetics of Alcoholism; Chairman, Fifth World Congress on Biological Psychiatry, Alcoholism, Florence, Italy; Chairman, Alcohol Research, Gordon Research Conference (1978, 1984); and Chairman, Psychoneurogenetics, Gordon Research Conference.

Dr. Blum has been invited to organize many scientific meetings worldwide, including: 1979 Organizer and General Chairman, Gordon Research Conference - "The Chemical and Biological Mechanisms in Response to Alcohol" (Co-chairmen: D. Lester and E.P. Noble); 1979 Scientific Advisory Organizing Committee - "International Congress of Neurotoxicity" - Varese, Italy; 1982 Organizer and General Chairman, Gordon Research Conference - "The Chemical and Biological Mechanisms in Response to Alcohol" (Co-chairman: E. P. Noble); 1985 Organizer and General Chairman - "First World Congress on Biogenetics of Alcoholism" - Republic of Germany (Planning phase); Co-sponsored - Germany Council on Alcohol and Addictions; 1989 Organizer and General Chairman - "First International Congress on Neurogenetics of Alcoholism" - Italy; 1990 Co-chairman and organizer - "Fifth World Congress on Biological Psychiatry/Alcoholism" - Florence, Italy; 1991 Co-chairman and organizer - "Fourth Congress of Fachverband Sucht E.V." - Heidelberg, Germany; Co-chairman and organizer - "Sixth Annual Pacific Institute of Chemical Dependency", Honolulu, Hawaii; Co-chairman and organizer - "Fifth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry Symposium", Florence, Italy; 1997 Chairman, “Molecular Psychiatry” Eleventh Congress of Biological Psychiatry Symposium, Nice, France; 1999 Chairman “Molecular Genetics and Electrohysiological Aspects” AAPP Society Meeting, British Columbia; 2001 Keynote address to SOS Euro Conference, Brussels; 2005 Invited speaker International psychiatric conference Magozon, Spain October 2005; 2005 Speaker Venice Italy November 11th 2005.

In the United States, Dr. Blum has been invited to organize nation scientific meetings, including: 1976 Organizer and Chairman - "Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms on Alcohol and Opiate Dependence" - National Drug Abuse Conference, NY; 1977 Organizer and Chairman - "Symposium on Putative Role of Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Alcoholism" - San Diego, CA; 1979 Organizer and Chairman - "Chemical Mechanisms of Drugs on Addiction" - National Drug Abuse Conference - New Orleans, LA; 1990 Co-chairman - "A National Dialogue on the Intervention and Treatment of Drug Abuse" - Princeton, NJ (Co-chairman: E. Braverman); 1991 Chairman - "New Jersey Conference and Cocaine Symposium" - New Jersey; Chairman - "Division of Addictive Disorders Research Symposium" - New Orleans, LA; Chairman - "Annual Southwestern School for Behavioral Health Studies" - Tucson, AZ; Chairman - "Virginia Association of Alcoholism of Drug Abuse Counselors Annual Meeting" - Virginia; Co-presenter -"American Society of Addiction Medicine" - Washington, DC; Chairman - "NIDA-ARC Seminar" - Baltimore, MD; Grand Rounds -"Veterans Affairs Medical Center" - San Francisco, CA; Chairman - "Neuroscience Society of New Orleans" - New Orleans, LA; 1980-1999 Numerous symposium and seminar presentations; 2001 Chairman of the first Conference on “REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME” San Francisco, Ca.; 2001 National Association of Substance Abuse Counselors – Keynote –San Diego

Dr. Blum's Research Has Been Published in over 300 Scientific Journals

Here is a sampling of some of Dr. Blum's published research.

The following outlines some of Dr. Blum’s scientific research and publications over the past thirty years:

Alcoholism Geller, I. Campbell, N. and Blum, K. Protection against acute alcoholic intoxication with diethanol­amine rutin. Pharmacologist II: 246, 1969. (Ab­stract)

Geller, I. Campbell, N. and Blum, K. Protection against acute alcoholic intoxication with diethanol­amine rutin. ASPET Fall Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 24 28, 1969.

Blum, K. Ryback, R.S. and Geller, I. Effects of vodka and bourbon on sleeping time in mice. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol (Suppl) 5:62 6, May, 1970.

Geller, I, Campbell, N.D. and Blum, K. Protection against acute alcoholic intoxication with diethanolamine rutin. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1(3):383 94, May, 1970.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Ryback, R. and Geller, I. Augmentation of ethanol's effects in laboratory rodents by pretreatment with pyrazole. Pharmacologist 12:276, 1970. (Abstract)

Hahn, J.W. Owen, R. Blum, K. and Geller, I. Ethanol induced sleep time as a function of alterations of brain monoamine levels in mice. Pharmacologist 12: 276, 1970. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Ryback, R. and Geller, I. Augmentation of ethanol's effects in laboratory rats by pretreatment with pyrazole. ASPET Fall Meeting, Stanford, California, August 23 27, 1970.

Hahn, J.W. Owen, R. Blum, K. and Geller, I. Ethanol induced sleep time as a function of alterations of brain monoamine levels in mice. ASPET Fall Meeting, Stanford, California, August 23 27, 1970.

Blum, K. Geller, I. and Wallace, J.E. Interaction effects of ethanol and pyrazole in laboratory rodents. Br. J. Pharmacol. 43(1):67 73, September, 1971.

Ryback, R. Blum, K. Campbell, N. and Geller, I. Some pharmacologic and toxicologic aspects of diethanolamine rutin. ASPET Fall Meeting, Stanford, California, August 23 27, 1970.

Ryback, R. Blum, K. Campbell, N. and Geller, I. Some pharmacologic and toxicologic aspects of diethanolamine rutin. Pharmacologist 12:234, 1970. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Geller, I. Diethanolamine: A possible weak agonist antagonist to ethanol. Presented at 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Committee on Problems on Drug Dependence, National Academy of Sciences, Toronto, Canada, 11:1532, 1971.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Geller, I. Influence of chemical agents on the effects of ethanol: Mechanism of action studies. Symposium on Alcoholism at American Psychological Association Scientific Meeting, Washington, D.C., September, 1971.

Blum, K. Ryback, R.S. and Geller, I. Effects of vodka and bourbon on lever pressing behavior of mice. Curr. Ther. Res. 14(2):95 8, February, 1972.

Blum, K., Wallace, J.E. and Geller, I. Synergy of ethanol and putative neurotrans­mitters: Glycine and serine. Science 176(32):292 4, April 21, 1972.

Blum, K. Merritt, J.H., Wallace, J.E., Owen, R., Hahn, J.W. and Geller, I. Effects of catecholamine synthesis inhibition on ethanol narcosis in mice. Curr. Ther. Res. 14(6):324 9, June, 1972.

Blum, K. Huizenga, C.G. Ryback, R.S. Johnson, D.K. and Geller, I. Toxicity of diethanolamine in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 22(2):185 85, June, 1972.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E., Ryback, R.S. and Geller, I. Diethanolamine: A possible weak agonist antagonist to ethanol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 19(2):218 22, August, 1972.

Blum, K. Merritt, J.H. and Wallace, J.E. Serotonergic involvement in ethanol induced narcosis in mice. FASEB 56th Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 9 14, 1972.

Blum, K. Merritt, J.H. Sulkowski, T.S. and Wallace, J.E. Synergy of ethanol and alcohol like metabolites: Tryptophol and 3, 4 Dihydroxyphenylethanol. 5th International Congress on Pharmacology, San Francisco, California, July 23 28, 1972.

Blum, K. Merritt, J.H. Reiter, R.J. and Wallace, J.E. A possible relationship between the pineal gland and ethanol preference in the rat. Curr. Ther. Res. 15(1):25 30, January, 1973.

Blum, K. Calhoun, W. Merritt, J. and Wallace J.E. L DOPA: Effect on ethanol narcosis and brain amines in mice. Nature 242(397):407 9, April 6, 1973.

Blum, K. Calhoun, W. Wallace, J.E., Merritt, J.H. and Geller, I. Soporific action of ethanol in mice: Possible role of biogenic amines. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1(3):271 6, May June, 1973.

Blum, K. Calhoun, W. Merritt, J.H. and Wallace, J.E. Synergy of ethanol and alcohol like metabolites: Tryptophol and 3, 4 dihydroxyphenylethanol. Pharmacology 9(5):294 9, 1973.

Reiter, R. J. Blum, K., Wallace, J.E. and Merritt, J.H. Effect of the pineal gland on alcohol consumption by congenitally blind male rats. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 34(3):937 9, September, 1973.

Blum, K. Wiggins, B. Hudson, K. Friedman, R.N. and Wallace, J.E. Effects of biogenic amine synthesis inhibitors and precursor amino acids on alcohol induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. Pharmacologist 15:159, 1973. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Hudson, K. and Wallace, J.E. Tetrahydrocannabinol blockade of alcohol induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. 2nd International Symposium on Drug Addiction, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 7 9, 1973.

Blum, K. Wiggins, B. Hudson, K., Friedman, R. N. and Wallace, J.E. Effects of biogenic amine synthesis inhibitors and precursor amino acids on alcohol induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. ASPET Fall Meeting, East Lansing, Michigan, August 19 23, 1973.

Blum, K. Reiter, J.J. Merritt, J.H., and Wallace, J.E. Ethanol preference as a function of the pineal gland. 57th Annual FASEB Meeting, April 15, 1973.

Blum, K. Wiggins, B. and Wallace, J.E. Effects of centrifugation on ethanol­ induced narcosis in mice. Annual Meeting of Aerospace, sponsored by U.S. Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October 24 26, 1973.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wiggins, B., Tabor, R.G., Wallace, J.E. and Friedman, R.N. The effects of acceleration on ethanol induced narcosis in mice. IRCS 2:1468, 1974.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Eubanks, J.D. Effects of alanine and disulfiram on blood acetaldehyde and ethanol in rats. IRCS 3:332, 1974.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Friedman, R.N. Reduction of acute alcoholic intoxication by alpha amino acids: Glycine and serine. Life Sci. 14(3): 557 65, February 1, 1974.

Blum, K. and Wallace, J.E. Effects of catecholamine synthesis inhibition on ethanol induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 51(1):109 11, May, 1974.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Calhoun, W. Tabor, R.G. and Eubanks, J.D. Ethanol narcosis in mice: Serotonergic involvement. Experientia 30(9):1053 4, Septem­ber 15, 1974.

Blum, K. Hudson, K.C. Friedman, R.N. and Wallace, J.E. Tetrahydrocannabinol: Inhibition of alco­hol induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. In: Singh, J.M., Lal, H., ed., Drug Addiction. Vol. 3: Neurobiology and Influences on Behavior, pp. 39 53, 1974. New York, Stratton.

Reiter, R.J. Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Merritt, J.H. Pineal gland: Evidence for an influence on ethanol preference in male Syrian hamsters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. (A) 47(1):11 6, January, 1974.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D., Wallace, J.E. and Tabor, R.G. Nonspontaneous convulsions in mice elicited by some catecholamine releasers and 6, 7 dihy droxytetra­hydroisoquinoline (TIQ). Pharmacologist 16:263, 1974. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. and Tabor, R.G. Nonspontaneous convulsions in mice elicited by some catecholamine releasers and 6, 7 dihydroxytetra hydro­isoquinoline (TIQ). ASPET Fall Meeting, Montreal, Canada, August 22, 1974.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. and Eubanks, J.D. Effects of naloxone on ethanol withdrawal: Preference and narcosis. Pharmacologist 17(197), 1975.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A. and Morgan, W.W. Possible role of tetrahydroiso­quinoline alkaloids in post alcohol intoxication states. National Council on Alcoholism Symposium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May, 1975.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. and Wallace, J.E. Alcohol dependence and opiate dependence. Evidence for a relationship in mice. 37th Annual Meeting of Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., May 21, 1975.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Eubanks, J.D. and Schwertner, H.A. Effects of naloxone on ethanol withdrawal, preference and narcosis. ASPET Fall Meeting, Davis, California, August 17 21, 1975.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H. and Morgan, W.W. Possible role of tetrahydroiso­quinoline alkaloids in postalcohol intoxication states. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 273:234 46, 1976.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A. and Eubanks, J.D. Enhancement of ethanol induced withdrawal convulsions by blockade of 5 hydroxytryptamine receptors. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28(11):832 5, November, 1976.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. and Hamilton, H. Enhancement of alcohol withdrawal convulsions by haloperidol. Clin. Toxicol. 9(3):427 34, 1976.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. Suppression of ethanol withdrawal by dopamine. Experientia 32(4):493 5, April 15, 1976.

Blum, K. Meyer, E. Futterman, S. Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. Possible neurochemical mechanisms of ethanol dependence in mice. Pharmacologist 18:681, 1976.

Blum, K. Neurochemical and behavioral considerations on the relationship between ethanol and opiate dependence. In: J.H. Lowinson (Ed.). Proc. of the National Drug Abuse Conference. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976.

Blum, K. Consideration on the neurochemical and behavioral relationship between alcohol and opiate dependence. National Drug Abuse Conference, Symposium on Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms of Alcohol and Opiate Dependence, New York, March 21, 1976.

Blum, K. Evidence for a relationship between alcohol and opiate dependence in mice. In: Seventh Technical Review on Drug Interaction, M.C. Braude, Modera­tor, sponsored by NIDA, May 6, 1976.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. Ethanol induced withdrawal reactions: Effects of neurotransmitter substances and receptor blockers. National Council on Alcoholism Symposium, Washington, D.C., May 7, 1976.

Blum, K. Meyer, E. Futterman, S. Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. Possible neurochemical mechanisms of ethanol dependence in mice. ASPET Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 15 19, 1976.

Hamilton, M.G. Marshall, A.M. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. Effects of salsolinol on the field stimulated guinea pig ileum. ASPET Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Louisi­ana, August 15 19, 1976.

Blum, K. Meyer, E. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A. Futterman, S., Hirst, M. Marshall, A. and Hamilton, M. Effects of intracerebral administration of salsolinol on nociceptive stimulation, narcotic antagonism and morphine analgesia in mice. 6th Annual Meeting, Society of Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 7 11, 1976.

Hamilton, M.G. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. Ethanol dependence: Modification by administration of calcium gluconate and phenoxybenzamine. Alcoholism. Clin. and Exp. Res. 1(2):153, 1977.

Blum, K. Hamilton, M.G. Meyer, E.K. Hirst, M. and Marshall, A. Isoquinoline alkaloids as possible regulators of alcohol addiction (Letter). Lancet 1(8015):799 800, April 9, 1977.

Blum, K. Futterman, S. Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. Naloxone induced inhibition of ethanol dependence in mice. Nature 265(5589):49 51, January 6, 1977.

Blum, K. Hamilton, M.G. and Wallace, J.E. Alcohol and Opiates: A Review of Common Neuro­chemical and Behavioral Mechanisms. Editor: K. Blum. Academic Press, New York, pp. 203, 1977.

Blum, K. Alcohol and Opiates: Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms; Symposium on Alcohol and Opiates; Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms of Alcohol and Opiate Dependence. Edited by K. Blum, Associate Editors, Diana L. Bard and Murray G. Hamilton. Academic Press, New York, pp. 403, 1977.

Blum, K. Newmeyer, J. Inaba, D. Whitehead, C., Smith, D.E. Acupuncture as a common treatment modality in drug and alcohol dependence: Possible neurochemical rationale. J. Psychedelic Drugs, 10: 105 115, 1978.

Blum, K. Hamilton, M.G. Hirst, M. and Wallace, J.E. Putative role of isoquinoline alkaloids in alcoholism: A link to opiates. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 2(2):113 20, April, 1978.

Hamilton, M.G. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. Identification of an isoquinoline alkaloid after chronic exposure to ethanol. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 2(2):133 7, April, 1978.

Hamilton, M.G. Hirst, M. and Blum K. Central formation of an abnormal amine metabolite after chronic exposure to ethanol. Pharmacologist 19:138 (#61), 1978. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Hamilton, M.G. Meyer, E.K. Nardacci, N.J. and Hirst, M. Attenuation of ethanol physical dependence development by cyclohexamide: A protein synthesis inhibitor. Pharmacologist 19:138 (#65), 1978. (Abstract)

Blum, K. and Briggs, A.H. Blood transfer of ethanol induced withdrawal convusions in mice. Fed. Proc. 37:A174, 1978. (Abstract)

Blum, K. and Briggs, A.H. Withdrawal convulsion factor(s) induced by ethanol: Characterization and localization studies. Pharmacologist 20:A70, 1978. (Abstract)

Verebey, K. and Blum, K. Alcohol euphoria: Possible mediation via endorphinergic mechanisms. J. Psychedelic Drugs 11(4):305 11, October December, 1979.

Elston, S.F.A. Blum, K. DeLallo, L. and Briggs, A.H. Evaluation of ethanol intoxication as a function of genotype dependent response(s) in three different strains of mice. Fed. Proc. 38:1029, 1979. (Abstract)

Blum, K. DeLallo, L. Briggs, A.H. and Elston, S.F.A. Comparative effects of alcohol on the vas deferens in three inbred strains of mice. Fed. Proc. 38:1028, 1979. (Abstract)

Blum, K. and Briggs, A.H. Evidence for common receptor sites for alcohol and opiates: Interaction effects with neuropeptides. "Chemical and biological mechanisms in response to alcohol," Gordon Research Conference, Santa Barbara, California, February 5 9, 1979.

Briggs, A.H. and Blum, K. Localization and characterization. "Chemical and biological mechanisms in response to alcohol,” Gordon Research Conference, Santa Barbara, California, February 5 9, 1979.

Blum, K. "Alcohol and Opiates: A review of its common mechanisms." "Advances in the biology of alcoholism," International Congress of Neurotoxicity, Varese, Italy, September, 1979.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. DeLallo, L. and Elston, S.F. Genotype dependent responses to ethanol and normorphine on vas deferens of inbred strains of mice. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 1(5 6):459 65, 1980.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. DeLallo, L. Elston, S.F. and Hirst, M. Naloxone antagonizes the action of low ethanol concentrations on mouse vas deferens. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 1(4):327 34, 1980.

Hamilton, M.G. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. In vivo formation of isoquinoline alkaloids: Effect of time and route of administration of ethanol. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 126:73 86, 1980.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Elston, S.F.A. Hirst, M. Hamilton, M.G. and Vereby, K. Common denominator theory for alcohol and opiate dependence: A review of similarities and differences. In: Alcohol Tolerance and Dependence. Editors: H. Rigter and J. Crabbe. Elsevier Netherlands, Chapter 15: 371 396, 1980.

Blum, K. Alcohol and Opiates: A review of common mechanisms. Proc. Internat. Neurotoxi­cology Congress, Pergamon Press, pp. 71 90, 1980. Edited by Y. Lacasse, W. Levy and L. Manzo.

Hamilton, M.G. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. In vivo formation of isoquinolines during chronic exposure of rodents to ethanol. In: Alcoholism: A Perspective. Editors: F.S. Messiha and G. Tyner. Spectrum Press, New York, pp. 373 382, 1980.

Blum, K. Hamilton, M.G. Briggs, A.H. and Hirst, M. Calcium gluconate and phenotybenz­amine: Paradoxical modification of ethanol dependence in mice. In: Alcoholism: A Perspective. Editors: F.S. Messiha and G. Tyner. Spectrum Press, New York, pp. 234 246, 1980.

Blum, K. "Alcoholism and the Psychogenetic Theory." Traffic Medicine, World Health Organization Symposium, Catholic University, Rome, Italy, November 6, 1980.

Blum, K. Elston, S.F.A. DeLallo, L. and Briggs, A.H. A rapid method for the evaluation of ethanol intoxication in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behavior, 14:835 8, 1981.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Elston, S.F. and DeLallo, L. Ethanol preference as a function of genotypic levels of whole brain enkephalin in mice. Toxicol. Eur. Res. 3(5):261 2, September, 1981.

Hamilton, M.G. Blum, K. and Hirst, M. In vivo isoquinoline formation: Effect of time and route of ethanol administration. In: Advances in Exp. Med. Biol. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 73 86, 1981.

Blum, K. Evidence for the psychogenetic theory of drug seeking behavior. Symposium: Ethanol, Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis in Brain and Other Organs. Subs. Alco. Act. /Misuse 2(4):196, 1981.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. DeLallo, L. Elston, S.F. and Ochoa, R. Whole Brain methionine enkephalin of ethanol avoiding and ethanol preferring C57BL mice. Experientia 38(12):1469 70, December 15, 1982.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. and DeLallo, L. On the mechanism of methadone induced alcohol consumption in humans (Letter). Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 3(1 2): 1 4, 1982.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H., Elston, S.F. DeLallo, L. Sheridan, P.J. and Sar, M. Reduced leucine enkephalin??like immunoreactive substance in hamster basal ganglia after long term ethanol exposure. Science 216(4553):1425 7, June 25, 1982.

Elston, S.F. Blum, K. DeLallo, L. and Briggs, A.H. Ethanol intoxication as a function of genotype dependent responses in three inbred mice strains. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 16(1):13 5, January, 1982.

Blum, K. Neurophysical effects of ethanol. In: American Encyclopedia of Alcoholism. Editors: E.M. Pattison and E. Kaufman. Gardner Press, New York, 1982.

Blum, K. "The Role of Neuropeptides on Ethanol Preference." Gordon Research Conference on Alcoholism, Ventura, California, February 15 19, 1982.

Blum, K. Alcohol and central nervous system peptides. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 4(2 3):73 87, 1983.

Blum, K. Elston, S.F. DeLallo, L. Briggs, A.H. and Wallace, J.E. Ethanol acceptance as a function of genotype amounts of brain (Met) enkephalin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80(21):6510 2, November, 1983.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. and DeLallo, L. Clonidine enhancement of ethanol withdrawal in mice. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 4(1):59 63, 1983.

Blum, K. Dalterio, S. Briggs, A.H. DeLallo, L.J. and Hall, C.W. Super sensitivity to norepinephrine induced by prenantal exposure to ethanol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106(2):415 7, November, 13, 1984.

Blum, K. "Alcohol”: The World's Most Devastating Drug." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 237 304, 1984.

Blum, K. The cytogenetics of alcoholism: The role of opioid peptides. Substance Abuse, AMERSA Publication, 1985.

Blum, K. Animal and human evidence for the importance of the "Genotype Theory" in alcohol seeking behavior. Proc. International Congress on Biological Psychiatry, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, 1985.

Blum, K. Alcoholism: Research into the Biogenetics and Cure. Workshop presented at the 2nd Institute on Alcohol Studies, Texas Commission on Alcoholism, August, 1985.

Blum, K. The "Genotype Theory" in Alcohol and Drug Seeking Behavior. Keynote address. In "Currents in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research." Youth Projects, Oakland, California, July, 1985.

Blum, K. and Wallace, J.E. A commentary on the biochemical pathogenesis of alcohol induced depression. J. Psychoactive Drugs, 1985 18(2):161 2, 1986.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Briggs, A.H. and Trachtenberg, M.C. Evidence for the "Genotype" theory in alcohol seeking behavior: A commentary. Alch. Drug Res. 6:455 61, l986.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.L. "Neurochemistry and Alcohol Craving." Calif. Soc. Treat. Alc. Other ­Drug Dependence News 13(2):1 7, 1986.

Blum, K. Alcoholism: Scientific Basis and Chemotherapeutic Control. Dental School Quarterly (UTHSC) 2(1):1 5, 1986.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Wallace, J.E. Hall, C.W. Trachtenberg, M.C. Regional brain (MET) enkephalin in alcohol preferring and non alcohol preferring inbred strains of mice. Experientia 43:408 410, 1987.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Trachtenberg, M.C. Enkephalinase inhibition: Regulation of ethanol intake in genetically predisposed mice. Alcohol 4(6): 449 456, 1987.

Trachtenberg, M.C. Blum, K. Alcohol and opioid peptides: Neuroparmacological rationale for physical craving of alcohol. Am. J. Drug Abuse 13(3):365 372, 1987.

Blum, K. Alcoholism and Drug Abuse (Close up). World Book Encyclopedia Annals Health and Medicine, pp. 217 222, 1987.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.C. New insights into the causes of alcoholism. Prof. Counselor 1(5):33 36, 1987.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.C. Elliott, C.E. Dingler, M.L. Sexton, R.L. Samuels, A.I. and Cataldie, L. Enkephalinase inhibition and precursor amino acid loading improves inpatient treatment of alcohol and poly drug abusers: Double blind placebo controlled study of the nutritional adjunct SAAVE Alcohol 5:481 493, 1988.

Blum, K. and Trachtenberg, M.C. Alcoholism: Scientific basis of a neuropsycho­genetic disease. Intl. J. Addict. 23:781 796, 1988.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.C. and Ramsey, J.C. Improvement of inpatient treatment of the alcoholic as a function of neurotransmitter restoration: A pilot study. Intl. J. Addict. 23:991 998, 1988.

Trachtenberg, M.C. and Blum, K. Improvement of cocaine induced neuromodulator deficits by the neuronutrient Tropamine’ J. Psychoctive Drugs 20:315 331, 1988.

Blum, K. and Tractenberg, M.C. Neurogenetic deficits caused by alcoholism: Restoration by SAAVETM, a neuronutrient intervention adjunct. J. Psychoactive Drugs 20:297 313, 1988.

Blum, K. "Alcoholism." Worldbook Encyclopedia. Submitted as Invited Contributor, 1988

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Opioid peptides and genotypic responses to ethanol. Biogenic Amines 5:527 533, 1988.

Blum, K. The disease process in alcoholism. Alco. and Addic. May, 1988.

Blum, K. A commentary on ethanol neuromodulator mechanism: Theoretical and clinical implications. In: Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Role Played by Endotoxins and Xenobiotics. Ed. G. Nappi et al., Raven Press, New York, pp. 269 285, 1988.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Trachtenberg, M.C. Ethanol ingestive behavior as a function of central neurotransmis­sion. (Review). Experientia 45:444 452, 1989.

Blum, K. Multi authored review on molecular basis of alcoholism. Molecular mechanism of intracellular ethanol action. Experientia 45:406, (7 reviews), 1989.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Delallo, L. Hall, C.W., and Parvez, S.H. Potentiation of the inhbibitory action of methionine enkephalamide by low ethanol concentrations on mouse vas biferens. Biogenic Amines 7(3):249 255, 1990

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. Sheridan, P.J. Montgomery, A, Ritchie, T. Jagadeeswaran, P. Nosam, H. Briggs, A.H. and Cohn, J.B. Allelic Association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA. 263(15):2055 2060, 1990.

Blum, K. and Noble, E.P. Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism (Reply). JAMA 264(14):1807 1809. (Letter)

Blum, K. and Kozlowski, G.P. Ethanol and neuromodulator interactions: A cascade model of reward. Prog. Alcohol Res. Ollat et al. (Eds), VSP, Utrecht, pp 131 149, 1990.

Blum, K. The "Alcoholic" Gene, Professional Counselor. Sept/Oct 39 47, 1990.

Noble, E.P. Blum, K. Ritchie, T. Montgomery, A. and Sheridan, P.J. Allelic association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene with receptor binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch. Gen. Psyc. 48:648 654, 1991.

Noble, E.P. and Blum, K. Rebuttal Letter: Population and pedigree studies reveal a lack of association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene with alcoholism. JAMA 265(20):2667 2668. 1991.

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. Sheridan, P.J. Finley, O. Montgomery, A., Ritchie, T. Ozkaragoz, T. Fitch, R.J. Sadlack, F. Sheffield, D. Dahlmann, T. Halbardier, S. and Nogami, H. Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism. Alcohol 8, 1991.

Blum, K. Sheridan, P.J. and Noble, E.P. The A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene as a genetic marker for risk of severe alcoholism. In: Biological Psychiatry (Racagnie, G., Brunello, N. and Fukudo, T.) 2:14 17, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1991.

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. and Sheridan, P.J. Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism. In: Biological Psychiatry (Racagni, R., Brunello, N. and Fukuda, T.) 29(11S):711S, Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., Amsterdam, 1991.

Blum, K. (in collaboration with J.E. Payne). Alcohol and the Addictive Brain: New Hope for Alcoholics from Biogenetic Research. McMillan (Free Press), New York, 1991. (Trade).

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. and Sheridan, P.J. Genetic predisposition to alcoholism: association of the B1 allele of the DRD2 receptor gene in severe alcoholics. CINP XVII Congress, Oral Communication, Nice, June 30, 1992 (Abstract).

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. Sheridan, P.J. Montgomery, A. Ritchie, T. Ozkaragoz, T. Fitch, R.J. Wood, R., Finley, O. and Sadlack, F. Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: association of the D2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol 10:59 67, 1993.

Noble, E.P. and Blum, K. Alcoholism and the D2 dopamine receptor gene. Letter. JAMA 270:1547, 1993.

Gejman, P.V. Ram, A. Gelernter, J. Friedman, E. Cao, Q. Pickar, D. Blum, K. Noble, E.P. Kranzler, H.R. O'Malley, S. Hamer, D.H. Whitsitt, F. Rao, P. DeLisi, L.E., Virkkunien, M. Linnoila, M., Goldman, D. and Gershon, E.S. No structural mutation in the dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism or schizophrenia: Analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. JAMA 271: 204-208, 1994.

Blum, K. Sheridan, P.J. Wood, R. and Braverman. Utilization of Bayes' theorem to estimate the predictive value of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in compulsive disease. Presented at 17th Annual Meeting of European Neuroscience Association, September 1994, Vienna, Austria

Noble, E.P. Syndulko, K. Fitch, R.J. Ritchie, T. Bohlman, M.C. Guth, P. Sheridan, P.J. Montgomery, A. Heinzmann, C. Sparkes, R.S. and Blum, K., D2 dopamine receptor Taq I alleles in medically ill alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 29:729-744, 1994.

Blum, K. Noble, E.P. Balducci, G. Pasculli, E. and Ceccanti, M. Psychoneuro­genetic and behavioral aspects of alcoholism. The cascade theory of reward and the role of tetrahydro-isoquinoline (TIQs): the alcohol-opiate linkage, Alcologia 6: 89-98, 1994.

Blum, K. and Noble, E.P. The sobering D2 story. Science, 265, 1346, 1994.

Blum, K. Sheridan, P.J. Wood, R. and Braverman, E.R. Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms in Scandinavian chronic alcoholics: a reappraisal. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci 244: 50-52, 1995.

Blum, K. Braverman, E, R. Gill, J., Cull, J.G., Taub, M., Li, C., D.E. Comings, Sherman, M., and Eisenberg, A. Dopamine D2 Receptor gene polymorphisms and alcoholism: appropriate use of "super" normals and "severe" probands (in preparation)

Opiate Abuse (Prescription Pain Killers) Payte, J.T. Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Hydrolysis: A requisite for morphine detection in urine. Curr. Ther. Res. 13(6):412 6, June, 1971.

Payte, J.T. Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Acid hydrolysis: A requisite for morphine detection in urine of opiate dependent patients. Presented at the 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, National Academy of Sciences, Toronto, Canada, 1:601, 1971.

Wallace, J.E. Biggs, J.D. and Blum, K. Gas liquid and thin layer chromatographic determination of morphine in biologic specimens. Clin. Chem. Acta. 36(1):85 91, January, 1972.

Wallace, J.E. Biggs, J.D. Merritt, J.H. Hamilton, H.E. and Blum, K. A sensitive thin layer chromatographic technique for determining morphine in urine. J. Chromatogr. 71(1):35 40, August 23, 1972.

Wallace, J.E., Hamilton, H.E., Payte, J.T. and Blum, K. Sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining methadone in biological specimens. J. Pharm. Sci. 61(9):1397 400, September, 1972.

Wallace, J.E. Ladd, S.L. and Blum, K. Determination of propoxyphene in biological materials by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. J. Forensic Sci. 17(1):164 73, January, 1972.

Wallace, J.E., Biggs, J.D., Hamilton, H.E., Foster, L.L. and Blum, K. UV spectrophotometric method for determination of phenacetin in biological specimens. J. Pharm. Sci. 62(4):599 601, April, 1973.

McDonald, L., Blum, K. Maddux, F. and Wallace, J.E. Effects of subchronic administration of methadone on reproduction in rats. Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology, Washington, D.C., March 10 14, 1974

Hamilton, H.E. Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Improved methods for quantitative determination of methadone. J. Pharm. Sci. 63(5):741 5, May, 1974.

Blum, K. McDonald, L. Maddux, J. and Wallace, J.E. Production of "wet dog" shakes by chronic administration of methadone in female rats. In: Singh, J.M., Lal, H., ed., Drug Addiction. Vol. 4: New Aspects of Analytical and Clinical Toxicology, pp. 123 6, 1974. New York, Stratton.

Wallace, J.E., Hamilton, H.E., Blum, K. and Petty, C. Determination of morphine in biologic fluids by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 46(14):2107 11, December, 1974.

McDonald, L.K. Maddux, J.F. and Blum, K. Fetal consequences of chronic methadone administration to pregnant rats: Methodological problems. Curr. Ther. Res. 17(3):308 17, March, 1975.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D., Wiggins, B. and Wallace, J.E. Morphine withdrawal reactions in male and female mice. Am. J. Drug. Alcohol Abuse 3(2):363 8, 1976.

Pollock, S.H. Blum, K. Dear, L.L., Futterman, S., Wallace, J.E. and Schwertner, H.A. A stereospecific comparison of the enzymatic 6 keto reduction of hydromorphine, naloxone, hydrocodone and oxycodone. ASPET Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 15 19, 1976.

Marshall, A. Hirst, M. and Blum, K. Analgesic effects of 3 carboxysalsolinol alone and in combination with morphine. Experientia 33(6):754 5, June 15, 1977.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A. and Eubanks, J.D. Morphine suppression of ethanol withdrawal in mice. Experientia 32(1):79 82, January 15, 1976.

Pollock, S.H. and Blum, K. Metabolic stereospecificity of opiate agonist and antagonist drugs. In: Alcohol and Opiates: Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms. Editor: K. Blum. Academic Press, New York, pp. 359, 1977.

Hamilton, M.G. Hirst, M. and Blum, K. Opiate like activity of salsolinol on the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum. Life Sci. 25(26):2205 10, December 24, 1979.

Blum, K. DeLallo, L. Elston, S.F.A. and Briggs, A.H. Evidence for direct interaction of ethanol on the opiate sensitive receptors of the vas deferens in inbred strains of mice. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res., 3:170, 1979. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. Elston, S.F.A. DeLallo, L. and Hirst, M. Validation of central and peripheral models to evaluate alcohol sensitivity and opiate membrane interactions as function of genotype dependent responses in three different strains of mice. Academic Press, NY, pp. 84 91, 1980.

Blum, K. "Opioid Reponses of Isoquinolines." International Research Workshop on Isoquinoline Alkalines. Major speaker Satellite meeting to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Diego, California, December 18, 1981.

Blum, K. DeLallo, L. Briggs, A.H. and Hamilton, M.G. Opioid responses of isoquinoline alkaloids (TIQs). Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 90:387 98, 1982.

Blum, K. "Narcotics." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 53 80, 1984.

Blum, K. "Methadone and Other Narcotic Maintenance Drugs: Pharmacologic Issues, Myths and Realities." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 101 144, 1984.

Blum, K. "Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Narcotic Antagonists." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 91 100, 1984.

Blum, K. "Internal Opioids: A Look into the Future." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 145 164, 1984.

Blum, K. The Role of Opioid Peptides in Alcohol Seeking Behavior. Invited participant in "Alcoholism Bridging the Gap." Friends Hospital, October 9 10, 1985.

Blum, K. and Topel, H. Opioid peptides and alcoholism: Genetic deficiency and chemical management. Func. Neurol. 1:71 83, 1986.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Briggs, A.H. DeLallo, L. and Trachtenberg, M.C. Enkepha­linase inhibition by thiorphan and subsequent response to ethanol, normorphine and enkephalins on mouse vas deferens. Functional Neurology, 1:156 64, 1986.

Blum, K., DeLallo, L., Briggs, A.H. and Hall, C.W. Salsolinol and D Ala2 MeT5­ Enkephalinamide on guinea pig ileum: Possible opioid agonist/antagonist interaction. Biogenic Amines 4(5):193 198, 1987.

Blum, K. Narcotic antagonism of seizures induced by a dopamine derived tetra­hydroiso­quinoline alkaloid. Experientia 44:751 753, 1988.

Chen TJH, Blum, K, Payte JT, Schoolfield J, Hopper D, Stanford M, Braverman ER. Narcotic antagonists in drug dependence : pilot study showing enhancement if compliance with STN 10, amino-acid precursors and enkephalinase inhibition therapy. Medical Hypothesis 2004 63: 538-548.

Depressant Abuse Cull, D.L. Blum, K. and Briggs, A.H. Studies on the transfer of phenobarbital induced withdrawal convulsions in mice. Southwest Region Society of Experimental Biology, November, 1978.

Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. Riloff, J.A. and Blum, K. Spectrophotometric determination of ethchlorvynol in biologic specimens. Clin. Chem. 20(2): 159 62, February, 1974.

Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. and Blum, K. Microdetermination of dephenylhydantoin in serum and plasma by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J. Pharm. Sci. 63:1795, 1974.

Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. Farquhar, J.K. Everhart, B.E. and Blum, K. Comments on the determination of dephenylhydantoin. Clin. Chem. 20:51 5, 1974.

Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. Shimek, E.L. Jr., Schwertner, H.A. and Blum, K. Determination of primidone by electron capture gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 49(7):903 6, June, 1977.

Blum, K., Cull, D.L. Briggs, A.H. An improved technique for the induction of barbiturate dependence in mice. J. Pharmacol. Methods 3(1):89 92, January, 1980.

Blum, K. "CNS Depressants: Sedative, Hypnotics (Barbiturates and Non Barbiturates)." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 165 210, 1984.

Stimulant Abuse Geller, I. Hartmann, R.J. and Blum, K. The effects of low dose combinations of D amphet­amine and cocaine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Curr. Ther. Res. 14(4):220 4, April, 1972.

Geller, I. Hartmann, R. and Blum, K. The effect of low dose combinations of d amphetamine and cocaine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. American Psychological Association Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1972.

Blum, K. Feinglass, S.F. Wallace, J.E. and Briggs, A.H. Amphetamine induced polyphasic mortality: Differential strains, mechanism and polydrug effects. FASEB Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California, April 11 16, 1976.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A., Meyer, E. and Morgan, W.W. Central super sensitivity to norepinephrine and amphetamine following brain chemical sympathectomy by 6 hydroxy­dopamine. Life Sci. 20(10):1705 13, May 15, 1977.

Blum, K. Wallace, J.E. Meyer, E. and Schwertner, H.A. Intensification of amphetamine induced excitation by methysergide, a sertonergic receptor blocker. Experientia 33(2):213 5, February 15, 1977.

Carter, P. Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Improved ultraviolet spectrophotometry of serum theophylline. Clin. Chem. 24(2):360 1, February, 1978.

Blum, K. "Central Nervous System Stimulants ("The Uppers")." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 305 351, 1984.

Blum, K. Allison, D. Trachtenberg, M.C. Williams, R.W. and Loeblich, L.A. Reduction of both drug hunger and withdrawal against advice rate of cocaine abusers in a 30 day inpatient treatment program by the neuronutrient Tropamine' Curr. Ther. Res . 43:1204 1214, 1988.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.C. and Kozlowski, G.P. Cocaine Therapy: The "Reward Cascade" link. Professional Counselor Jan., 1989.

Blum, K. A commentary on neurotransmitter restoration as a common mode of treatment for alcohol, cocaine and opiate abuse. Integr. Psych. 6:199 204, 1989.

Brown, R.J. Blum, K. and Trachtenberg, M.C. Neurodynamics of relapse prevention: A neuronutrient approach to outpatient DUI offenders. J. Psychoactive Drugs. 22(2):173 187, 1990.

Noble, E.P. Blum, K., and Khalsa, H. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in cocaine dependence. CINP XVII Congress, Oral Communication, Nice, June 30, 1992 (Abstract).

Noble, E.P. Blum, K. Khalsa, M.E., Ritchie, T., Montgomery, A. Wood, R.C., Fitch R.J. Ozkaragoz, T., Sheridan, P.J. Anglin, D. Paredes, A., Treiman, L.J. and Sparkes, R.S. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence. Alcohol and Drug Dependence 33:271-285, 1993.

Canabinoids Dalterio, S. Blum, K. DeLallo, L. Sweeney, C. Briggs, A. and Bartke, A. Perinatal exposure to delta 9 THC in mice: Altered enkephalin and norepinephrine sensitivity in vas deferens. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 1(5 6): 467 71, 1980.

Dalterio, S. Bartke, A., Blum, K. and Sweeney, C. Marihuana and alcohol: Perinatal effects on development of male reproductive functions in mice. Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18:143 54, 1981.

Blum, K. and Briggs, A.H. Effects of delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9 THC) on amphetamine aggregate toxicity in mice. Curr. Ther. Res. 21(2):241 4, February, 1977.

Blum, K. "Marihuana: Heaven or Hell." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 447 507, 1984.

Nicotine abuse (Smoking) Geller, I. and Blum, K. A comparison for the effects of nicotine analogues and chlordiazepoxide on discrimination behavior of laboratory rats. Pharmacologist 12:206, 1970. (Abstract)

Blum, K. and Geller, I. Nicotine effects on discrimination behavior: Mechanism of action studies. Second Research Conference, Committee for Research on Tobacco and Health, American Medical Association Education and Research Foundation, Scottsdale, Arizona, May 6, 1970.

Geller, I. and Blum, K. A comparison of the effects of nicotine analogues and chlordiazepoxide on discrimination behavior in laboratory rats. ASPET Fall Meeting, Stanford, California, August 23 27, 1970.

Geller, I. Hartmann, R. and Blum, K. Effects of nicotine, nicotine mono methyliodide, lobeline, chlordiaze­poxide, meprobamate and caffeine on a discrimination task in laboratory rats. Psychopharma­cologia 20(4):355 65, 1971.

Blum, K. "Tobacco and Smoking Behavior." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 355 420, 1984.

Psychodelics Blum, K. "Psychedelics: Brave Old World." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New

York, pp. 535 594, 1984.

Blum, K. Futterman, S.L. and Pascarosa, P. Peyote, a potential ethnopharmacologic agent for alcoholism and other drug dependencies: Possible biochemical rationale. Clin. Toxicol. 11(4):459 72, 1977.

Solvents Blum, K. "Solvent and Aerosol Inhalants ("Glue Sniffing")." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 211 236, 1984.

Polydrugs Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Detection of psychoactive agents in body fluids. Drug Abuse Symposium, 175th Annual Southwestern Psychological Association Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, May, 1971.

Wallace, J.E. Blum, K., Foster, K. and Eubanks, J.D. Drug identification: Spectroscopy, colorimetry and flurometry. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 63(2):741, 1974.

Wallace, J.E. Blum, K. and Singh, J.M. Determination of drugs in biologic specimens review. Clin. Toxicol. 7(5):477 95, 1974.

Wallace, J.E. Blum, K. and Singh, J.M. The determination of drugs in biologic specimens: A review. In Singh, J.M. Lal, H., ed., Drug Addiction. Vol. 4: New Aspects of Analytical and Clinical Toxicology, pp. 175 92, 1974. New York, Stratton.

Wallace, J.E. Blum, K. and Singh, J.M. The determination of drugs in biological specimens??a review. In: Winek, C.L., ed., Toxicology Annual 1974, pp. 167 85, 1975. New York, Dekker.

Wallace, J.E. Blum, K. and Singh, J. Determination of drugs in biological specimens. Toxicol. Annals 2:167, 1975.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H., Elston, S.F. and DeLallo, L. Psychogenetics of drug seeking behavior (Letter) Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 1(3):255 7, 1980.

Wallace, J.A. and Blum, K. An evaluation of the TRI dipstick test for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine. Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 3(1 2): 129 32, 1982.

Blum, K. Neuro nutrition as an adjunct to therapy for addictive disease. The Nutrition Report. I(6), 1989.

Braverman, E.R. Blum, K., and Smayda, R.J. A commentary on brain mapping in 60 substance abusers: Can the potential for drug abuse be predicted and prevented by treatment. Cur. Therap. Res. 48(4):569 585, 1990.

Braverman, E., Smith, R., Smayda, R., and Blum, K. Modification of P300 amplitude and other e electrophysiological parameters of drug abuse by cranial electrical stimulation. Cur. Therap. Res. 48(4):586 596, 1990.

Blum, K. Rassner, M. and Payne, J.E. Neuronutrient therapy for compulsive disease: Rationale and clinical evidence. Addiction and Recovery 10(2):12 16, 1990.

Blum, K. Braverman, E.R. Wood, R.C. and Sheridan, P.J. Increased prevalence of the Taq I A1 allele of the Dopamine D2 receptor gene in obesity with comorbid polysubstance abuse. Pharmacogenetics 6, 297-305, 1995

Holder, JM. Duncan, RC Gissen, M. Miller, M. Braverman, ER and Blum, K. Increasing retention rates among the chemically dependent in residential treatment: auriculotherapy and subluxation-based chiropractic care. Molecular Psychiatry, 6 S8, 2001.

Blum K, Chen TJH, Hopper D, Waite R, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Braverman ER, Blum SH, Mengucci JF, Meshkin B, Comings DE. Palomo T. Relapse Prevention and drug hunger reduction induced by potential neurochemical activation of brain reward circuitry using Synaptamine™ (Syn 11) in substance use disorder: A preliminary open clinical trial in a long term outpatient treatment program. (to be submitted to European Psychiatry)

Blum K, Chen TJH, Sisco TR, Miller J, Sewell S, Downs BW, Meshkin B, Blum SH, Schoolfield J, Waite R, Mengucci, JF, Braverman ER. Oral (Syn 11) and Intravenous (Syn 12) amino-acid enkephalinase inhibition therapy (Syn11) improves emotional and behavioral recovery of alcoholics in a preliminary outpatient open label clinical trial: A hypothesis ( to be submitted to J Royal Society Of Medicine).

Reuben, C Chen, TJH Blum, SH, Braverman, ER, Waite R, Miller J, Sewell, S, Meshkin, B, Mengucci, JF Blum, K. Acupuncture & Auriculartherapy: Valuable natural treatment modalities for treatment for addiction. Townsend Letters 269:81-84.

Social Pharmacology Blum, K. A prescription for social pharmacology. Proc. Ohio Drug Inst. Stud., 1976.

Blum, K. and Futterman, S.L. Drugs: Have it your way. J. Psychedelic Drugs 9(1):81 2, 1977.

Inaba, D., Way, E.L., Blum, K. and Schnoll, S. Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives on Commonly Abused Drugs. Medical Monograph, NIDA, 1978.

Blum, K. Ehrenpreis, S.H. and Briggs, A.H. Social Pharmacological Perspectives of Uppers (Stimulants). STASH. Pamphlet publication, 1979.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. and Cull, J.G. Holism: A social pharmacological approach to drug seeking behavior. J. Psychoactive Drugs 13(4):369 71, October­ December, 1981.

Blum, K. and Tilton, J.E. Understanding the high mind. In: Folk Healing and Herbal Medicine. Editors: G. Meyer, K. Blum, and J.G. Cull, Charles C. Thomas and Company, 261 274, 1981.

Folk Medicine and Herbal Healing, edited by G.G. Meyer, K. Blum and J.G. Cull. Springfield, Ill. Thomas, 1981, pp. 356.

Blum, K. Briggs, A.H. and Verebey, A.K. The pharmacology of addictive drugs: Similarities and differences. In: Perspectives in Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Similarities and Differences. Editor: J. Solomon, 1982.

Blum, K. Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, 721 p., 1984.

Blum, K. "The Background For Abuse." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 1 16, 1984.

Blum, K. "Some General Social Pharmacologic Aspects of Substance Abuse." In: Handbook of Abu sable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 17 28, 1984.

Blum, K. "Basic Pharmacological Considerations and Principles." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 29 44, 1984.

Blum, K. "Classification of Psychoactive Drugs." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 45 52, 1984.

Blum, K. "Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 421 446, 1984.

Blum, K. "Psychotropic Drug Interactions." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 595 644, 1984.

Blum, K. "Influence of Psychopharmacologic Agents on Sexual Function: Psycho­pharmacosexology." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 645 662, 1984.

Blum, K. "Drug Odyssey 2001." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 663 676, 1984.

Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.C. Addicts may lack some neurotransmitters. U.S. J. Drugs and Alc. Dep., pp. 16, 1987.

Blum, K. The background for abuse, Sixth Edition of the Psychiatric Knowledge and Skills Self Assessment Program VI. (PKSAP VI), pp 43 59, 1990.

Blum, K. Some general social pharmacologic aspects of substance abuse. Sixth Edition of the Psychiatric Knowledge and Skills Self Assessment Program VI (PKSAP VI) pp 61 71, 1990

Blum, K and Holder, J. (in collaboration with Cull, J.G., Chen, T.H.J., Braverman, E.R.) Handbook of Abuse able Drugs: Amended Edition, Ameron Press, In press, 1997.

Endocrine Diseases Sheridan, P.J., Blum, K. and Trachtenberg, M.C. A look to the future. In: Steroid Receptors and Disease. Eds. P.J. Sheridan, K. Blum and M.C. Trachten­berg, Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel, pp. VII X, 1988.

Sheridan, P.J., Martin, P.M. and Blum, K. Steroid receptor dynamics: A function of cellular equilibrium. In: Steroid Receptors and Disease. Eds. P.J. Sheridan, K. Blum and M.C. Trachtenberg, pp. 49 70, 1988.

Sheridan, P.J. Blum, K. and Trachtenberg, M.C. Cancer, Autoimmune, Bone and Circulatory Disorders. In: Steroid Receptors and Disease. Eds. P.J. Sheridan, K. Blum and M.C. Trachtenberg, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988.

Obesity Blum, K. Trachtenberg, M.L. and Cook, D.W. Neuronutrient effects on weight loss in carbohydrate bingers: An open clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research. 48(2):217 233, 1990.

Kaats, G.R. Wise, J.A. Blum, K. Morin, R.J. Adelman, J.A. Craig, J. and Croft, H.A. The short term therapeutic efficacy of treating obesity with a plan of improved nutrition and moderate caloric restriction. Cur. Thera. Res. 51:261 274, 1992.

Blum, K. Braverman, E.R. Wood, R., Sheridan, P.J. DRD2 A1 Allele and P300 abnormalities in obesity [Abstract]. Presented at the American Society of Human Genetics, Montreal, Canada, October 8th, American Journal of Human Genetics, 1994.

Blum, K. Braverman, E.R., Wood, R.C. and Sheridan, P.J. Increased prevalence of the Taq I A1 allele of the Dopamine D2 receptor gene in obesity with comorbid polysubstance abuse. Pharmacogenetics 6, 297-305, 1995

Kaats, G.R. Blum, K. Fisher, J.A. Adelman, J.A. and Wood, R. Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. Current Therapeutic Research 57(10), 747-756, 1996.

Blum, K. Cull, JG. Chen TJH, Garcia-Swan Susan, Holder,JM, Wood,R. Braverman, ER, Buci, LR., & Trachtenberg,MC. Clinical evidence For Effectiveness of PhencalTM in maintaining weight loss in an open-label, controlled, 2-year study. Current Therapeutic Research. 58 (10) 1997.

Blum, K. Cull, JG & Miller, M. To Binge and Not To Binge, Psychiatric Genetic Press, San Antonio, Texas, 1999.

Cull, JG. Luck, R. Blum, K. Bingeing and Your addictive Brain: A life -Style Change Program. A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Overcoming Carbohydrate Bingeing. Psychiatric genetic Press, San Antonio, Texas, 1999.Blum K.*, Thomas J.H. Chen+, Gilbert Kaats†, Eric Braverman‡, Dennis Pullin ,? Bernard W. Downs,¶ Robert Wood,' Seth H. Blum,l Brian Meshkin, ? Julie Mengucci,,? and David E. Comings§ , Debasis Bagchi?, Manashi Bagchi?. A Preliminary Report Concerning the Correlation of the Taq1 Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Percent Body Fat in Obese and Screened Control Subjects: A Putative Candidate Gene For Neurogenobolic Deficiency Syndrome (NGDS) (to be submitted to Mutation Research)

Chen TJH, Blum K, Kaats G, Eisenberg A, Sherman M, Davis K, Comings De, Wood R, Blum SH, Meshkin B, Mengucci JF, Pullin D. W.B. Downs. Chromium Picolinate a putative anti-obesity nutrient induces changes in body composition as a function of the Taq1 dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms ( in revision International J. Eating Disorders).

Blum, K Downs BW Blum SH, Mengucci JF Meshkin B. Genotrim™ miracles of change : hypothesizing a paradigm shift to treat Neurogenobolic Deficiency Syndrome (NGDS).[to be submitted to Medical Hypothesis ].

Blum K. and RD. Deutsch. Beyond Diets; A genetic & Immunologic Guide to successful weight management. (in preparation).

Blum K Meshkin B, Downs BW. Genes vs. Jeans: Why fitting into your jeans means fitting in your genes? (in preparation).

Depression Hamilton, H.E. Wallace, J.E. and Blum, K. Spectrophotometric and gas liquid chromatographic determination of amitriptyline. Anal. Chem. 47(7):1139 43, June, 1975.

Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. Goggin, L.K. and Blum, K. Determination of amitriptyline at nanogram levels in serum by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 47(9):1516 9, August, 1975.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Wallace, J.E. Schwertner, H.A. and Futterman, S. Possible rationale for differential chemotherapy of depression in humans: A review of the biogenic amine hypothesis, Part I. J. Psychedelic Drugs, 8(3): 223 234, 1976.

Blum, K. Depressive states induced by drugs of abuse: Clinical evidence, theoretical mechanism(s) and proposed treatment, Part II. J. Psychedelic Drugs, 8(3): 235 262, 1976.

Blum, K. Eubanks, J.D. Elston, S.F.A. and Briggs, A.H. Differential brain receptor stimulation by norepinephrine and serotonin: Possible rationale for differential chemotherapy or depression in humans. Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutic Res. 4:185 94, 1979.

Blum, K. "Antidepressants and Antimania Drugs (Mood Elevators and Stabilizers)." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 377 394, 1984.

Psychosis Wallace, J.E. Hamilton, H.E. Goggin, K.K. and Blum, K. Determination of chlorprothixine by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. J. Forensic Sci., 1976.

Blum, K. Braverman, E.R., Dinardo, M.J., Wood, R.C. and Sheridan, P.J., Prolonged P300 latency in a neuropsychiatric population with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele, Pharmacogenetics, 4:313-322, 1994

Gejman, P.V. Ram, A. Gelernter, J. Friedman, E. Cao, Q. Pickar, D. Blum, K. Noble, E.P., O'Malley, S., Kranzler, H. Hamer, D.H. Whitsitt, F. Rao, P. DeLisi, L.E. Virkkunen, M. Linnoila, M. Goldman, D. and Gershon, E.S. No structural mutation in the dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism or schizophrenia. JAMA 271:204-208, 1994.

J Hoenicka , R Rodriguez-Jimenez, G Ponce, Aragues M , Martinez – Gras I, MA Jimenez- Arriero, Rubio G, K Blum, B Meshkin, WB Downs, T. Palomo. Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene Taq1 A2 Allele Associates With A Subtype Of Spanish Alcoholic Schizophrenics : Hypothesizing A New Putative Protective Mechanism In Reward Deficiency Syndrome. (to be submitted to Am. J Psychiatry)

Anxiety Blum, K. and Geller, I. Facilitation of brain stimulation with parachlor phenylalanine. Fed. Proc. 28:794, 1969. (Abstract)

Blum, K. and Geller, I. Facilitation of brain stimulation with parachlor phenylanine (P PCA). FASEB, 53rd Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 13 18, 1969.

Blum, K. and Geller I. Effects of chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital on conflict behavior in rats. Psychophar­macologia 17(5):391 8, 1970.

Geller, I. and Blum, K. The effects of 5 HTP on para chlorphenylalanine (p CPA) attenuation of "conflict" behavior. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 9(3):319 24, March, 1970.

Campbell, N., Blum, K. and Geller, I. Effect of tryptamine and indole 3 acetic acid derivations on lever pressing behavior in white mice. Pharmacologist 12:206, 1970. (Abstract)

Blum, K. "Tranquiling Agents." In: Handbook of Abusable Drugs, Gardner Press, New York, pp. 352 376, 1984.

ADHD DeFrance, J.F. Hymel, C. Trachtenberg, M.C. Ginsberg, L.D. Schweitzer, F.C. Estes, S. Chen, T.J.H., Braverman, E.R. Cull, J.G. and Blum, K. Enhancement of attention processing by Kantrol TM in healthy humans: A pilot study. Clinical EEG, 1997

Miller, D. and Blum, K. (in collaboration with J.E. Payne and M. Miller) Overload: Attention Deficit Disorder and the Addictive Brain, Andrew McNeal, Kansas City, Missouri, January, 1997 (first printing, 1996)

Braverman, ER Blum, K. Lubar J, Lubar, Jo, Lubar and Comings, DE. Genetic dopaminergic deficits: Clinical correlates to schizoid/avoidant personality, ADHD probands, pathological violence. P300 event related potential and TOVA attention test. Molecular Psychiatry, 6: S5, 2001.

Comings DE, TJH Chen, K. Blum JF Mengucci, SH Blum B.Meshkin. Neurogenetic interactions and aberrant behavioral co-morbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD): dispelling myths. THEORETICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL MODELING 2: 50 2005. (HIGHLY ACCESSED).

Braverman ER Chen TJH, Blum K Blum SH JF Mengucci, WB Downs, Meshkin B,. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: Hypothesizing a new nosology and dispelling myths. (to be submitted to Medical Hypothesis)

Genomics Of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Blum, K. Braverman, E., Loeblich, L., and Payne, J.D. Neurogenetics of compulsive disease: neuronutrients as adjuncts to recovery. In: The Chemically Dependent: Phases of Treatment and Recovery (B.C. Wallace, Ed). Brunner Mazel Inc., New York, N.Y. 1992.

Blum, K. Sheridan. P.J. Wood, R.C. Braverman, E.R. Chen, T.J.H. and Comings, D.E. Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants: association and linkage studies in impulsive-addicitive-compulsive behavior. Pharmacogenetics 5:121-141, 1995.

Blum, K. Wood, R.C. Braverman, E.P. Chen, T.J.H. and Sheridan, P.J. D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of compulsive disease: Bayes' theorem. Functional Neurology: 10(1):37-44, 1995.

Blum, K. Braverman, E.R. Wood, R.C. Sheridan, P.J. Chen, T.J.H., Cull, J.G. and Comings, D.E. The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS). In: University of Pavia Seminar Series, Pavia, Italy, 1995.

Blum, K. Cull, J.G,. and Sheridan, P.J. Genetic screening: To be or not to be. Genetic Engineering News. November 1995.

Blum, K. Sheridan, P.J. Wood, R. C. Braverman, E.R. Chen, T.J.H. Cull, J.G. and Comings, D.E. The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of impulsive-addictive-compulsive behavior: Bayes' theorem. J. Royal Society of Medicine 89, 396-400, 1996.

Blum, K. Cull, J.G. and Comings, E.D. Biogenetics of Reward Deficiency Syndrome. American Scientist 84, 132-145, 1996.

Blum, K. Cull, J.G. Braverman, E.R., Chen, T.H.J. and Comings, D.E. Reward deficiency syndrome: Neurobiological genetic aspects in Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics (Blum, K., and Noble, E.P., Eds), Chapter 18, pp 311-332, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1997

Blum, K. Sheridan, P.J. Chen, THJ, Wood, R.C., Braverman, Cull, J.G. and Comings, D.E. The dopamine d2 receptor gene locus in reward deficiency syndrome: Meta analyses. In: Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics (Blum, K. and Noble, E.P., Eds) chapter 24, pp. 407-434, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1997

Blum, K. and Noble, E.P. (Eds.) [Sparks, R. Cull, J.G., Chen, T.H.J. Associate Editors], Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1997

Blum, K. and E.R. Braverman “Reward Deficiency Syndrome: A biogenetic Model for the treatment of impulsive, addictive and compulsive behaviors. Journal psychoactive Drugs, 2001.

Blum, K. and Noble, EP. First Conference on “Reward deficiency syndrome’: Genetic Antecedents and Clinical Pathways. Molecular Psychiatry vol. 6 supplement Feb. 1, 2001.

Blum, K. and Noble, EP Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A biogenic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. Molecular Psychiatry 6: S2, 2001.

Blum, K. and Braverman, ER “Reward Deficiency Syndrome”: An emerging concept. Molecular Psychiatry, 6: S3, 2001.

Blum K, Chen TJH, Lubar J, White N, Lubar J, Braverman, Er, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M, Meshkin, Blum Sh, Mengucci JF, Comings DE. Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A paradigm shift in selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors (to be submitted to JAMA).

Comings DE, Blum K. Reward Deficiency Syndrome(RDS): Genetic aspects of behavior disorders & validation. Neurotoxicology Res.(in press).

Blum, K Chen TJH, Blum SH, Downs BW, Braverman ER, Foster JF, Meshkin B. Nutrigenomics and Pharamcogenomics: a scientific wonderland (in press Social Science Information).

Blum K Chen TJH, Blum SH, Comings DE Mengucci JF Meshkin, Downs BW Braverman ER. Reward Deficiency Syndrome(RDS) : Neurogenetic aspects of aging and related behavioral disorders specific to dopaminergic pathways Journal of American Academy of Aging (in press).

Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Prog Brain Res, 2000;126:325-341.

Space Medicine Schwertner, H.A., Blum, K., Wallace, J.E. and Eubanks, J.D. Alterations in brain electrolytes during acceleration in mice. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48(8):705 7, August, 1977.

Parkinson Disease Blum, K. The effect of dopamine and other catecholamines on neuromuscular transmission. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 181:297 306, October, 1969.

Neurocognition & Memory Blum, K. Gaskill, H. DeLallo, L., Briggs, A.H. and Hall, W. Methionine enkephalin as a possible neuromodulator of regional cerebral blood flow. Experientia 41(7):932 3, July 15, 1985.

Braverman, E.E. and Blum, K. Substance Use Disorder Exacerbates Brain Electrophysiological Abnormalities in a psychiatrically-ill population. Clinical EEG suppl. 27(4), 5-28, 1996

Braverman, ER, K. Blum, THJ. Chen, MS. Stanford. From Brain Science to Brain Based Medicine. Medical Hypothesis X 2004.

Braverman ER, Rayannavar A, Makhija N, Schoolfield J, Stanford MS, Meshkin B, Blum K, Delayed P300 latency Correlates with Abnormal Test Of Variables of Attention ( TOVA) in adults. (to be submitted to Neuroscience Letters).

Braverman ER, Rayannavar A, Makhija N, Schoolfield J, Stanford MS, Meshkin B, Blum K. Test of Variables of Attention( TOVA) an accurate predictor of early attentional complaints in a clinical setting ( to be submitted to J. Royal Society of Medicine).

Braverman ER, Chen TJH, Schoolfield J, Mengucci JF, Blum SH, Downs BW, Meshkin B, Blum K. Low Plasma Levels of sex hormones and human growth factor(s) correlate to cognitive decline as a function of gender.(to be submitted to Nature Neuroscience).

Neurotransmission Pharmacology Blum, K. Seifter, E. and Seifter, J. Muscle contraction by d and l carnitines and d and l acetylcarnitines: Comparison with choline and acetylcholine. Pharmacologist 9:218, 1967. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Seifter, E. and Seifter, J. The pharmacology of carnitines and acetylcarni­tines: Comparison with choline and acetylcholine. Pharmacologist 10:177, 1968. (Abstract)

Blum, K. Seifter, E. and Seifter, J. The pharmacology of carnitines (Ct) and acetylcarnitines (ACt): Comparison with choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh). ASPET Fall Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn. August 18 22, 1968.

Blum, K. Seifter, E. and Seifter, J. The pharmacology of d and 1 choline and d and 1 acetylcarnitine. Comparison with choline and acetylcholine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 178(2):331 8, August, 1971.

Toxicology Blum, K. and Manzo, L. Clinical Toxicology. Special editors, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982 (3 issues).

Manzo, L., Blum, K. Sabbioni, E. Neurotoxicity of Selected Metals. In: Neurotoxi­cology, edited by Blum, K. and Manzo, L., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1985.

Wise, J.A., Morin, R.J., Sanderson, R. and Blum, K. Changes in plasma Carotenoid, Alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts: a pilot study. Current Therapeutic Research 57(6), 446-462, 1996

Personality Disorders Braverman, E.R., Miller, D.S., Hollad, R., Johnson, D., and Blum, K. Myers-Briggs type indicator relationships with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Version II. Presented at the 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 7, 1996, NY. Abstract # NR, pp 145, 1996.

Blum, K. Braverman, ER, Wu, S. Cull, JG. Wood, R. et al. Association of polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2 ) , and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes with schizoid/ avoidant behaviors (SAB). Molecular Psychiatry 2: 239-246, 1997.

Chen TJH, Blum K Mathews D, Fisher L, Schnautz N, Braverman E, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Comings DE. Are dopaminergic genes involved in a predisposition to pathological aggression ? Hypothesizing the importance of “super normal controls” in psychiatric genetic research of complex behavioral disorders . Medical Hypothesis 65: 703-707, 2005.

Chen TJH, Blum K, Mathews D, Fisher L, Schnautz N, Braverman ER, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Blum SH, Mengucci JF, Meshkin B, Comings DE. Palomo T. Preliminary association of both the Taq1 A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 480 bp allele with pathological aggressive behavior in adolescents (to be submitted to European Psychiatry).

Pain & Inflammation Ehrenpreis, S. Blum, K. Balagot R., Hyodo M., Cull, JG., Wood, R., 7 Wise, J. Open Label studies Showing Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of D-Phenylalanine (DPA) in Arthritis and chronic , Intractable Pain Patients : A preliminary Report. To be submitted Pain.

Blum, K Chen, TJH, Ross, BD. Innate properties of H-Wave device, a small fiber stimulator provides the basis for a paradigm shift of electro-therapeutic treatment of pain with increased functional restoration associated with human neuropathies by affecting tissue circulation: a hypothesis. Medical Hypothesis. 63: 1066-1067, 2004.

Blum, K Chen, TJH, Ross, BD. Innate properties of H-Wave device, a small fiber stimulator provides the basis for a paradigm shift of electro-therapeutic treatment of pain with increased functional restoration associated with human neuropathies by affecting tissue circulation: a hypothesis. Townsend Letters. 258: 101-104.