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Revision as of 16:08, 27 February 2011

Template:Launching/Falcon

Falcon 9
Falcon 9 launches with first Dragon spacecraft
FunctionExpendable orbital launch vehicle
ManufacturerSpaceX
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launchNormal:

LEO (<80% cap.) $49.9M [1]
LEO (>80% cap.) $56.0M [1]
GTO (<3,000 kg) $49.9M [1]
GTO (>3,000 kg) $56.0M [1]

Heavy: $95m
Size
Height54.3 m (178 ft)
Diameter3.66 m (12.0 ft)
MassNormal: 333,400 kg (735,000 lb)
Heavy: 885,000 kg (1,951,000 lb)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEONormal: 10,450 kg (23,040 lb)
Heavy:32,000 kg (71,000 lb)
Payload to
GTO		Normal: 4,540 kg (10,010 lb)
Heavy: 19,500 kg (43,000 lb)
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesCape Canaveral SLC-40
Vandenberg SLC-4E
Omelek Island
Total launches2
Success(es)2
Failure(s)0
First flightNormal: June 4, 2010[2]
Heavy: none scheduled
Boosters (Falcon 9 Heavy (proposed))
No. boosters2
Engines9 Merlin 1C
Thrust5,000 kN (1,100,000 lbf)(sl)
Specific impulseSea level: 255 sec (2.6 kN/kg)
Vacuum: 304 sec (3.0 kN/kg)
Burn timeUnknown
PropellantLOX/RP-1
First stage
Engines9 Merlin 1C
Thrust5,000 kN (1,100,000 lbf)(sl)
Specific impulseSea level: 255 sec (2.6 kN/kg)
Vacuum: 304 sec (3.0 kN/kg)
Burn time170 seconds[3]
PropellantLOX/RP-1
Second stage
Engines1 Merlin Vacuum
Thrust445 kN (100,000 lbf)
Specific impulseVacuum: 342 sec (3.45 kN/kg)[4]
Burn time345 seconds
PropellantLOX/RP-1
[edit on Wikidata]

Falcon 9 is a spaceflight launch system that uses rocket engines designed and manufactured by SpaceX. Both stages of the two-stage-to-orbit vehicles use liquid oxygen (LOX) and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) propellants. Multiple variants are planned with payloads of 10,450–26,610 kilograms (23,040–58,670 lb) to low Earth orbit, and 4,450–15,010 kilograms (9,810–33,090 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit, which will place the Falcon 9 design in the medium-lift to heavy-lift range of launch systems.

The first Falcon 9 flight was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on June 4, 2010 14:45 EDT (19:45 UTC) with a successful orbital insertion, after several delays.[5]

The Falcon 9 is the launch vehicle for the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. The Falcon 9 and Dragon combination won a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract from NASA to resupply the International Space Station under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. The second Falcon 9 launch, and the first launch of the Dragon spacecraft, occurred at 10:43 EST (15:43 UTC) on December 8, 2010 from Cape Canaveral.[6] The launch was successful, with the Dragon spacecraft completing two orbits before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.[7]

Design

Falcon 9 (left) and Falcon 9 Heavy (right)

The base Falcon 9 is a two stage, LOX/RP-1 powered launch vehicle. Its first stage is powered by nine SpaceX Merlin 1C rocket engines with 556 kN (125,000 lbf) sea-level thrust per engine for a total thrust on liftoff of approximately 5.0 MN (1.1 million lbf).[8] The Falcon 9 first stage uses a pyrophoric mixture of triethylaluminum-triethylborane (TEA-TEB) as a first-stage ignitor.[9]

The proposed Falcon 9 Heavy configuration consists of a standard Falcon 9 with two additional Falcon 9 first stages acting as liquid strap-on boosters,[10] which is conceptually similar to EELV launchers Delta IV Heavy and the future Atlas V HLV, and also to the Russian Angara carrier rocket.

Second stage

The upper stage is powered by a single Merlin engine modified for vacuum operation, with an expansion ratio of 117:1 and a nominal burn time of 345 seconds. For added reliability of restart, the engine has dual redundant pyrophoric igniters (TEA-TEB).[8] SpaceX has expressed hopes that both stages will eventually be reusable.[11]

The interstage, which connects the upper and lower stage for Falcon 9, is a carbon fiber aluminum core composite structure. Stage separation occurs via reusable separation collets and a pneumatic pusher system. The Falcon 9 tank walls and domes are made from aluminum lithium alloy. SpaceX uses an all friction stir welded tank, the highest strength and most reliable welding technique available. The second stage tank of Falcon 9 is simply a shorter version of the first stage tank and uses most of the same tooling, material and manufacturing techniques. This results in significant cost savings in vehicle production.[8]

Reliability

As with the company's smaller Falcon 1 vehicle, Falcon 9's launch sequence includes a hold-down feature that allows full engine ignition and systems check before liftoff. After first stage engine start, the launcher is held down and not released for flight until all propulsion and vehicle systems are confirmed to be operating normally. Similar hold-down systems have been used on other launch vehicles such as the Saturn V[12] and Space Shuttle. An automatic safe shut-down and unloading of propellant occurs if any abnormal conditions are detected.[8]

Like the Saturn V and the unrealized Falcon 5 design, the presence of multiple first stage engines allows for mission completion even if one of the first-stage engines fails mid-flight. This is known as "engine-out capability".[8] Falcon 9 is the first rocket "since the Saturn series from the Apollo program to incorporate engine-out capability"[13]

Falcon 9 will have triple redundant flight computers and inertial navigation, with a GPS overlay for additional orbit insertion accuracy.[8]

Reusability

Although the first stage has parachutes and was intended to be recovered to demonstrate (possible future) reuse, to date SpaceX has failed to recover the stages from their initial test launches. The stages are expendable for the initial launches. By flight six, the first stage is intended to be recovered.[11] Although reusability of the second stage is more difficult, SpaceX has intended both stages of the Falcon 9 to be reusable.[14] Musk stated:

"By flight six we think it’s highly likely we’ll recover the first stage, and when we get it back we’ll see what survived through re-entry, and what got fried, and carry on with the process. ... That's just to make the first stage reusable, it'll be even harder with the second stage – which has got to have a full heatshield, it'll have to have deorbit propulsion and communication."[11]

Both stages are covered with a layer of ablative cork, have parachutes to land them gently in the sea and have been marinised by using salt water resistant materials, anodizing and paying attention to the issue of galvanic corrosion.[14]

While many commentators are skeptical of the viability of reusability, Musk has stated that reusability is one of the most important goals, and that if the vehicle does not become reusable, "I will consider us to have failed.”[15]

Launch sites

There is one active launch site and two others are planned/proposed:

Launcher versions

Version Falcon 9 Falcon 9 Heavy (proposed)
Stage 0 2 boosters with 9 × Merlin 1C engines each[18]
Stage 1 9 × Merlin 1C[19] 9 × Merlin 1C[18]
Stage 2 1 × Merlin 1C[citation needed] 1 × Merlin 1C[citation needed]
Height
(max; m) 		54.9[19] 54.9[18]
Diameter
(m) 		3.6 or 5.2[19] 3.6 or 5.2 (large fairing)[10][needs update]
Initial thrust
(kN) 		4,400[citation needed] 15,000[18]
Takeoff weight
(tonnes) 		333[19] 885[18]
Fairing diameter
(Inner; m) 		4.6[citation needed] 4.6[citation needed]
Payload
(LEO; kg) 		8,560 (polar orbit from Kwajalein) or 10,450 (launch at Cape Canaveral)[19] 32,000[18]
Payload
(GTO; kg) 		4,680 (launch at Kwajalein) or 4,540 (launch at Cape Canaveral)[19] 19,500[18]
Price
(Mil. USD) 		49.9–56 to LEO; 49.9–56 (according to Satellite Mass) to GTO[1] 95[18]
minimal Price/kg
(LEO; USD) 		5,360[1][need quotation to verify] 3,273[citation needed]
minimal Price/kg
(GTO; USD) 		12,000[1][need quotation to verify] between 7,826 and 10,000 (according to Satellite Mass)[citation needed]
Success ratio
(successful/total) 		2/2

Historical data based on circa 2007 specifications may be found in these three sources.[20] [21] [22]

Initial descriptions

At an appearance in May 2004 before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Elon Musk testified, "Long term plans call for development of a heavy lift product and even a super-heavy, if there is customer demand. [...] Ultimately, I believe $500 per pound [of payload delivered to orbit] or less is very achievable."[23]

SpaceX formally announced the Falcon 9 on 2005-09-08, describing it as being a "fully reusable heavy lift launch vehicle."[24] A Falcon 9 medium was described as being capable of launching approximately 21,000 lb (9,500 kg) to low Earth orbit, priced at $27 million per flight ($1286/lb).

Production and testing

As of December 2010, the Falcon 9 production line is manufacturing one new Falcon 9 (and Dragon spacecraft) every three months. In 2012, this will double to one every six weeks.[25]

Production history

On April 12, 2007 SpaceX announced it had completed the primary structure for its first Falcon 9 first-stage tank.[26] The tank was shipped to a SpaceX test facility in Texas for first-stage static firing validation. The first multi-engine test (with two engines connected to the first stage, firing simultaneously) was successfully completed in January 2008,[27] with successive tests leading to the full Falcon 9 complement of nine engines test fired for a full mission length (178 seconds) of the first stage on November 22, 2008.[28]

The original NASA COTS contract called for the first demonstration flight of Falcon in September 2008, and completion of all three demonstration missions by September 2009.[29] February 2008, the plan for the first Falcon 9/Dragon COTS Demo flight was delayed by six months to late in the first quarter of 2009. According to Elon Musk, the complexity of the development work and the regulatory requirements for launching from Cape Canaveral have contributed to the delay.[30] The first COTS demo flight was delayed several additional times, and was eventually scheduled for December 2010.[31]

In October 2009, the first flight-ready first stage had a successful all-engine test fire at the company's test stand in McGregor, TX. In November 2009 Space X conducted the initial second stage test firing lasting forty seconds. This test involved a new test stand and a new flight stage, and succeeded without aborts or recycles. On January 2, 2010, a full-duration (329 seconds) orbit-insertion firing of the Falcon 9 second stage was conducted at the McGregor test site[citation needed] The full stack arrived at the launch site for integration at the beginning of February 2010, and SpaceX initially scheduled a launch date of March 22, 2010, though they estimated anywhere between one and three months for integration and testing.[32]

On February 25, 2010 SpaceX's first flight stack was set vertical at Space Launch Complex 40, Cape Canaveral,[33] and on March 9, SpaceX performed a static fire test, where the first stage was to be fired without taking off. Some fire and smoke were seen at the base of the rocket, leading to speculation of an engine fire. However, all components checked out, but the test executed a nominal abort at T-2 seconds due to a failure in the spin-start system. This system is designed to pump high pressure helium from the launch pad into the first stage turbopumps to get them spinning in preparation for launch. Subsequent review showed that the failure was a valve that didn't receive a command to open. As the problem was with the pad and not with the rocket itself, it didn't occur at the McGregor test site, which didn't have the same valve setup. No damage was sustained by the vehicle or the test pad and the fire and smoke were the result of normal burnoff from the liquid oxygen and fuel mix present in the system prior to launch. All vehicle systems leading up to the abort performed as expected and no additional issues were noted that needed addressing. A subsequent test on March 13 was successful in firing the nine first-stage engines for 3.5 seconds.[34]

The delay of the first flight from March 2010 to June was due to review of the Falcon 9 flight termination system by the Air Force. On June 1, SpaceX announced on their update page that they had completed testing of the FTS and all results were nominal.

The first actual launch attempt, at 1:30pm EDT on Friday, June 4, 2010 (1730 UTC), was aborted shortly after ignition, and the rocket successfully went through a failsafe abort.[35] Ground crews were able to recycle the rocket, and successfully launched it at 2:45pm EDT (1845 UTC) the same day.[5]

Maiden Launch

Launch video (1 min 52 secs)
Main article: Falcon 9 Flight 1

The Falcon 9 maiden launch occurred on June 4, 2010 and was deemed a success, placing the test payload within 1 percent of the intended orbit. The second stage engine performed a short second burn to demonstrate its multiple firing capability.[36]

The rocket experienced, "a little bit of roll at liftoff" as Ken Bowersox from SpaceX put it. This roll had stopped prior to the craft reaching the top of the tower.[37] The second stage began to slowly roll near the end of its burn which was not expected, and the first stage parachutes failed to open causing it to be damaged upon landing.[36]

The halo from the venting of propellant from the Falcon 9 rocket as it rolled in space could be seen from all of Eastern Australia and some believed it to be a UFO.[38][39]

Continued development

SpaceX Falcon 9 launch with COTS Demo Flight 1
Main article: COTS Demo Flight 1

The next launch attempt for Falcon 9 was COTS Demo Flight 1, with an operational Dragon module. The launch took place on December 8, 2010.[6] The flight placed the Dragon capsule in a roughly 300-kilometer (190 mi) orbit. After two orbits, the capsule re-entered the atmosphere to be recovered off the coast of Mexico.[7] This flight tested the pressure vessel integrity, attitude control using the Draco engines, telemetry, guidance, navigation, control systems, the PICA-X heat shield, and parachutes at speed.

Launches and scheduled launches

Flight No Date & Time (GMT) Payload Customer Outcome Remarks
1 4 June 2010, 18:45 Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit SpaceX Success 1st Successful Flight of Falcon 9 Block 1[36]
2 8 Dec 2010, 15:43[40] NASA COTS – Demo 1, 2 Cubesats[41] Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, National Reconnaissance Office Success maiden flight of Dragon Capsule; 3 hours, testing of maneuvering thrusters and reentry[42]
Q1 2011 NASA COTS – Demo 2, 2 OG2 satellites[43] Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Orbcomm Scheduled 5 day, approach Space Station
2011 NASA COTS – Demo 3 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Scheduled Dock with Space Station
2011 CASSIOPE[44] MDA Corp Scheduled
2011 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 1[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2011 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 2[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2012 DragonLab Mission 1[citation needed] SpaceX Scheduled
2012 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 3[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2012 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 4[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2012 SAOCOM 1A[45] CONAE Scheduled
2012 AMOS-4[46][47] Spacecom Scheduled
2013 DragonLab Mission 2[citation needed] SpaceX Scheduled
2013 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 5[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2013 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 6[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2013 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 7[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2013 SAOCOM 1B[45] CONAE Scheduled
2013 Google Lunar X Prize Moon Mission[48] Astrobotic Technology Scheduled (no earlier than December 2013) deliver a lander, small rover and up to 240 pounds (110 kg) of payload to the surface of the Moon[48]
2014 Space Systems/Loral[49] Space Systems Scheduled
2014 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 8[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2014 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 9[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2014 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 10[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2014 TBD Bigelow Aerospace[citation needed] Scheduled
2015 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 11[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2015 NASA Resupply to ISS – Flight 12[citation needed] NASA Commercial Resupply Services Scheduled
2015–2017 Iridium NEXT[16][50] Iridium Communications Inc. Scheduled up to 10 launches with multiple satellites per launch.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Falcon 9 Overview, Launch Cost". SpaceX. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ "Detailed Mission Data – Falcon-9 ELV First Flight Demonstration". Mission Set Database. NASA GSFC. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  3. ^ "Falcon 9 User's Guide" (PDF). SpaceX. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  4. ^ "SpaceX Falcon 9 Upper Stage Engine Successfully Completes Full Mission Duration Firing" (Press release). SpaceX. March 10, 2009.
  5. ^ a b Staff writer (August 20, 2010). "SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket enjoys successful maiden flight". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  6. ^ a b BBC News. "Private space capsule's maiden voyage ends with a splash." December 8, 2010. December 8, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11948329
  7. ^ a b "COTS Demo Flight 1 status". SpaceFlight Now.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Falcon 9 Overview". SpaceX. 8 May 2010.
  9. ^ Mission Status Center, June 2, 2010, 1905 GMT, SpaceflightNow, accessed 2010-06-02, Quotation: "The flanges will link the rocket with ground storage tanks containing liquid oxygen, kerosene fuel, helium, gaserous nitrogen and the first stage ignitor source called triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TAB."
  10. ^ a b SpaceX hopes to supply ISS with new Falcon 9 heavy launcher, Flight International, September 13, 2005, accessed 2010-06-03.
  11. ^ a b c Musk ambition: SpaceX aim for fully reusable Falcon 9, NASAspaceflight.com, 2009-01-12, accessed 2010-06-03
  12. ^ NASA PAO, Hold-Down Arms and Tail Service Masts, Moonport, SP-4204 (accessed 26 August 2010)
  13. ^ Behind the Scenes With the World's Most Ambitious Rocket Makers, Popular Mechanics, 2009-09-01, accessed 2012-12-11. "It is the first since the Saturn series from the Apollo program to incorporate engine-out capability—that is, one or more engines can fail and the rocket will still make it to orbit."
  14. ^ a b Lindsey, Clark S. "Interview* with Elon Musk". HobbySpace. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  15. ^ a b c Simburg, Rand. "SpaceX Press Conference". Retrieved 16 June 2010.. Musk quote: “We will never give up! Never! Reusability is one of the most important goals. If we become the biggest launch company in the world, making money hand over fist, but we’re still not reusable, I will consider us to have failed.”
  16. ^ a b Largest Commercial Rocket Launch Deal Ever Signed by SpaceX , SPACE.com, 2010-06-16, accessed 2010-06-16.
  17. ^ "Launch Manifest". SpaceX. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Falcon 9 Heavy Overview". SpaceX. 2010. Retrieved 22 Dec 2010.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Falcon 9 Overview". SpaceX. 2010. Retrieved 31 Dec 2010.
  20. ^ "SpaceX Falcon Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. 5 July 2007.
  21. ^ "Monster Progress Update (Mostly Falcon 9)". SpaceX. 17 August 2007.
  22. ^ "Falcon 1 Overview". SpaceX. 28 September 2007.
  23. ^ Testimony of Elon Musk (May 5, 2004). "Space Shuttle and the Future of Space Launch Vehicles". U.S. Senate.
  24. ^ "SpaceX Announces the Falcon 9 Fully Reusable Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle" (Press release). SpaceX. 2005-09-08.
  25. ^ Q & A with SpaceX CEO Elon Musk: Master of Private Space Dragons, space.com, 2010-12-08, accessed 2010-12-09. "now have Falcon 9 and Dragon in steady production at approximately one F9/Dragon every three months. The F9 production rate doubles to one every six weeks in 2012."
  26. ^ "SpaceX Completes Primary Structure of the Falcon 9 First Stage Tank" (Press release). Space Exploration Technologies Corp. 2007-04-11.
  27. ^ "SpaceX Conducts First Multi-Engine Firing of Falcon 9 Rocket" (Press release). SpaceX. 18 January 2008.
  28. ^ "SpaceX successfully conducts full mission-length firing of its Falcon 9 launch vehicle" (Press release). SpaceX. November 23, 2008.
  29. ^ Space Act Agreement between NASA and Space Exploration Technologies, Inc., for Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Demonstration (pdf)
  30. ^ Rob Coppinger (2008-02-27). "SpaceX Falcon 9 maiden flight delayed by six months to late Q1 2009". Flight Global.
  31. ^ Irene Klotz. "SpaceX Asks For Oct. 23 Dragon Launch Slot".
  32. ^ "SpaceX announces Falcon 9 assembly underway at the Cape". Orlando Sentinel. 11 Feb 2010.
  33. ^ "Updates". SpaceX. February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  34. ^ Kremer, Ken (March 13, 2010). "Successful Engine Test Firing for SpaceX Inaugural Falcon 9". Universe Today. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  35. ^ Kaufman, Marc (June 4, 2010). "Falcon 9 rocket launch aborted". Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  36. ^ a b c "Falcon 9 booster rockets into orbit on dramatic first launch". SpaceflightNOW. June 4, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  37. ^ Interview with Ken Bowersox from SpaceX
  38. ^ "UFO spotted over eastern Australia". ABC Online. June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  39. ^ "'UFO' Spotted Over Australia Likely a Private Rocket". Space.com. June 7, 2010.
  40. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Falcon Launch Report – Mission Status Center". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  41. ^ "NRO Taps Boeing for Next Batch of Cubesats". Space News. 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  42. ^ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX on the verge of unleashing Dragon in the sky". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  43. ^ [1], Space News, 2010-11-11, accessed 2010-11-11.
  44. ^ "Canadian aerospace set to boldly grow in privatized space travel". The Vancouver Sun. 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  45. ^ a b "SPACEX SIGNS ARGENTINA'S SPACE AGENCY FOR TWO FALCON 9 LAUNCHES". SpaceX. 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  46. ^ "Amos 4". Gunter's Space Page. 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  47. ^ "SPACEX AND SPACECOM SIGN CONTRACT FOR FALCON 9 GEOSYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MISSION". SpaceX. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  48. ^ a b "SpaceX Lands Contract To Fly To Moon". Aviation Week. 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-08. Pittsburgh-based Astrobotic Technology, a Carnegie Mellon University spin-off company, has signed a launch services contract with Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) for a Falcon 9 rocket to deliver a lander, small rover and up to about 240 lb. of payload to the surface of the Moon
  49. ^ "SpaceX and Space Systems/Loral Sign Contract for Falcon 9 Geosynchronous Transfer" (Press release). SpaceX. March 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  50. ^ "Elon Musk: SpaceX signs "biggest" commercial launch deal ever" (Press release). Orlando Sentinel. 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
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