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According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]] were captured by [[Barbary pirates]] and sold as slaves in North Africa and the [[Ottoman Empire]] between the 16th and 19th centuries<ref>[http://krypta.i24.cc/saint.php?dir=slavesI&rtn=saint.php?dir=unknown The Crypt: Slaves in the Islamic world]</ref> in [[Arab slave trade]]. The pirates conducted an escalating War between Christian [[Hapsburg Spain]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] for control of the [[Mediterranean]]. They attacked the coastal villages and towns of Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean islands]]. Long stretches of the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. After 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as [[Iceland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=2a1_1187537365 |title=White slaves. Muslim masters |publisher=Liveleak.com |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref>
In 1544, [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], younger brother of also pirate [[Aruj]], captured [[Ischia]], taking 4,000 prisoners in the process, and deported to [[slavery]] some 9,000 inhabitants of [[Lipari]], almost the entire population.<ref>{{cite web|last=Povoledo |first=Elisabetta |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/09/26/trsic_ed3_.php |title=The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands |work=International Herald Tribune |date=26 September 2003 |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> In 1551, [[Turgut Reis]] (known as Dragut in the West) enslaved the population of the Maltese island [[Gozo]], sending between 5,000 and 6,000 to [[Libya]]. When pirates sacked [[Vieste]] in southern Italy in 1554 they took 7,000 slaves. In 1555, Turgut Reis sailed to [[Corsica]] and ransacked [[Bastia]], taking 6,000 prisoners. In 1558 Barbary corsairs captured the town of [[Ciutadella]] ([[Minorca]]), destroyed it, [[murder|slaughtered]] the inhabitants and carried off 3,000 survivors to [[Istanbul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holidays2menorca.com/history.php |title=History of Menorca |publisher=Holidays2menorca.com |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref>. In 1563 Turgut Reis landed at the shores of the province of [[Granada]], Spain, and captured coastal settlements such as [[Almuñécar]], taking 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates frequently attacked the [[Balearic islands]]. In response many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches were erected. The threat was so severe that the island of Formentera became uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm |title=''When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed'' |publisher=Researchnews.osu.edu |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elbacomunico.com/inglese/pirates.htm Watch-towers and fortified towns] {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=arbulan |url=http://islamicexpansionanddecline.blogspot.com/2007/04/chapter-8-slave-society.html |title=Islamic Expansion and Decline: Chapter 8: The Slave Society |publisher=Islamicexpansionanddecline.blogspot.com |date=28 April 2007 |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref>
On 1575 the ship of the brothers Rodrigo and [[Miguel de Cervantes]], of probable converso descent,<ref>https://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics04/mcgaha.pdf</ref> was attacked off the Catalan coast by [[Algeria]]n corsairs under the command of an [[Albanians|Albanian]] Ottoman named ''[[Arnaut]] Mami''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life of Miguel de Cervantes |last=Watts|first=Henry Edwards |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1891 |publisher=Walter Scott |location=Harvard College Library |isbn= |page=30 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=V40pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR21&dq=life+of+miguel+cervantes+watts&q |accessdate=2010-06-10 }}</ref> After significant resistance, in which the captain and many crew members were killed, the survivors were taken to [[Algiers]] as captives.<ref name="Garcés"/>{{Rp|236}} After five years spent as a [[slave]] in Algiers, and four unsuccessful escape attempts, Cervantes was ransomed by his parents and the [[Trinitarians]] and returned to his family in Madrid. This period of Cervantes' life supplied subject matter for several of his literary works.<ref>Abd Al-Aziz al-Ahwani, «Cervantes y sidi Hamada», Al-Mayalla, núm. 96, El Cairo, diciembre de 1964, págs. 14-22.</ref><ref>Abd al-Rahman Badawi, trad. árabe y notas a Don Quijote de la Mancha, Abu Dhabi, Al-Madà, 1998.</ref><ref>http://www.materialesdehistoria.org/doc_pdf/EL%20MUSULMAN%20HEROICO.pdf</ref><ref>Ángel González Palencia, «Cervantes y los moriscos», Boletín de la Real Academia Española, núm. XXVII, 1948, págs. 107-122.</ref><ref>Arrabal, Fernando: Un esclavo llamado Cervantes, Espasa-Calpe, 1996.</ref><ref>Garcés, María Antonia: Cervantes en Argel: Historia de un cautivo, Gredos, Madrid, 2005.</ref>
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