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Covered bridge

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Covered bridge
The Cogan House Covered Bridge, Pennsylvania
The Cogan House Covered Bridge, Pennsylvania
AncestorTruss bridge, others
DescendantNone
CarriesPedestrians, livestock, vehicles
Span rangeShort
MaterialTypically wood beams with iron fittings and iron rods in tension
MovableNo
Design effortLow
Falsework requiredDetermined by enclosed bridge structure, site conditions, and degree of prefabrication

A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof, decking, and siding, which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure.[1] The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather. Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun, but a covered bridge could last over 100 years.[2] In the United States, only about 1 in 10 survived the 20th century.[3] The relatively small number of surviving bridges is due to deliberate replacement, neglect, and the high cost of restoration.[4]

European and North American truss bridges

Typically, covered bridges are structures with longitudinal timber-trusses which form the bridge's backbone. Some were built as railway bridges, using very heavy timbers and doubled up lattice work.[5]

In Canada and the U.S., numerous timber covered bridges were built in the late 1700s to the late 1800s, reminiscent of earlier designs in Germany and Switzerland.[6][7] They tend to be in isolated places, making them vulnerable to vandalism and arson.[8]

Europe

The oldest surviving truss bridge in the world is the Kapellbrücke in Switzerland, first built in the 1300s. Modern-style timber truss bridges were pioneered in Switzerland in the mid-1700s.[9] Germany has 70 surviving historic wooden covered bridges.[10]

North America

Main article: List of lists of covered bridges

Most bridges were built to cross streams, and the majority had just a single span. Virtually all contained a single lane. A few two-lane bridges were built, having a third, central truss.[5]

Many different truss designs were used. One of the most popular designs was the Burr Truss, patented in 1817, which used an arch to bear the load, while the trusses kept the bridge rigid. Other designs included the King, Queen, Lattice, and Howe trusses.

Early trusses were designed with only a rough understanding of the engineering dynamics at work.[9] In 1847, American engineer Squire Whipple published the first correct analysis of the precise ways that a load is carried through the components of a truss,[12] which enabled him to design stronger bridges with fewer materials.

United States

Schuylkill Permanent Bridge in Philadelphia, the first documented covered bridge in America

About 14,000 covered bridges have been built in the United States,[13] mostly in the years 1825 to 1875.[2] The first documented was the Permanent Bridge, completed in 1805 to span the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia.[14][15] However, most other early examples of covered bridges do not appear until the 1820s. Extant bridges from that decade include New York's Hyde Hall Bridge and Pennsylvania's Hassenplug Bridge, both built in 1825, and the Haverhill–Bath Covered Bridge and the Roberts Covered Bridge, in New Hampshire and Ohio respectively, both built in 1829.[5]

Covered bridge in Macon, Georgia, 1877

The longest covered bridge ever built was constructed in 1814 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and spanned over a mile in length, but was destroyed by ice and flooding in 1832.[16] The longest, historical covered bridges remaining in the United States are the Cornish–Windsor Bridge, spanning the Connecticut River between New Hampshire and Vermont, and Medora Bridge, spanning the East Fork of the White River in Indiana. Both lay some claim to the superlative depending upon how the length is measured.[17]

In the mid-1800s, the development of cheaper wrought iron and cast iron led to metal rather than timber trusses.[5] Metal structures did not need protection from the elements, so they no longer needed to be covered. The bridges also became obsolete because most were single-lane, had low width and height clearances, and could not support the heavy loads of modern traffic.[5]

As of 2004, there were about 750 left,[18] mostly in eastern and northern states. The 2021 World Guide to Covered Bridges lists 840 covered bridges, although it states that only 670 of those were standing when the 1959 edition was published.[19]

Canada

Between 1969 and 2015, the number of surviving covered bridges in Canada declined from about 400 to under 200.[20]

In 1900, Quebec had an estimated 1,000 covered bridges.[21] Relative to the rest of North America, Quebec was late in building covered bridges, with the busiest decade for construction being the 1930s.[22] Initially, the designs were varied, but around 1905, the design was standardised to the Town québécois, a variant on the lattice truss patented by Ithiel Town in 1820. The designer is unknown. About 500 of these were built in the first half of the 1900s.[22] They were often built by local settlers using local materials, according to standard plans.[18] The last agricultural colony was founded in 1948, and the last bridge was built by the Ministry of Colonisation in 1958 in Lebel-sur-Quévillon.[22] There are now 82 covered bridges in Quebec, Transports Québec including the Félix-Gabriel-Marchand Bridge, the province's longest covered bridge.[23] In Quebec covered bridges were sometimes known as pont rouges (red bridges) because of their typical colour.[18]: 11, 87 

Like Quebec, New Brunswick continued to build covered bridges into the 1950s, peaking at about 400 covered bridges. These mostly used the Howe, Town, and Burr trusses. Today, there are 58 covered bridges in New Brunswick, including the world's longest, the Hartland Bridge.[24]

Ontario has just one remaining covered bridge, the West Montrose Covered Bridge.

Roofed bridges

Pont de Rohan in Landerneau, France
Drone video of the wooden roofed Järuska bridge in Estonia

Roofed, rather than covered bridges, have existed for centuries in southern Europe and Asia. In these cases, the cover is to protect the users of the bridge rather than the structure. Examples include:

In fiction

In addition to being practical, covered bridges were popular venues for a variety of social activities[2] and are an enduring cultural icon;[27] for example:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Covered bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "Ohio's Vanishing Covered Bridges". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  3. ^ "World Guide to Covered Bridges". National Center for Wood Transportation Structures. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  4. ^ Ross, Robert J.; et al. (August 2012). "Use of Laser Scanning Technology to Obtain As-Built Records of Historic Covered Bridges" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Research Paper FPL-RP-669. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Covered Bridge Manual". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  6. ^ "Historic Wooden Bridges/"Covered Bridges"". HSNB.DE. 11 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Visit America's Most Idyllic Covered Bridges". Architectural Digest. December 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  8. ^ Phares, Brent; et al. (May 2013). "Covered Bridge Security Manual" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-223.
  9. ^ a b "Bridge - Timber truss bridges". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  10. ^ Philip S. C. Caston (6 June 2013). Germany’s Historic Wooden Covered Bridges Still Standing (PDF) (Report).
  11. ^ "Swiss Timber Bridges".
  12. ^ Allen, Richard Sanders (2004). Covered Bridges of the Northeast. Courier Corporation. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-486-43662-3.
  13. ^ Covered Bridge Manual (PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-04-098) (PDF). McLean, VA: U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. April 2005. p. 3. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  14. ^ Griggs, Frank Jr. (October 2013). "The Permanent Bridge". Structure Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  15. ^ Christianson, Justine, et al. Covered Bridges and the Birth of American Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, Historic American Engineering Record, 2015.
  16. ^ "Ohio's Vanishing Covered Bridges - Back in Time - General Highway History - Highway History - Federal Highway Administration". www.fhwa.dot.gov. USDOT Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Covered Bridge Trivia". www.coveredbridgesociety.org. National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Conwill, Joseph D. (2004). Covered bridges across North America. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Pub. Co. ISBN 0-7603-1822-0.
  19. ^ Caswell, William S. World Guide to Covered Bridges (8 ed.). Concord, New Hampshire: National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges. pp. xii. ISBN 978-0-578-30263-8.
  20. ^ Walker, Nick (28 May 2015). "Throwback Thursday: Covered bridges". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Ponts couverts" (in Canadian French). Transports Quebec. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.
  22. ^ a b c Lefrançois, Jean (2004). "Les ponts couverts au Québec, héritage précieux" (PDF) (in Canadian French). Ministère des Transports du Québec. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Programmation routière 2018-2020 - Plus de 157 M$ pour améliorer la sécurité et la qualité de vie des usagers de la route en Outaouais" (in Canadian French). Transports Québec. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Covered Bridges". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  25. ^ Chrimes, Mike (1991). Civil Engineering, 1839–1889. London: Alan Sutton. p. 47. ISBN 1-84015-008-4.
  26. ^ Gesell, Laurence E (1992). The Administration of Public Airports. Chandler, AZ: Coast Aire. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-9606874-7-5.
  27. ^ "Covered Bridges". The Warren E. Roberts Museum of Early Indiana Life. Indiana University Bloomington. 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Covered bridges.
  • Covered Bridge Map, an interactive map showing locations of covered bridges in the United States and Canada. However, the data is only current as of the archive date.
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