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Smile

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A woman from Nepal smiling.

A smile is a facial expression formed by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth.[1] The smile can also be found around the eyes (see 'Duchenne Smiling' below). Among humans, it is an expression denoting pleasure, joy, happiness, or amusement, but can also be an involuntary expression of anxiety, in which case it is known as a grimace. Smiling is something that is understood by everyone despite culture, race, or religion; it is internationally known. Cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communicating emotions throughout the world.[2] But there are large differences between different cultures. A smile can also be spontaneous or artificial.

Historical background

Many biologists think the smile originated as a sign of fear. Primalogist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless. Biologists believe the smile has evolved differently among species and especially among humans.

Biology is not the only academic discipline that interprets the smile. Those who study kinesics view the smile as an affect display. It can communicate feelings such as: love, happiness, pride, contempt, and embarrassment. More info: The Psychology of Human Smile, The Smile

Social smiling normally develops between 6 and 8 weeks of age.

Development of smiling in humans

Newborns often exhibit smiles within the first three days of their lives, especially while sleeping. However these early smiles are spontaneous and are not a response to outside stimulation. These early smiles are referred to as "reflex smiles." Between 6 and 8 weeks, most babies will begin to exhibit "social smiles", meaning the baby will smile at his/her caregivers or in response to stimuli. These smiles represent real emotion. Most babies will laugh between 3 and 4 months.

Social behavior

“Service with a Smile”—This has always been at the core of American businesses since the beginning of the 1900s. Research continually proves that this is true; smiling really does increase attractiveness and likability between humans. In fact, smiling correlates with greater trust, greater financial earnings, and increased interpersonal cooperation.[3] In a time of increased stress due to cutbacks, high debt, and increasing family issues, employees are often required to work with a distressed public. However, a smile tends to convey respect, patience, empathy, hospitality and compassion. For example, when an employee smiles at a stressed customer, and exhibits excellent listening skills, most of the time, there is a report of total satisfaction.[4] Research also reports that people receive more help when they smile. Even the smile of a stranger produces more “Good Samaritan” effects on the receiver.[5] When you smile, even memory retrieval of your name is enhanced as is shown in neuroscience research.[6]

Laughter

In social contexts, smiling is related to laughter. In this situation, two kinds of smiling are analyzed:

  • Smiling is not a pre-laughing device and is a common pattern for paving the way to laughter;
  • Smiling can be used as a response to laughter in the previous turn.[7] Smiling and laughter have different functions in the order of sequence in social situations.

Sex appeal

Smiling is a signaling system that evolved from a need to communicate information of many different forms. One of these is advertisement of sexual interest. Female smiles are appealing to males, increasing physical attractiveness and enhancing sex appeal. However, recent research indicates a man's smile may or may not be most effective in attracting women, and that facial expressions such as pride or even shame might be more effective.[8]

Cultural differences

While most often, smiling is perceived as a positive emotion, there are many countries that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming. Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or dishonesty.[9] The Japanese may smile when they are confused or angry. In other parts of Asia, people may smile when they are embarrassed. Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting. A smile may be reserved for close friends and family members. Many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment. Vietnamese people may tell the sad story of how they had to leave their country but end the story with a smile.[10]

A man smiling, with dimples.

Dimples

Cheek dimples are visible indentations of the epidermis, caused by underlying flesh, which form on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait. A rarer form is the single dimple, which occurs on one side of the face only. Anatomically, dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as zygomaticus major. Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples.[11] This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone. As it travels anteriorly, it then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the typical position above the corner of the mouth. An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth.

Real smiles vs. fake smiles

A smile does indeed have great power and great social rewards. However, it has been proven that an authentic smile[12] is much more effective than a counterfeit smile. A smile is an outward sign of perceived self-confidence and internal satisfaction. It seems to have a favorable influence upon others and makes one likeable and more approachable.[13]

Guillaume Duchenne, discoverer of the Duchenne smile.

Duchenne smiling

A Duchenne smile involves both the mouth and the eyes.

Although many different types of smiles have been identified and studied, researchers (e.g. Freitas-Magalhães) have devoted particular attention to an anatomical distinction first recognized by French physician Guillaume Duchenne. While conducting research on the physiology of facial expressions in the mid-19th century, Duchenne identified two distinct types of smiles. A Duchenne smile involves contraction of both the zygomatic major muscle (which raises the corners of the mouth) and the orbicularis oculi muscle (which raises the cheeks and forms crow's feet around the eyes). A non-Duchenne smile involves only the zygomatic major muscle. “Research with adults initially indicated that joy was indexed by generic smiling, any smiling involving the raising of the lip corners by the zygomatic major…. More recent research suggests that smiling in which the muscle around the eye contracts, raising the cheeks high (Duchenne smiling), is uniquely associated with positive emotion.”[14]

Pan-Am smile

The Pan-Am smile, also known as the "Botox smile", is the name given to a "fake smile", in which only the zygomatic major muscle is voluntarily contracted to show politeness. It is named after the airline Pan American World Airways, whose flight attendants would always flash every jet-setter the same, perfunctory smile.[15]

Hidden emotions within smiling

Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile. However, there are many exceptions, especially among animals. The exposure of teeth, which may bear a resemblance to a smile, is often used as a threat or warning display—known as a snarl—or a sign of submission. For chimpanzees, it can also be a sign of fear. The study of smiles is a part of gelotology, psychology, and linguistics, comprising various theories of affect, humor, and laughter.[16] Smiling can also be interpreted as nervousness in an animal—humans also smile as a result of nervousness, embarrassment and even frustration.[17] In one study, created to investigate the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics, it was found that “perceived embarrassed/nervous smiles had greater amplitude, longer duration…related to those perceived as polite.”[18][19] Work by John Gottman has shown that smiling and other such expressions of positive emotions are important to shaping relationships with others; researchers could predict the quality of marriages many years into the future based on the number of such interactions (see also agreeableness).[20]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smiling.

References

  1. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A.; Castro, E. (2009). "The Neuropsychophysogical Construction of the Human Smile". In Freitas-Magalhães, A. (ed.). Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face. Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
  2. ^ Izard, Carroll E. (1971). The Face of Emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft. ISBN 0390478318.
  3. ^ Godoy, R.; et al. (2005). "Do smiles have a face value? Panel evidence from Amazonian Indians". Journal of Economic Psychology. 26 (4): 469–490. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2004.10.004. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  4. ^ Hunter, J. (2011). "A study of consumer perception of smiling customer service within the airline industry". Journal of Transportation Security. 4 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1007/s12198-010-0057-9.
  5. ^ Guéguen, N.; De Gaila, Marie‐Agnès (2003). "The effect of smiling on helping behavior: Smiling and good Samaritan behavior". Communication Reports. 16 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1080/08934210309384496.
  6. ^ Tsukiura, T.; Cabeza, R. (2008). "Orbifrontal and hippocampal contributions to memory for face-name associations: The rewarding power of a smile". Neuropsychologia. 46 (9): 2310–2319. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.013.
  7. ^ Haakana, M. (2010). "Laughter and smiling: Notes on co-occurrences". Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (6): 1499–1512. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.010.
  8. ^ Tracy, Jessica L.; Beall, Alec T. (2011). "Happy Guys Finish Last: The Impact of Emotion Expressions on Sexual Attraction" (PDF). Emotion. 11 (6): 1379–1387. doi:10.1037/a0022902.
  9. ^ Non Verbal Communication
  10. ^ Nonverbal Communication
  11. ^ Pessa, Joel E.; et al. (1998). "Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: Anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation". Clinical Anatomy. 11 (5): 310–313. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:5<310::AID-CA3>3.0.CO;2-T. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  12. ^ File:PERUGIA - The writer Marta Cassieri in a raining day - By The Fashionist.se.JPG
  13. ^ Gladstone, G. (2002). "When you're smiling, does the whole world world smile for you?". Australasian Psychiatry. 10: 144–146.
  14. ^ Messinger, D. S.; Fogel, A.; Dickson, K. (2001). "All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others". Developmental Psychology. 37 (5): 642–653. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642.
  15. ^ Harlow, John (February 20, 2005). "The smile that says where you're from". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  16. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of Human Smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
  17. ^ Hoque, M.E., Picard, R.W., "Acted vs. natural frustration and delight: Many people smile in natural frustration," 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'11), Santa Barbara, CA, USA, March 21-25, 2011.
  18. ^ Hoque, M. E., Morency, L-P, Picard, R.W. "Are you friendly or just polite? - Analysis of smiles in spontaneous face-to-face interactions," In Proceedings of the Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Memphis, October 9-12, 2011.
  19. ^ Ambadar, Zara; Cohn, Jeffrey; Reed, Lawrence (2009). "All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 33 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5.
  20. ^ Gottman, John M.; Coan, James; Carrere, Sybil; Swanson, Catherine (1998). "Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 60 (1): 5–22. JSTOR 353438.

Further reading

  • Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? Smithsonian Magazine, 38,46-53.
  • Miller, Professor George A., et. al. Overview for "smile." Retrieved 12 December 2003 from this page.
  • Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.

Duchenne smile

  • Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of human smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
  • Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain psysiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353. Cited in: Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997).
  • Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997). The Psychology of Facial Expression. Cambridge. ISBN 0521587964.
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