Jakob Ammann
Jakob Ammann | |
|---|---|
 Jakob Ammann above the valley where his house stood near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France | |
| Born | 12 February 1644 |
| Died | between 1712 and 1730 |
| Title | Bishop |
| Parent(s) | Michael and Anna Ammann (née Rupp) |
Jakob Ammann [also Jacob Amman, Amann], (12 February 1644 – between 1712 and 1730) [1] was an Anabaptist leader and namesake of the Amish religious movement.
Personal life
Jakob Ammann was born on February 12, 1644 in Erlenbach im Simmental, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to Michael and Anna (nee Rupp) Ammann. Baptismal records in Erlenbach show a Jacob Ammann was baptized February 12, 1644, and modern researchers are pretty certain this was the Jakob Ammann from whom the Amish received their name.[1] His grandfather has been identified as Ulrich Ammann. All three Ammanns were tailors. Jakob was third in a family of six children.[2]: p.26 He probably received limited formal education. On 37 official documents signed by Jakob, only his initials appear, with most of them having a nearby note that Jakob was not able to write, so he only "made his mark." However, on three documents his signature does appear, two times most likely done by someone else for him, and once with the same style of writing as his initials appear the poorly formed letters "J. AMME". It is assumed that this was his own writing.[3]: p.155 No records explicitly say that he could not read, but since he asked for letters to be read in one meeting, he may not have been able to read, or possibly only poorly. Records indicate that he did well financially, compared to the average person of his time.[1]
Jakob was married to Verena Stüdler, but very little is known of her beyond her name. They had at least one daughter[3] and one son, Baltz.[4]
Jakob's father and one of his sister's also joined the Anabaptist movement. His brother Ulli, 18 years his junior, was also an Anabaptist and is known for his moderating tone in the attempts at reconciliation between the Amish and Reist sides.[5]: p.81-101
Conversion to Anabaptism
In June 1680, government correspondence from Oberhofen asked counsel from authorities in Berne on how to deal with a Jakob Ammann who had "become infected with the Anabaptist sect." This is the first known reference to Ammann as an Anabaptist. On March 12, 1671 he is noted to have been the sponsor for a baptism in the State church. This indicates a conversion to Anabaptism sometime between 1671 and 1680.[1] Sometime between his conversion and 1693 he was ordained to the ministry, possibly by Hans Reist, whom would later become one of his greatest opponents.
By 1693, Ammann had moved from Switzerland to Heidolsheim, Alsace, where his father died and was buried in the neighboring village of Baldenheim. [3]: p.146 Apparently shortly after the death of his father, he moved to the head of the valley at La Petite Liépvre, near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France, remaining there until October 1712 when all the Anabaptists in the area were expelled by an edict of Louis XIV. After this date, no more records concerning Jakob Ammann have been found. It has been surmised that he may have moved in with relatives somewhere in the Lower Alsace.
Death
The date and place of his death are unknown, with the exception that his daughter requested baptism in the Reformed Church in Erlenbach in 1730. She stated that her father had died, but it is not recorded when or where the death occurred.[6] Ammann's involvement in church matters had dropped off considerably before his disappearance from the records in 1712, possibly due to old age, since he would have been approaching 70 years of age when he moved away from the Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines area.
Theology and practice
Due to a sparsity of materials, very little is known of Jakob Ammann's teaching and day-to-day life. Three letters comprise the whole of his first-hand accounts of his thoughts.[7] Other letters accuse Jakob of teaching or holding various viewpoints, but since many of these letters were written by his opponents it is not clear how much bias the accusations contain.
From Jakob's letters we learn that he was a firm disciplinarian, uncompromising in what he believed, and expected others to "conform to the teachings of Christ and His apostles." His rejection of the "good-hearted" stemmed from his belief that whoever accepted the "true saving faith" would be baptized upon that faith, cost what it may. They would "forsake the world" and practice a very practical separation in their everyday life. Jakob was willing to disregard longstanding customs and practices if they were not founded on God's Word. He denied that he was trying to start a "new faith." He believed in a new birth experience that would radically change a person. He wrote:
If a miser does not turn from his fornication, and a drunkard from his drunkenness, or other immoratilities, they are thereby separated from the kingdom of God, and if he does not improve himself through a pious, penitent life, such a person is no Christian and will not inherit the Kingdom of God.[5]: p.34
In practical matters, he stood opposed to long hair on men, shaved beards, and clothing that manifested pride. Liars were to be excommunicated.[5]: p.27-45
Schism
Jakob Ammann is known because his prominent involvement in a schism among the Swiss Brethren that began in 1693. Up until recent decades, he was often heavily blamed for the division, being portrayed as an angry, harsh, and demanding leader who imposed his views on others.[8][2]: p.III With the publication of some of the correspondence from the period (beginning in 1950, with Mast's "Amish Letters") and the uncovering of new evidence, Ammann's reputation has received a more positive appraisal among some researchers.[2]: p.III Due to their prominent roles, Jakob Ammann and Hans Reist have been used to characterize the two sides of the schism, but the issues were broader than the two most prominent men involved.[5]: p.13
Background
In the mid 1600s, a fresh influx of converts came into Swiss Anabaptism. The Reformed Pastor at Burgdorf even complained that half of the people in the villages in his area were either Anabaptist or deeply sympathetic to their cause.[5]: p.7-8 [2]: Ch. 1 Leroy Beachy has posited the idea that these fresh converts—zealous for their new faith—were in fact a sort of new movement within Swiss Anabaptism. Beachy notes that of the nearly 200 surnames among the Amish in the 1690s, only a very few were found in the Reist side, indicating that the two sides formed mostly around two groups of people with different origins.[2]: p.IV Due to persecution, many Swiss Brethren families had emigrated or been evicted from Swiss territory into the Alsace and Palatinate before the division. The civil authorities tended to be more lenient in the new locations, and in some cases welcomed the newcomers as they were looking for people to develop their lands. This emigration tended to create a different environment than the Swiss who had not emigrated were experiencing, making some of the issues come to the fore.[5]: p.13-15
Another important aspect in the schism was a conference held at Ohnenheim, Alsace, by several Swiss Brethren ministers and elders in 1660, in which they formally adopted the Dortrecht Confession of Faith which had been drawn up by Dutch Mennonites. Up until this time, the Swiss Brethren (who did not use the name "Mennonite" for themselves at that time) had no official confession of faith beyond the Schleitheim Confession.[9][2]: p.19 The Dortrecht Confession contained two points that the Swiss Brethren had not historically practiced: Footwashing (Article XI) and social avoidance (including eating meals with those who had been shunned) (Article XVII).[5]: p.139-141 It should be noted that the Swiss Brethren had practiced excommunication and a refusal to "eat" the [Lord's Supper] with those banned, but their avoidance did not include refraining from eating regular meals with those in the bann. These two issues, footwashing and not eating "physical" meals with the excommunicated, would be at the core of the schism.
Beginning
In 1693, Jakob Ammann, "together with the ministers and elders," sent a general letter to people within the Swiss Brethren congregations, asking for a meeting in which he wanted it clarified where they stood on three issues: 1) Shunning those who had been banned, 2) whether liars should be excommunicated, and 3) if people could be saved who did not follow God's word.[5]: p.25 This last issue was referring to the "good-hearted," meaning those who sympathized with the Anabaptists and even helped them materially in times of persecution, but who would not take the step of rebaptism.[10] Those siding with Ammann felt that these "good-hearted" people should not be looked upon and consoled as "saved" unless they took up the cross and followed Christ in rebaptism and obedience to His teachings.
Along with feetwashing, these three issues were at the core of the division. However, other issues surfaced during the discussions in the following years, including frequency of communion[11] and how church discipline should be carried out.[12][5]: p.10-11 Another issue mentioned during the time of the schism was the establishment of stricter regulations concerning dress and beard styles. However, social avoidance of the banned was the most controversial of all the issues, and thus it has sometimes been erroneously considered as the only cause of the schism.
Excommunications
Jacob Ammann and Nicolas Augsburger were chosen by a ministerial committee[5]: p.39 [2]: p.65 to travel to Switzerland to meet with church leaders there and find out where the Swiss congregations stood on the disputed issues. At first, a few of the Swiss ministers agreed with Ammann's view, but in a later meeting Hans Reist would not agree with social avoidance, using Matthew 15:17 as a basis for "what enters the mouth is no sin." Another meeting was called, in which Hans Reist did not show up, saying he was busy. At this point, Jakob Ammann became irritated (verdreiszlich)[13] and then proceeded to announce that Hans Reist was excommunicated on six points. When Ammann then questioned some of the other Swiss ministers at the meeting where they stood on the issues, they plead for time to consult with their congregations. Ammann saw this as a turning back, since some of them had previously expressed agreement with his side. He then proceeded to announce the excommunication of six of the present ministers. Amman and the four men with him then left "without shaking hands with anyone." These excommunications created a definite breach within the Swiss Brethren movement. The Reist side eventually excommunicated the Ammann side as well.[2]: p.74-81 [5]: p.19-24
Attempts at reconciliation
Within a few years, several attempts were made at reconciliation. In February of 1700, Jakob Ammann and several of his co-ministers removed the bann from the Swiss ministers and excommunicated themselves in recognition that they had acted too rashly and had "grievously erred."[5]: p.107 They did not feel that they were in error concerning the issues they had brought up, but rather that they had not given sufficient time for the Reist side to consider the issues before excommunicating them. Also, they felt that they should have not excommunicated the Swiss ministers on the spot, but should have consulted with the whole congregation before proceeding. However, while Hans Reist and some of the Swiss ministers appear to have accepted the repentance of Ammann and his co-workers, they held firm to their position of not accepting social shunning. Some of the other issues had been accepted by the Swiss ministers, but the main body of Amish and the Reist side were never able to reconcile on the issue of social shunning.[2]: p.74-81 [14]
Today, the Amish and Mennonites (is is to be noted that the Reist side became known as Mennonites only after the schism. In a paradox, it was the Amish side that was pushing for the introduction of Dutch Mennonite ideas, but those opposing the ideas eventually became known as Mennonites) in North America live side by side in many communities and work together peacefully in publishing[15], businesses, and charitable aid projects. However, official sharing of ministry and communion is rare among the most conservative groups of Old Order Amish and Mennonites. In more moderate groups, there remains little to no effects from the schism, with the exception of names of churches.
References
- ^ a b c d "Jakob Ammann". Goshen College. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Beachy, Leroy (2011). Unser Leit ... The Story of the Amish. Millersburg, OH: Goodly Heritage Books.
- ^ a b c Baecher, Robert (2000). "The "Patriarche" of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines". The Mennonite Quarterly Review. LXXIV (1). The Mennonite Historical Society: 145–158.
- ^ Gratz, Delbert (1951). "The Home of Jacob Amman". The Mennonite Quarterly Review. XXV (2). The Mennonite Historical Society: 137–139.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Roth, John D. (1993). Letters of the Amish Division: A Sourcebook. Goshen, Indiana: Mennonite Historical Society.
- ^ However, there is no record that she carried out the baptism.
- ^ This sparsity is likely due to his inability to write. The extant letters were probably dictated.
- ^ It needs to be considered that the Amish side of the division did not publish much about the event, while the other side of the story was published, creating a basically one-sided version that was passed down from generation to generation.
- ^ The Schleitheim Confession was not an official Confession of Faith, but rather a statement of some points upon which those attending that conference had agreed upon.
- ^ So as to escape persecution, since rebaptism was illegal.
- ^ The Amish side wanted twice per year so that women who missed because of pregnancy could have more than one opportunity per year. Historically the Swiss Brethren had only practiced communion once per year.
- ^ Historically, the Swiss Brethren had a more congregational approach, where the whole congregation approved of matters like excommunications. The Dutch Mennonites tended to give more authority to ministers.
- ^ This word has been translated to English as "enraged," (Roth and Mast) thus giving Jakob the reputation of having lost his anger. Leroy Beachy prefers "annoyed." The exact level of Ammann's "vexation" is, of course, unknown.
- ^ "Amish Studies". Elizabethtown College. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ See the weekly Amish newspaper "Die Botschaft," which only accepts "scribes" from "Team Mennonites and Old Order Amish."
Further reading
- Letters of the Amish Division: A Sourcebook, translated by John D. Roth of Goshen College.
- Unser Leit, The Story of the Amish by Leroy Beachy
- Steven M. Nolt, A History of the Amish, rev. ed. (Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2003)
External links
