PPAR agonist
PPAR agonists are drugs which act upon the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. They are used for the treatment of symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, mainly for lowering triglycerides and blood sugar.
Classification
PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma are the molecular targets of a number of marketed drugs. The main classes of PPAR agonists are:
PPAR-alpha agonists
PPARα (alpha) is the main target of fibrate drugs, a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids (clofibrate, gemfibrozil, ciprofibrate, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate). They were originally indicated for cholesterol disorders and more recently for disorders that feature high triglycerides.
PPAR-gamma agonists
PPARγ (gamma) is the main target of the drug class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), used in diabetes mellitus and other diseases that feature insulin resistance. It is also mildly activated by certain NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen) and indoles, as well as from a number of natural compounds. Known inhibitors include the experimental agent GW-9662.
They are also used in treating hyperlipidaemia in atherosclerosis. Here they act by increasing the expression of ABCA1, which transports extra-hepatic cholesterol into HDL. Increased uptake and excretion from the liver therefore follows.
Animal studies have shown their possible role in amelioration of pulmonary inflammation, especially in asthma.[1]
PPAR-delta agonists
PPARδ (delta) is the main target of a research chemical named GW501516. It has been shown that agonism of PPARδ changes the body's fuel preference from glucose to lipids.[2]
Dual and pan PPAR agonists
A fourth class of dual PPAR agonists, so-called glitazars, which bind to both the α and γ PPAR isoforms, are currently under active investigation for treatment of a larger subset of the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome.[3][4] These include the experimental compounds aleglitazar, muraglitazar and tesaglitazar. In June 2013, saroglitazar was the first glitazar to be approved for clinical use.[5]
In addition, there is continuing research and development of new dual α/δ and γ/δ PPAR agonists for additional therapeutic indications, as well as "pan" agonists acting on all three isoforms.[6][7]
Research
An emerging avenue of research in treating depression and drug addiction, is through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation.[8]
Both TLR4-mediated[9] and NF-κB-mediated signalling pathways[10][11] have been implicated in the development of addiction to several drugs such as opioids and cocaine, and therefore are appealing targets for pharmacotherapy.
Research suggests agonism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma receptors is capable of downregulating the activity of TLR4-mediated and NF-κB-mediated signalling pathways.
References
- ^ Gu, M. X.; Liu, X. C.; Jiang, L (2013). "Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma on proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells in mice with asthma". Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 15 (7): 583–7. doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2013.07.018. PMID 23866284.
- ^ B. Brunmair; et al. (2006). "Activation of PPAR-δ in isolated rat skeletal muscle switches fuel preference from glucose to fatty acids". Diabetologia. 49 (11): 2713–22. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0357-6. PMID 16960684.
- ^ Fiévet C, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2006). "PPARalpha and PPARgamma dual agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 6 (6): 606–14. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.06.009. PMID 16973418.
- ^ Balakumar P, Rose M, Ganti SS, Krishan P, Singh M (2007). "PPAR dual agonists: are they opening Pandora's Box?". Pharmacol. Res. 56 (2): 91–8. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.03.002. PMID 17428674.
- ^ http://www.wallstreet-online.de/nachricht/6228479-zydus-gelingt-durchbruch-lipaglyn-wirkstoff-indien-markt-gelangt Template:De icon
- ^ Staels B, Fruchart JC (2005). "Therapeutic roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists". Diabetes. 54 (8): 2460–70. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2460. PMID 16046315.
- ^ Nevin DK, Fayne D, Lloyd DG (2011). "Rational targeting of peroxisome proliferating activated receptor subtypes". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (36): 5598–623. doi:10.2174/092986711798347243. PMID 22172067.
- ^ Le Foll, B., Di Ciano, P., Panlilio, S. R. Goldberg, and Ciccocioppo, R. "PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR) AGONISTS AS PROMISING NEW MEDICATIONS FOR DRUG ADDICTION: PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE", Current Drug Targets, 2013 Jun; 14(7): 768–776.
- ^ Batchell, R.K., Hutchinson, M.R., Wang, X., Rice, K.C., Maier, S.F., and Watkins, L. "Targeting the Toll of Drug Abuse: The Translational Potential of Toll-Like Receptor 4", CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 2015;14(6):692-9.
- ^ Neinning, S.E. and Schank, J.R. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410896 "The Role of NFkB in Drug Addiction: Beyond Inflammation"], Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2013 Jun; 14(7): 768–776.
- ^ Russo, S.J., Wilkinson, M., Mazei-Robison, M., Dietz, D.M., Maze, I., Krishnan, V., Rentha, W., Graham, A., Bibaum, S.G., Green, T.A., Robison, B., Lesselyong, A., Perrotti, L.I., Bolanos, C.A., Kumar, A., Clark, M.S, Neumaier, J.F., Neve, R.L., Bhakar, A.L., Barker, P.A and Nestler, E.J. "NFκB Signaling Regulates Neuronal Morphology and Cocaine Reward, The Journal of Neuroscience, 2009 Mar 18; 29(11): 3529–3537.
