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Organ pipe mud dauber

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Organ-pipe mud dauber
Pipe Organ Mud Dauber with a spider, Woodbridge, Virginia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Crabronidae
Genus:
Trypoxylon
Species:
T. politum
Binomial name
Trypoxylon politum
Drury, 1773

The organ pipe mud dauber (Trypoxylon politum) is a predatory wasp in the family Crabronidae. They are fairly large wasps, ranging from 3.9–5.1 cm, and have been recorded to fly from May to September. Female and male are similar in colour, a shiny black with pale yellow to white hind hindtarsomere.[1] The organ pipe mud dauber feeds mainly on three genera of spider: Neoscona, Araneus, and Eustala.[2] Melittobia, a parasitoid wasp, is a common ectoparasite of T. politum prepupae.[3] Other sources of parasitism include the Bombyliid fly Anthrax, Chrysidid wasps, and various species of scavenger flies (Miltogramminae).[4] The tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor) is a known predator of T. politum, and may feed on them more commonly than previously thought as the holes made by the titmouse are similar in shape and size to those made by T. politum leaving the nest after pupation.[5]

Organ pipe mud daubers are also an exceedingly docile species of wasp, and generally pleasant to have around, as they serve to keep spider populations down.[citation needed] Stings to humans are only in self-defence, such as if a wasp is squeezed. There are a great many other species in the genus Trypoxylon (over 700 worldwide), mostly smaller in size and less abundant.[citation needed]

Distribution and habitat

The Organ pipe mud dauber ranges from Southeastern Canada to Eastern United States[1] Mud daubers use tree holes or the underside of bridges to construct their nests out of mud. Nest site choice usually depends on 3 specifications: a smooth vertical surface with ample shade and rainfall protection, a source of mud nearby, as well as an adjacent forest.[6] The females form long mud tubes consisting of multiple cells, which they will fortify with paralyzed spiders. The female then lays an egg in each cell, leaves the nest and, once hatched, the larvae feed on the spiders. The larvae then pupate until they become adults. A female can either; build a new nest, use an abandoned one, challenge another female making one and claim it as her own, or (on rare occasion) enter a freshly constructed one and remove the egg to replace it with her own.[7] The female constructs, on average, 5 to 6 pipes in a cluster. These pipes can either be built side-by-side or on top of each other. When pipes are added in layers, the survivability of the freshly hatched adults decreases as they chew their way out of a pipe to emerge. The more pipes clustered on top of another, the less likely the new mud daubers are to chew their way out alive.[8] A newly hatched adult female will usually begin building her new nest within 48 hours of leaving the old nest.[6]

Life history

In the southern populations, T. politum has a partially bivoltine life history pattern: Some wasps in these populations have offspring which emerge after winter, before the end of June. Other offspring in this geographical range overwinter and reproduce after winter. North of central Virginia the wasps have a univoltine life history pattern, and only produce one generation per year [9]

Behaviour

Mud daubers are unique, compared to many other wasps, in that males stay at the mouth of the nest to protect the offspring. The male guards the young from intruders, parasites, and other males. This energy investment, to increase the likelihood in the survivability of their offspring, is known as parental care, and is common among many other hymenopteran, such as bees and ants. The male may also help the female in nest construction.[7] Like other wasps, T Politum is haplodiploid. The unfertilized eggs generate males and fertilized eggs become females. Adult mothers feed the fertilized (female) eggs more than the unfertilized eggs.[10] Because of this additional food allotment, females tend to be the larger of the two sexes. This uneven division of resources is called sex allocation. Females showed a positive correlation between body size and increased fecundity, which offers an explanation as to why there is a bias for increased female food provision and body size.[11]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trypoxylon politum.
  • New organ pipe wasp nest showing different muds gathered at different places
    New organ pipe wasp nest showing different muds gathered at different places
  • An organ pipe wasp gathering mud in South Carolina
    An organ pipe wasp gathering mud in South Carolina
  • Paralyzed spiders taken from a cell in an organ pipe wasp nest
    Paralyzed spiders taken from a cell in an organ pipe wasp nest
  • Trypoxylon figulus. A Palearctic species.
    Trypoxylon figulus. A Palearctic species.
  • An organ-pipe mud dauber adding to her nest in Virginia
    An organ-pipe mud dauber adding to her nest in Virginia
  • Nest underside
    Nest underside

References

  1. ^ a b Coville, Rollin E. (January 1981). Coville. R. V. (1982). Wasps of the Genus Trypoxylon Subgenus Trypargilum in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 97, p.40-43. ISBN 9780520096516. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Rehnberg, B.G. (1987). Selection of spider prey by Trypoxylon politum (Say) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Canadian Entomologist, 119, p.189-194".
  3. ^ "Torres, C. S. A. S. (2004). Host location by Melittobia digitata Dahms (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of mud daubers, Trypoxylon politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). University of Georgia Theses and Dissertations".
  4. ^ Template:Cite article
  5. ^ Coward, Stuart J.; Matthews, Robert W. (1995). "S. J. Coward. & R. W. Matthews. (1995). Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) Predation on Mud-Dauber Wasp Prepupae (Trypoxylon politum). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68, p. 371-373". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 68 (3): 371–373. JSTOR 25085605.
  6. ^ a b Template:Cite article
  7. ^ a b Brockmann, H. Jane (1980). "Brockman. J. (1980) Diversity in Nesting Behavior of Mud-Daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae). Florida Entomological Society, 63(1), pp 53-64". The Florida Entomologist. 63 (1): 53–64. doi:10.2307/3494656. JSTOR 3494656.
  8. ^ Downing, H. (1995). "Downing, H. (1995). Methods of Escape for Both Fly Parasites and Wasps from the Clustered Pipes of Trypoxylon politum Nests (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68(4), 473 476". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 68 (4): 473–476. JSTOR 25085623.
  9. ^ Brockmann, H. Jane (2004). "Brockmann, H. J. (2004). Variable Life-History and Emergence Patterns of the Pipe-Organ Mud-Daubing Wasp, Trypoxylon politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77(4), 503-527". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 503–527. doi:10.2317/E43.1. JSTOR 25086238.
  10. ^ Brockmann, H. Jane; Grafen, Alan (1989). "Mate conflict and male behaviour in a solitary wasp, Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)". Animal Behaviour. 37: 232–255. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90113-9.
  11. ^ Molumby, A (1997). "Why make daughters larger? Maternal sex-allocation and sex-dependent selection for body size in a mass-provisioning wasp, Trypoxylon politum". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (3): 279–287. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.3.279.
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