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Typhoons in Japan

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2019 Typhoon Hagibis

Japan is one of the countries frequently hit by typhoons, with the nation giving its own names to particularly destructive storms.

Since records began in 1951, an average of 2.6 typhoons reached the main islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu and Hokkaido per year. Okinawa is, due to its geographic location, most vulnerable to typhoons with an average of 7 storms per year. The most destructive was Typhoon Vera (known in Japan as the Isewan Typhoon), with 5,000 casualties in the Tokai region in September 1959. The costliest to affect Japan (and the second costliest in the Western Pacific basin when not adjusted for inflation) was Typhoon Hagibis (also known as the Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon), which caused $17.3 billion (2019 USD) in damages throughout the country.[1] Until the 1960s, the death toll was often hundreds of people per typhoon. Since then, improvements in construction, flood prevention, high tide detection and early warnings have substantially reduced the death toll, which now rarely exceeds a dozen people per typhoon. Japan also has special search and rescue units to save people in distress.[2]

20th century

Pre-1950s

  • September 1902 ― 1,300 people are killed by a typhoon in Japan.[3]
  • September 22, 1912 ― A typhoon kills 1,000 people, leaves US$20 million in damage, and sinks the SS Kiche Maru.[4]
  • September 1917 ― The island of Honshu is struck by a typhoon, leading to 4,000 deaths and US$50 million in damages.[4]
  • September 1923 ― A typhoon strikes the island of Honshu, killing 3,000 and causing US$10 million in damages.[4]
  • September 13, 1927 ― A damaging typhoon strikes Kyushu.
  • August 1931 ― A typhoon impacts the southern Ryukyu islands, where it would kill 15 people and wreck 10,000 houses. The island of Ishigaki would record a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg).
  • August 24, 1931 ― A typhoon struck Okinawa with a minimum pressure of 963 mbar (28.4 inHg).
  • September 1931 ― A typhoon strikes the island of Kyushu.
  • September 1931 ― A typhoon moves across Western Japan and Sakhalin, causing 100-1,000 deaths and destroying 1,346 houses in the Tokyo area.[5]
  • October 13, 1931 ― A typhoon moves across Central Japan, bringing high winds and loss of life.
  • September 21, 1934 ― The Muroto Typhoon causes extraordinary damage in Japan, in which it killed 3,066 people and caused over US$300 million in damages.[6] The storm is the strongest to strike mainland Japan by barometric pressure.[7]
  • September 27, 1935 ― A typhoon would make landfall in Japan, causing several hundred casualties and destroying 75,000 houses.
  • July 1936 ― A typhoon crosses the Ryukyu islands and then makes landfall in Hokkaido, killing 7 people.
  • July 25, 1937 ― Kyushu is struck by a typhoon.
  • August 3, 1937 ― The Ryukyu Islands are struck by a typhoon, with a minimum pressure of 979 mbar (28.9 inHg) recorded on Ishigaki.
  • September 10, 1937 ― A typhoon strikes Shikoku, killing at least 70 people as it moved across Japan.
  • September 11, 1940 ― A typhoon hits Kyushu and Honshu, killing at least 50 people.
  • September 17, 1945 ― Typhoon Ida, known in Japan as the Makurazaki Typhoon, kills 2,473 people in Japan only a month after its surrender in World War II.[8]
  • October 10, 1945 ― Typhoon Louise, known in Japan as the Akune Typhoon, kills 377 people and causes US$100,000 in damages across the country.[9]
  • September 15, 1946 ― Typhoon Kathleen strikes the Boso Peninsula, killing 1,077 people.[10]
  • September 16, 1947 ― Typhoon Ione makes landfall in Honshu, leaving 512 people dead.[11]

1950s

  • September 3, 1950 ― Typhoon Jane kills 398 people and causes catastrophic damage after making landfall in Shikoku.[12]
  • September 13, 1950 ― Typhoon Kezia leaves 30 dead and destroys 4,836 houses in Kyushu.
  • July 1, 1951 ― Typhoon Kate kills 13 people in Kyushu.[13]
  • October 14, 1951 ― Typhoon Ruth kills 572 across Japan.
  • June 7, 1953 ― Typhoon Judy kills 37 people in Kyushu.
  • September 25, 1953 ― Typhoon Tess causes major damage, killing 393 people in Honshu.[14]
  • August 17, 1954 ― Typhoon Grace kills 43 people.
  • September 13, 1954 ― Typhoon June hits Kyushu, killing 107.
  • September 18, 1954 ― Typhoon Lorna kills 34 in Honshu.
  • September 26, 1954 ― Typhoon Marie (known in Japan as the Toya Maru Typhoon) strikes Japan, causing the sinking of the Toya Maru. 1,361 would be killed.[15]
  • September 29, 1955 ― Typhoon Louise would cause 54 deaths in Kyushu.
  • September 8, 1956 ― Typhoon Emma kills 77 and causes US$8-12 million in damages in Okinawa.
  • September 27, 1956 ― Typhoon Harriet strikes Honshu, killing 53 and leaving US$50 million in damages.
  • September 6, 1957 ― Typhoon Bess kills 20 people.
  • July 22, 1958 ― Typhoon Alice hits Japan, killing 26.
  • September 26, 1958 ― Typhoon Ida, known in Japan as the Kanogawa Typhoon, would cause catastrophic damage, killing 1,269 and causing US$50 million in damages.[16]
  • August 13, 1959 ― Typhoon Georgia hits Honshu, killing 188 and causing US$50 million in damages.
  • September 14, 1959 ― Typhoon Sarah, known in Japan as the Miyakojima Typhoon, kills 7 and causes US$2 million in damages on Miyakojima.
  • September 26, 1959 ― Typhoon Vera, known in Japan as the Isewan Typhoon, would be the worst typhoon to affect the nation on record, killing 5,098 and causing US$261 million in damages.[17]
  • October 16, 1959 ― Typhoon Charlotte traverses Okinawa, killing 46 and leaving US$300,000 in damages.

1960s

  • August 12, 1960 ― Typhoon Wendy impacts Japan, leaving 28 dead.
  • September 16, 1961 ― Typhoon Nancy, known in Japan as the 2nd Muroto Typhoon, caused severe damage, leaving 202 dead and US$500 million in damages.[18]
  • August 9, 1963 ― Typhoon Bess strikes Kyushu, killing 23.
  • August 23, 1964 ― Typhoon Kathy would affect Okinawa and Kyushu, leaving 75 dead.
  • September 24, 1964 ― Typhoon Wilda hits Kyushu as a major typhoon, killing 43.
  • August 5, 1965 ― Typhoon Jean strikes Kyushu as a major typhoon, killing 28.
  • September 10, 1965 ― Typhoon Shirley makes landfall in Shikoku as a major typhoon, killing 67 people.
  • September 17, 1965 ― Typhoon Trix would strike Japan a week after Shirley, killing 98 people.
  • June 28, 1966 ― Although offshore, Typhoon Kit would kill 64 in eastern Japan.
  • September 24, 1966 ― Typhoon Ida would make landfall as a major typhoon in Honshu, killing 275-318 people.
  • August 18, 1968 ― Although offshore, Tropical Storm Polly would cause torrential rainfall, with 112 people killed.
  • August 24, 1968 ― Typhoon Della, known in Japan as the 3rd Miyakojima Typhoon, would strike the Ryukyu islands, leaving 11 people dead.[19]

1970s

  • August 21, 1970 ― Typhoon Anita struck Shikoku as a major typhoon; 23 would be killed.
  • August 5, 1971 ― Typhoon Olive would kill 69 people as it made landfall in Shikoku.
  • August 29, 1971 ― Typhoon Trix would cause 44 deaths and US$50.6 million in damages as it affected Japan.
  • September 7, 1971 ― Typhoon Virginia would skirt by the coast of Honshu as a tropical storm, leading to 56 deaths.
  • July 20, 1972 ― Typhoon Rita would loop around the Ryukyu Islands, killing 3 people.
  • September 16, 1972 ― Typhoon Helen would kill 87 and cause US$102 million in damages as it struck Honshu as a major typhoon.
  • July 6, 1974 ― Typhoon Gilda, despite affecting Japan as a weak system, would kill 138 people.
  • August 17, 1975 ― Typhoon Phyllis struck Shikoku, killing 88 and causing US$37 million in damage.
  • August 21, 1975 ― Typhoon Rita left 33 dead and caused US$114 million in damages as it swept through Japan.
  • September 9, 1976 ― Typhoon Fran would dump tremendous rainfall, killing 169 and causing US$660 million in damages.
  • September 8, 1977 ― Typhoon Babe, known in Japan as the Okinoerabu Typhoon, would kill 23 people and leave US$23 million in damages in the Ryukyu Islands.
  • October 19, 1979 ― Typhoon Tip, after reaching its remarkable peak intensity, would strike Japan as a minimal typhoon, killing 42 people and causing US$482.34 million in damages throughout the country.[20]

1980s

  • September 11, 1980 ― Typhoon Orchid kills 53 in Kyushu as a moderate typhoon.
  • August 23, 1981 ― Typhoon Thad kills 43 and leaves US$1.03 billion in damages across Japan.
  • August 1, 1982 ― Typhoon Bess, a destructive storm, would kill 95 and cause US$2.38 billion in damage.[21]
  • September 25, 1982 ― Typhoon Ken kills 5 as it makes landfall on Shikoku.
  • August 17, 1983 ― A weakening Typhoon Abby strikes Honshu, leaving 7 people dead and causing minimal damage.
  • September 28, 1983 ― Typhoon Forrest hits Kyushu as a minimal typhoon, killing 21 people.
  • June 30, 1985 ― Typhoon Irma strikes Honshu, killing 19 people and inflicting US$545 million in damage.
  • August 31, 1985 ― Typhoon Pat leaves 23 dead in Kyushu.
  • August 3, 1986 ― The remnants of Tropical Storm Sarah kill 14 people.
  • October 16, 1987 ― Typhoon Kelly would strike Japan, killing 9 and inflicting US$366 million in damages.
  • July 27, 1989 ― Typhoon Judy hits Kyushu, leading to the deaths of 11 people and causing US$28.9 million in damages.
  • September 19, 1989 ― Typhoon Wayne kills eight.

1990s

  • August 10, 1990 ― Typhoon Winona strikes Honshu at peak intensity, killing one and inflicting US$60.3 million in damages.
  • August 21, 1990 ― Typhoon Zola kills six and causes damages of US$104 million.
  • September 19, 1990 ― Typhoon Flo strikes Honshu, causing 40 deaths and US$918 million in damages.
  • September 29, 1990 ― Typhoon Gene hits Japan as a minimal typhoon, killing 6 people and inflicting US$158 million in losses.
  • October 7, 1990 ― Typhoon Hattie affects Japan after weakening to a tropical storm, killing 3 people and causing US$9.9 million in damage.
  • November 30, 1990 ― The sixth and final storm to affect Japan in 1990, Typhoon Page resulted in 4 deaths and US$33 million in losses in Japan.
  • July 27, 1991 ― Typhoon Caitlin, although bringing drought relief, kills six people and causes US$75 million in damages throughout Japan.
  • August 22, 1991 ― Tropical Storm Gladys results in 23 fatalities and US$88.4 million in damages across Southern Japan.
  • September 13, 1991 ― Typhoon Kinna killed 11 people and caused US$383 million in damage across Japan after hitting Kyushu at peak intensity.
  • September 19, 1991 ― Tropical Storm Luke stays offshore Japan but kills 12 people and causes US$179 million in damage.
  • September 27, 1991 ― Typhoon Mireille makes landfall near Hiroshima, becoming the costliest typhoon on record at the time. Mireille would kill 68 people and cause US$10 billion in damages throughout the country.
  • July 1, 1992 ― Typhoon Bobbie impacts Japan, leading to US$27.2 million in damages.
  • August 4, 1992 ― Tropical Storm Irving hits Shikoku and Kyushu, killing two people and causing US$4.74 million in losses.
  • August 7, 1992 ― Typhoon Janis strikes Kyushu, killing 12 people and inflicting US$584 million in damage.
  • August 18, 1992 ― Typhoon Kent makes landfall in Kyushu as a tropical storm, killing 8 people and causing US$15 million in losses.
  • July 24, 1993 ― Tropical Storm Nathan leaves 47 people dead.
  • July 27, 1993 ― Tropical Storm Ofelia moves over Japan, killing 13 and causing $197 million in damage.
  • July 29, 1993 ― Tropical Storm Percy strikes Kyushu at peak intensity, inflicting US$35.4 million in damages.
  • August 9, 1993 ― Typhoon Robyn brushes the coast of Kyushu, resulting in the deaths of 9 people and damages totaling US$92.3 million.
  • September 3, 1993 ― Typhoon Yancy would make landfall in Kyushu as a major typhoon, killing 48 people and inflicting US$1.67 billion in losses.
  • September 29, 1994 ― Typhoon Orchid causes 9 deaths in Honshu.
  • September 17, 1995 ― Typhoon Oscar skirts past Honshu as a super typhoon, resulting in 8 fatalities and US$6.7 million in losses.
  • September 23, 1995 ― Typhoon Ryan strikes Kyushu as a borderline major typhoon, causing 5 deaths.
  • July 18, 1996 ― Typhoon Eve would make a powerful landfall in Kyushu, although it would cause no fatalities.
  • July 26, 1997 ― Typhoon Rosie makes landfall in Shikoku, causing 5 deaths.
  • September 15, 1997 ― Typhoon Oliwa strikes Kyushu, killing 11 people and causing US$50.1 million in damages.
  • September 22, 1998 ― Typhoon Vicki makes landfall on the Kii Peninsula, resulting in 18 deaths.
  • October 17, 1998 ― Typhoon Zeb would move through Japan, killing 14 people throughout the country and causing US$335.5 million in losses.
  • September 23, 1999 ― Typhoon Bart strikes Kyushu as a powerful typhoon, killing 30 people and resulting in US$5.75 billion in damages.

21st century

2000s

  • July 8, 2000 ― Typhoon Kirogi brushes the coast of Honshu, resulting in 3 deaths and US$140 million in damages.
  • August 21, 2001 ― Typhoon Pabuk strikes Honshu as a tropical storm, causing 8 deaths and US$52 million in losses.
  • September 11, 2001 ― Typhoon Danas makes landfall in Honshu, killing 8 people and causing US$91 million in damages.
  • July 10, 2002 ― Typhoon Chataan hits Honshu as a tropical storm, killing 6 people and inflicting US$500 million in damages.
  • July 15, 2002 ― Typhoon Halong impacts Honshu as a tropical storm, resulting in 1 death and US$89.8 million in losses.
  • October 1, 2002 ― Typhoon Higos kills 12 people and causes US$2.14 billion in damages as it strikes Tokyo.
  • August 8, 2003 ― Typhoon Etau causes 20 fatalities and US$295 million in damages as it hits Shikoku.
  • June 21, 2004 ― Typhoon Dianmu moves through Japan as a tropical storm, resulting in 6 deaths and US$68.5 million in damages.
  • August 29, 2004 ― Typhoon Chaba kills 18 people and results in US$2 billion in damages as it moves through Japan.
  • September 7, 2004 ― Typhoon Songda makes landfall near Nagasaki, killing 47 people and causing US$1.15 billion in damages.
  • September 29, 2004 ― Typhoon Meari kills 27 and inflicts US$798 million in damage after moving through Japan.
  • October 9, 2004 ― Typhoon Ma-on makes landfall in Honshu as a major typhoon, resulting in 7 fatalities and damages of US$623 million.
  • October 20, 2004 ― Typhoon Tokage moves through Japan, leading to 95 fatalities and US$2.3 billion in damages.
  • September 6, 2005 ― Typhoon Nabi kills 29 people and causes US$854 million in damages across Japan.
  • August 17, 2006 ― Tropical Storm Wukong causes 2 fatalities in Kyushu.
  • September 15, 2006 ― Typhoon Shanshan passes over Iriomote and later Kyushu, resulting in 11 deaths and US$2.5 billion in damages.
  • July 13, 2007 ― Typhoon Man-yi would affect Okinawa and Kyushu, in which it would kill 6 people.
  • September 6, 2007 ― Typhoon Fitow kills 3 people and inflicts US$1 billion in damages after striking Honshu.
  • October 27, 2007 ―Tropical Storm Faxai stays offshore, but causes 1 death and US$1.5 million in damages.
  • August 11, 2009 ― Although offshore, Tropical Storm Etau would kill 28 people and inflict US$87.5 million in losses.
  • October 7, 2009 ― Typhoon Melor strikes Honshu, killing 3 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damages.

2010s

  • July 19, 2011 ― Typhoon Ma-on impacts Japan, leading to 5 deaths and US$50 million in damages.
  • September 2, 2011 ― Tropical Storm Talas moves through Japan, killing 59 people and causing US$600 million in damages.
  • September 21, 2011 ― Typhoon Roke strikes Honshu, causing 13 fatalities and US$1.7 billion in losses.
  • June 19, 2012 ― Typhoon Guchol makes landfall in Honshu as a tropical storm, killing 1 person and causing US$100 million in damages.
  • September 30, 2012 ― Typhoon Jelawat hits Honshu as a tropical storm, killing 2 people and inflicting US$115 million in losses.
  • September 15, 2013 ― Typhoon Man-yi kills 6 people and causes damages of US$1.62 billion after making landfall in Honshu as a tropical storm.
  • October 15, 2013 ― Typhoon Wipha, despite staying offshore, would cause 41 fatalities and US$404.8 million in damages throughout Japan.
  • July 9, 2014 ― Typhoon Neoguri moves through Japan as a tropical storm, killing 3 people and causing damages totaling US$632 million.
  • August 1, 2014 ― Tropical Storm Nakri kills 6 people and causes US$117,000 damages as it affects the Ryukyu Islands.
  • August 9, 2014 ― Typhoon Halong would kill 10 people and result in US$36.5 million worth of damage in Japan.
  • October 5, 2014 ― Typhoon Phanfone strikes Honshu as a minimal typhoon, resulting in 11 fatalities and US$100 million in damages.
  • October 12, 2014 ― Typhoon Vongfong affects Japan as a tropical storm, killing 3 people and causing US$118 million in damages.
  • July 16, 2015 ― Typhoon Nangka moves across central Japan, killing 2 people and inflicting US$209 million in total damage.
  • August 24, 2015 ― Typhoon Goni strikes Kyushu as a major typhoon, leading to 1 death and US$801.3 million in losses.
  • September 9, 2015 ― Tropical Storm Etau makes landfall in Honshu, killing 8 people and causing US$2.44 billion in damages.
  • August 22, 2016 ― Typhoon Mindulle kills 3 people and causes US$448 million in damages after hitting Honshu.
  • August 30, 2016 ― Typhoon Lionrock causes significant flooding, leading to 22 deaths and US$2.74 billion in damages.
  • September 19, 2016 ― Typhoon Malakas strikes Kyushu, causing US$300 million in damages.
  • August 7, 2017 ― Typhoon Noru moves through Japan, killing 2 people and inflicting >US$100 million in total damage.
  • September 17, 2017 ― Typhoon Talim impacts Japan as a tropical storm, leading to 5 deaths and US$750 million worth of damage.
  • October 23, 2017 ― Typhoon Lan strikes Honshu, with 17 deaths and US$2 billion in damages being attributed to the storm.
  • July 2, 2018 ― Typhoon Prapiroon affects Japan, resulting in 3 deaths and US$10.1 million in damages.
  • July 28, 2018 ― Typhoon Jongdari hits Honshu, inflicting US$1.4 billion in losses.
  • August 23, 2018 ― Typhoon Cimaron moves through central Japan, leading to 3 fatalities and US$30.6 million in damages.
  • September 4, 2018 ― Typhoon Jebi strikes central Japan as a major typhoon in which it would kill 14 people and cause US$14 billion in total damage, becoming the costliest storm in Japanese history at the time.[22]
  • September 30, 2018 ― Typhoon Trami causes 4 deaths and US$2.69 billion in losses as it impacts central Japan.
  • August 7, 2019 ― Typhoon Francisco hits Kyushu, killing at least 1 person.
  • August 13, 2019 ― Typhoon Krosa moves through Western Japan as a tropical storm, killing 3 people and causing US$20.5 million in damages.
  • September 8, 2019 ― Typhoon Faxai, known in Japan as the Reiwa 1 Bōsō Peninsula Typhoon, strikes the Kanto region, resulting in 3 deaths and US$10 billion in damages.[23]
  • September 22, 2019 ― Staying offshore, Typhoon Tapah kills 3 people and causes US$5.42 million in losses.
  • October 12, 2019 ― Typhoon Hagibis, known in Japan as the Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon, would devastate the Tokyo region, becoming the costliest storm to affect Japan on record, as well as the costliest Pacific typhoon at the time. The storm would kill 118 people directly and 29 indirectly in total with 3 missing, with total damages of US$17.3 billion.[24][25]

2020s

  • September 6, 2020 ― Typhoon Haishen skirts the coast of Kyushu, resulting in 2 fatalities and damages of US$140 million across Japan.
  • September 18, 2022 ― Typhoon Hinnamnor strikes Kyushu, killing 5 people and causing damages of US$1.2 billion.
  • September 22, 2022 ― Tropical Storm Talas kills 3 people offshore Honshu.
  • August 14, 2023 ― Typhoon Lan makes landfall in Central Japan, causing 1 death and total damages of US$500 million.
  • September 8, 2023 ― The remnants of Tropical Storm Yun-yeung kill 3 people and cause at least US$10 million in damages.
  • August 29, 2024 ― Typhoon Shanshan hits Kyushu, resulting in 8 fatalities and damages of at least US$100 million.

Special names of typhoons by JMA

The Japan Meteorological Agency assigns special names to typhoons that have caused significant damage in Japan.[26]

Significant typhoons with special names[27]
(from the Japan Meteorological Agency)
Name Number Japanese name
Ida T4518 Makurazaki Typhoon (枕崎台風)[28][29]
Louise T4523 Akune Typhoon (阿久根台風)
Marie T5415 Tōya Maru Typhoon (洞爺丸台風)
Ida T5822 Kanogawa Typhoon (狩野川台風)
Sarah T5914 Miyakojima Typhoon (宮古島台風)
Vera T5915 Isewan Typhoon (伊勢湾台風)
Nancy T6118 2nd Muroto Typhoon (第2室戸台風)
Cora T6618 2nd Miyakojima Typhoon (第2宮古島台風)
Della T6816 3rd Miyakojima Typhoon (第3宮古島台風)
Babe T7709 Okinoerabu Typhoon (沖永良部台風)
Faxai T1915 Reiwa 1 Bōsō Peninsula Typhoon (令和元年房総半島台風)
Hagibis T1919 Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon (令和元年東日本台風)


References

  1. ^ "国土交通省｜報道資料｜令和元年東日本台風の発生した令和元年の水害被害額が統計開始以来最大に令和元年の水害被害額（確報値）を公表". 国土交通省 (in Japanese). Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  2. ^ "Typhoons in Japan". Factsanddetails.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020.
  3. ^ "Clinton Mirror – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "Top 25 Natural Disasters in Japan according to number of killed (1901–2000)" (PDF).
  5. ^ "TYPHOON IN JAPAN". Advertiser. October 5, 1917. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  6. ^ "Article clipped from Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light". Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light. September 25, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  7. ^ "Article clipped from The Kane Republican". The Kane Republican. September 25, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  8. ^ "枕崎台風 昭和20年（1945年） ９月17日～９月18日". data.jma.go.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  9. ^ "阿久根台風 昭和20年（1945年） 10月９日～10月13日". data.jma.go.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  10. ^ "カスリーン台風 昭和22年（1947年） ９月14日～９月15日". data.jma.go.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  11. ^ NHK. "1948年 アイオン台風｜災害｜NHKアーカイブス". 1948年 アイオン台風｜災害｜NHKアーカイブス (in Japanese). Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  12. ^ "(TABLE 2-1) Main Natural Disasters in Japan since 1945". October 7, 2008. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  13. ^ "Typhoon Kate". Democrat and Chronicle. July 2, 1951. p. 4. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  14. ^ "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 195313 (TESS) – Disaster Information". agora.ex.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  15. ^ "洞爺丸台風 昭和29年（1954年） ９月24日～９月27日". data.jma.go.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  16. ^ "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Damage List". agora.ex.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  17. ^ "Ise Bay typhoon of 1959 | Japan, Miyagi Prefecture & Disaster | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  18. ^ "JTWC Nancy Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011.
  19. ^ 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),デジタル大辞泉プラス,世界大百科事典内言及. "宮古島台風(みやこじまたいふう)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 197920 (TIP) – Disaster Information". agora.ex.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  21. ^ "デジタル台風：台風198210号 (BESS) - 災害情報". agora.ex.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  22. ^ Evans, Steve (December 19, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis & Jebi losses said stabilising below top-end estimates – Artemis.bm". Artemis.bm – The Catastrophe Bond, Insurance Linked Securities & Investment, Reinsurance Capital, Alternative Risk Transfer and Weather Risk Management site. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  23. ^ "Reinsurance Thought Leadership | Aon". www.aon.com. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  24. ^ "国土交通省｜報道資料｜令和元年東日本台風の発生した令和元年の水害被害額が統計開始以来最大に令和元年の水害被害額（確報値）を公表". 国土交通省 (in Japanese). Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "令和元年東日本台風及び前線による大雨による 被害及び消防機関等の対応状況（第６７報）" (PDF). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  26. ^ "顕著な災害を起こした自然現象の名称について". jma.go.jp. 気象庁. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  27. ^ "気象庁が名称を定めた気象・地震・火山現象一覧" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  28. ^ "枕崎台風 昭和20年（1945年） ９月17日～９月18日". www.data.jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  29. ^ 第三版,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ), ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,朝日新聞掲載「キーワード」,デジタル大辞泉,百科事典マイペディア,世界大百科事典 第２版,大辞林. "枕崎台風(まくらざきたいふう)とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved August 8, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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