Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing

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Computing/box- Did you know 28 Oct 2024 – Shuah Khan (talk · edit · hist) was nominated for DYK by Paul2520 (t · c); see discussion 15 Oct 2024 – Bliss (photograph) (talk · edit · hist) was nominated for DYK by Vacant0 (t · c); see discussion 11 Oct 2024 – Disputes on Wikipedia (talk · edit · hist) was nominated for DYK by ProfGray (t · c); see discussion Articles for deletion 31 Oct 2024 – Real-time Cmix (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by I dream of horses (t · c); see discussion (1 participant) 29 Oct 2024 – Prison blogs (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Zxcvbnm (t · c); see discussion (1 participant) 29 Oct 2024 – Fahrenheit (microarchitecture) (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Skynorth (t · c); see discussion (2 participants) 29 Oct 2024 – Flatiron School (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Alpha3031 (t · c); see discussion (6 participants) 29 Oct 2024 – Drive.com.au (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Alpha3031 (t · c); see discussion (3 participants) 28 Oct 2024 – StormEngineC (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Mika1h (t · c); see discussion (1 participant) 28 Oct 2024 – EFx Factory (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by I dream of horses (t · c); see discussion (0 participants) 28 Oct 2024 – Using AI to Protect NC Healthcare Systems (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by I dream of horses (t · c); see discussion (8 participants) 26 Oct 2024 – Cookiemonster attack (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Sohom Datta (t · c); see discussion (4 participants) 24 Oct 2024 – Xiao-i (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by RodrigoIPacce (t · c); see discussion (4 participants; relisted) (9 more...) Proposed deletions 02 Nov 2024 – Tiger Team (TV series) (talk · edit · hist) was PRODed by Donaldd23 (t · c): concern 25 Oct 2024 – Hitachi DX07 (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Hydronium Hydroxide (t · c) was deleted 25 Oct 2024 – Yamb (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Discospinster (t · c) was deleted 24 Oct 2024 – AutoQ3D Community (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Schützenpanzer (t · c) was deleted 23 Oct 2024 – JSwat (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Dajasj (t · c) was deleted 23 Oct 2024 – List of OpenGL applications (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Pppery (t · c) was deleted 20 Oct 2024 – Hejian Technology Corporation (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Imcdc (t · c) was deproded by Cunard (t · c) on 26 Oct 2024 19 Oct 2024 – Nepako Corporation (talk · edit · hist) PRODed by Here2rewrite (t · c) was deleted Templates for discussion 28 Oct 2024 – Template:Latest stable software release/Google Play Games (talk · edit · hist) was TfDed by Gonnym (t · c); see discussion Redirects for discussion 29 Oct 2024 – インターネットアーカイブ (talk · edit · hist) →Internet Archive was RfDed by TeapotsOfDoom (t · c); see discussion 29 Oct 2024 – Game data (talk · edit · hist) →Data file was RfDed by Utopes (t · c); see discussion 29 Oct 2024 – インターネット・アーカイブ (talk · edit · hist) →Internet Archive was RfDed by Dominicmgm (t · c); see discussion 28 Oct 2024 – Erasing rule (talk · edit · hist) →Formal grammar was RfDed by Utopes (t · c); see discussion 28 Oct 2024 – David Carroll (academic) (talk · edit · hist) →Cambridge Analytica was RfDed by Utopes (t · c); see discussion 09 Oct 2024 – Tenorite (typeface) (talk · edit · hist) →List of typefaces included with Microsoft Windows was RfDed by Hey man im josh (t · c); see discussion Good article nominees 27 Oct 2024 – Charles O'Rear (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Vacant0 (t · c); start discussion 26 Aug 2024 – IMac (Apple silicon) (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by David Fuchs (t · c); see discussion 19 Aug 2024 – IBM and unions (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Shushugah (t · c); start discussion 19 Aug 2024 – IMac G5 (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by David Fuchs (t · c); see discussion 17 Aug 2024 – Infostealer (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Sohom Datta (t · c); start discussion 30 Jun 2024 – Donald Davies (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Whizz40 (t · c); see discussion 02 Jun 2024 – Client Hints (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Sohom Datta (t · c); see discussion 02 Mar 2024 – R/The Donald (talk · edit · hist) was GA nominated by Yoshiman6464 (t · c); see discussion Good article reassessments 23 Oct 2024 – 15.ai (talk · edit · hist) was nominated for GA reassessment by AirshipJungleman29 (t · c); see discussion Requests for comments 08 Oct 2024 – Bitcoin (talk · edit · hist) has an RfC by Jtbobwaysf (t · c); see discussion 07 Oct 2024 – Twitter (talk · edit · hist) has an RfC by Yovt (t · c); see discussion Requested moves 29 Oct 2024 – Meta Platforms (talk · edit · hist) is requested to be moved to Meta (company) by PhotographyEdits (t · c); see discussion 26 Oct 2024 – GeoNet (talk · edit · hist) is requested to be moved to GeoNet (email host) by Panamitsu (t · c); see discussion 22 Oct 2024 – Spy pixel (talk · edit · hist) is requested to be moved to Tracking pixel by BarrelProof (t · c); see discussion 28 Oct 2024 – Comparison of vector graphics editors (talk · edit · hist) move request to Draft:List of vector graphics editors by Little cap (t · c) was not moved; see discussion 23 Oct 2024 – Dave Crocker (network engineer) (talk · edit · hist) move request to Dave Crocker (engineer) by BarrelProof (t · c) was moved to Dave Crocker (engineer) (talk · edit · hist) by Yovt (t · c) on 31 Oct 2024; see discussion Articles to be merged 02 Nov 2024 – Hybrid automatic repeat request (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Error-correcting codes with feedback by Klbrain (t · c); see discussion 27 Oct 2024 – Farid Essebar (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Zotob by HamburgerRadio (t · c); see discussion 24 Oct 2024 – WordPress.com (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Automattic by Charcoal feather (t · c); see discussion 17 Oct 2024 – List of information retrieval libraries (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Information retrieval by Akaibu (t · c); see discussion 30 Sep 2024 – Torrent file (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to BitTorrent by Sceeegt (t · c); see discussion 17 Sep 2024 – Privacy-invasive software (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Spyware by Jdcooper (t · c); see discussion 11 Sep 2024 – List of publicly listed software companies of India (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to List of Indian IT companies by 2405:201:D002:319D:65FA:8E2F:C14C:22B8 (t · c); see discussion 26 Aug 2024 – Valkey (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Redis by 84.250.15.152 (t · c); see discussion 10 Aug 2024 – Hazard (computer architecture) (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Data_dependency#Types by 142.113.140.146 (t · c); see discussion 08 Aug 2024 – Multi-task learning (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for merging to Multitask optimization by Biggerj1 (t · c); see discussion (12 more...) Articles to be split 24 Oct 2024 – Amazon Kindle (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Hako9 (t · c); see discussion 06 Oct 2024 – Acorn Electron (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Dgpop (t · c); see discussion 26 Jul 2024 – List of Android smartphones (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by OzzyOlly (t · c); see discussion 08 Jun 2024 – Tubi (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Slgrandson (t · c); see discussion 11 May 2024 – List of Intel Core processors (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by AP 499D25 (t · c); see discussion 16 Feb 2024 – Pretty Good Privacy (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Artoria2e5 (t · c); see discussion 02 Feb 2024 – ZX Spectrum graphic modes (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by VQuakr (t · c); see discussion 25 Dec 2023 – KoalaPad (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Bultro (t · c); see discussion 25 Jun 2023 – General game playing (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Geysirhead (t · c); see discussion 12 Jun 2023 – Category 5 cable (talk · edit · hist) is proposed for splitting by Artoria2e5 (t · c); see discussion (17 more...) Articles for creation 31 Oct 2024 – Draft:Suade Labs (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by 92.40.110.225 (t · c) 30 Oct 2024 – Draft:Heavy Construction Systems Specialists (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by UtherSRG (t · c) 29 Oct 2024 – Draft:DKAN (open data platform) (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by TheBoatyMcBoatFace (t · c) 29 Oct 2024 – Draft:Gaia (Formerly Socially Recruited) (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Frangaia (t · c) 29 Oct 2024 – Draft:FabFilter (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Twistedhack (t · c) 28 Oct 2024 – Draft:YellowfinBI (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by 5.77.197.133 (t · c) 25 Oct 2024 – Draft:Flow (type checker) (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Dukese805 (t · c) 18 Oct 2024 – Draft:CT Insider (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Mtdesalvo (t · c) 17 Oct 2024 – Draft:MCreator (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Klemen63 (t · c) 16 Oct 2024 – Draft:Capture Bizarre (talk · edit · hist) has been submitted for AfC by Susanallen475 (t · c) (28 more...) 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This page is about the orthographic character Ł. For the pound sign, see £. For the cryptocurrency, see Litecoin. Not to be confused with the IPA symbol ɫ, with Ɨ (barred i), or with Ƚ and ƚ (l with bar). L with stroke Ł ł Usage Writing system Latin Type alphabetic Language of origin Polish Sound values [w] [ɫ] [ɬ] In Unicode U+0141, U+0142 History Development Λ λ 𐌋 L l Ł ł Transliterations w Other Writing direction Left to right Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Belarusian Latin, Ukrainian Latin, Wymysorys, Navajo, Dëne Sųłıné, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, Sm'álgyax, Nisga'a, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai script. In some Slavic languages, it represents the continuation of the Proto-Slavic non-palatal ⟨L⟩ (dark L), except in Polish, Kashubian, and Sorbian, where it evolved further into /w/. In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound. Glyph shape Ł Handwritten uppercase and lowercase Ł In normal typefaces, the letter has a stroke approximately in the middle of the vertical stem, crossing it at an angle between 70° and 45°, never horizontally. In cursive handwriting and typefaces that imitate it, the capital letter has a horizontal stroke through the middle and looks very similar to the pound sign £. In the cursive lowercase letter, the stroke is also horizontal and placed on top of the letter instead of going through the middle of the stem, which would not be distinguishable from the letter t. The stroke is either straight or slightly wavy, depending on the style. Unlike ⟨l⟩, the letter ⟨ł⟩ is usually written without a noticeable loop at the top. Most publicly available multilingual cursive typefaces, including commercial ones, feature an incorrect glyph for ⟨ł⟩. A rare variant of the ł glyph is a cursive double-ł ligature, used in words such as Jagiełło, Radziwiłł or Ałłach (archaic: Allah), where the strokes at the top of the letters are joined into a single stroke. Polish Ł In Polish, ⟨Ł⟩ is used to distinguish the historical dark (velarized) L [ɫ] from clear L [l]. The Polish ⟨Ł⟩ now sounds the same as the English ⟨W⟩, [w] as in water (except for older speakers in some eastern dialects where it still sounds velarized). In 1440, Jakub Parkoszowic proposed a letter resembling $\ \ell$ to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested "l" with a stroke running in the opposite direction to the modern version. The latter was introduced in 1514–1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus. L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ], a pronunciation that is preserved in the eastern part of Poland and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. This pronunciation is similar to Russian unpalatalised ⟨Л⟩ in native words and grammar forms. In modern Polish, Ł is usually pronounced /w/ (as [w] in English wet). This pronunciation first appeared among Polish lower classes in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent by the upper classes (who pronounced ⟨Ł⟩ as /ɫ/) until the mid-20th century, when this distinction gradually began to fade. The shift from [ɫ] to [w] in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e.g. ładny ("pretty, nice") is pronounced [ˈwadnɨ], słowo ("word") is [ˈswɔvɔ], and ciało ("body") is [ˈtɕawɔ]. Ł often alternates with clear L, such as the plural forms of adjectives and verbs in the past tense that are associated with masculine personal nouns, e.g. mały → mali ([ˈmawɨ] → [ˈmali]). Alternation is also common in declension of nouns, e.g. from nominative to locative, tło → na tle ([twɔ] → [naˈtlɛ]). Polish final Ł also often corresponds to Ukrainian word-final ⟨В⟩ Ve (Cyrillic) and Belarusian ⟨Ў⟩ Short U (Cyrillic). Thus, "he gave" is "dał" in Polish, "дав" in Ukrainian, "даў" in Belarusian (all pronounced [daw]), but "дал" [daɫ] in Russian. Examples Notable figures Marie Skłodowska Curie, a scientist awarded the Nobel prize in both physics and chemistry, who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. Karol Józef Wojtyła (IPA: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa]), John Paul II, Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005 Kazimierz Pułaski (IPA: [kaˈʑimjɛʂ puˈwaskʲi] ), known in English as Casimir Pulaski, a Polish soldier and commander, a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry during American Revolutionary War Ignacy Łukasiewicz (IPA: [iɡˈnat͡sɨ wukaˈɕɛvit͡ʂ]), the inventor of the modern paraffin lamp Jan Łukasiewicz (IPA: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvit͡ʂ]), the inventor of Polish notation Lech Wałęsa (IPA: [ˈlɛɣ vaˈwɛ̃sa]), Polish labor leader and former president Stanisław Lem (IPA: [staˈɲiswaf ˈlɛm]), Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy, and satire, and a trained physician Wisława Szymborska (IPA: [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska]), a Polish poet and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer Wacław Sierpiński (IPA: [ˈvat͡swaf ɕɛrˈpʲij̃skʲi] ), Polish mathematician Some examples of words with 'ł': Władysław Wisła (Vistula) Łódź Łukasz (Lucas / Luke) Michał (Michael) Złoty (zloty / golden) In contexts where Ł is not readily available as a glyph, basic L is used instead. Thus, the surname Małecki would be spelled Malecki in a foreign country. In the 1980s, when some computers available in Poland lacked Polish diacritics, it was common practice to use a pound sterling sign (£) for Ł. This practice ceased as soon as DOS-based and Mac computers came with a code page for such characters. Other languages In Belarusian Łacinka (both in the 1929 and 1962 versions), ⟨Ł⟩ corresponds to Cyrillic ⟨Л⟩ (El), and is normally pronounced /ɫ/ (almost exactly as in English pull). In Navajo and Elaponke, ⟨Ł⟩ is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, like the Welsh double L. ⟨Ł⟩ is used in orthographic transcription of Ahtna, an Athabaskan language spoken in Alaska; it represents a breathy lateral fricative. It is also used in Tanacross, a related Athabaskan language. When transcribing Armenian into the Latin alphabet, ⟨Ł⟩ may be used to write the letter ⟨Ղ⟩ /ʁ/, for example Ղուկաս => Łukas. In Classical Armenian, ⟨Ղ⟩ was pronounced as /ɫ/, which morphed into /ʁ/ in both standard varieties of modern Armenian. Other transcriptions of ⟨Ղ⟩ include ⟨Ṙ⟩, ⟨Ġ⟩ or ⟨Gh⟩. Computer usage Character information Preview Ł ł Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE LATIN LOWERCASE LETTER L WITH STROKE Encodings decimal hex dec hex Unicode 321 U+0141 322 U+0142 UTF-8 197 129 C5 81 197 130 C5 82 Numeric character reference Ł Ł ł ł Named character reference Ł ł CP 852 157 9D 136 88 CP 775 173 AD 136 88 Mazovia 156 9C 146 92 Windows-1250 163 A3 179 B3 Windows-1257 217 D9 246 F6 ISO-8859-2 163 A3 179 B3 ISO-8859-13 217 D9 246 F6 x-mac-ce 252 FC 184 B8 HTML &#0321 &#0322 TeX \L \l LaTeX \L{} \l{} See also Ў, ў – short U (Belarusian Cyrillic) £ – pound sign In Venetian, a similar glyph ⟨Ƚ⟩, ⟨ƚ⟩ (L with bar, a horizontal bar) is used as substitution for L in many words in which the pronunciation of "L" has changed for some dialects, i.e. by becoming voiceless or becoming the sound of the shorter vowel corresponding to /ɰ/ or /ɛ/. Ɨ (I-bar) References External links Kreska ukośna in Polish Diacritics: How to?, by Adam Twardoch, Polish country delegate at ATypI

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