View source for -o

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "o"}}
{{minitoc}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/əʊ/|a=UK}}
* {{IPA|en|/əʉ/|[æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ]|a=AU}}
* {{IPA|en|/oʊ/|a=GenAm}}
* {{homophones|en|o|owe|oh}}

===Etymology 1===
Perhaps from a special use of the interjection {{m|en|O}}, {{m|en|oh}}; and/or perhaps from {{m|en|o||one}}, from {{inh|en|enm|o}}, {{m|enm|oo}}, variant of {{m|en|a}}, {{m|enm|on}}, {{m|enm|oon}}, {{m|enm|an||one}}. See {{l|en|one}} and {{l|en|-y}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|en|-oh}}

====Suffix====
{{head|en|suffix|plural|-os|or|-oes}}

# {{non-gloss|A [[colloquializing]] [[suffix]], [[typically]] [[append]]ed to [[name]]s, [[abbreviation]]s of [[long]] [[word]]s, or [[substantive]] [[use]]s of [[adjective]]s.}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|kid|kiddo}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|ugly|uggo}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Stephen Fry|chapter=III|title=[[:w:The Liar (novel)|The Liar]]|location=London|publisher=[[w:Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann]]|year=1991|page=26|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/liar0000frys_j2c4/page/26/mode/1up|isbn=978-0-434-27191-7|passage=Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biff'''o''' was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’}}

=====Usage notes=====
''-o'' generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with {{m|en|cheapo}} and {{m|en|Jacko}}. It is often appended to [[clip]]ped or [[elide]]d forms of longer words, as with {{m|en|ambo}} and {{m|en|parmo}}. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with {{m|en|uggo}} and {{m|en|doggo}}. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with {{m|en|weirdo||weird person}}, or to nouns used [[metonym]]ously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with {{m|en|wino||poor or vagrant alcoholic}}. Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with {{m|en|bucko}} and {{m|en|neato}}. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as {{m|en|rego}} for {{m|en|registration}} and {{m|en|nasho}} for {{m|en|national service}}) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of {{m|en|-y}} and its use is particularly common where use of {{m|en|-y}} might cause misunderstanding, as with {{m|en|randy}} and {{m|en|rando}}, {{m|en|journey}} and {{m|en|journo}}, {{m|en|whiny}} and {{m|en|wino}}.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en}}
{{der4|en|[[agro]], [[aggro]]|[[ambo]]|[[bucko]]|[[cheapo]]|[[commo]]|[[convo]]|[[daddy-o]]|[[Davo]]|[[friendo]]|[[journo]]|[[kiddo]]|[[lesbo]]|[[neato]]|[[parmo]]|[[preggo]]|[[preso]]|[[psycho]]|[[rando]]|[[resto]]|[[righto]]|[[sicko]]|[[thingo]]|[[wacko]]|[[weirdo]]|[[whammo]]|[[wino]], [[wine-o]]|[[yobbo]]}}

{{der4|en|title=[[Australianism]]s|[[arvo]]|[[biffo]]|[[bizzo]]|[[bottlo]]|[[compo]]|[[dero]], [[derro]]|[[doco]]|[[fisho]]|[[Freo]]|[[garbo]]|[[goodo]]|[[gyno]]|[[kero]]|[[lezzo]]|[[metho]]|[[milko]]|[[muso]]|[[nasho]], [[Nasho]]|[[reffo]]|[[rego]]|[[relo]]|[[the Salvos]]|[[seppo]], {{l|en|Seppo}}|[[servo]]|[[smoko]]|[[veggo]]}}

=====See also=====
* {{l|en|-ie}}, {{l|en|-y}}

===Etymology 2===
From many {{der|en|es|-}} or {{der|en|it|-}} words that end in {{m|en||o}}. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from {{m|la|-um}}, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|jocular}} {{non-gloss|Converts certain words to [[faux]] Italian or Spanish.}} Can be used with {{cog|es|el}} for expressions such as ''el stinko''.
#: {{ux|en|no problem'''o'''}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|problemo}}
* {{l|en|stinko}}
*{{l|en|enduro}}
*{{l|en|aggro}}

===Etymology 3===
{{back-form|en|typo}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|en|suffix|plural|-os}}

# {{n-g|Added to [[verb]] [[stem]]s to create a [[noun]] describing an [[error]] relating to the action described by the verb.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col4|en
|clicko
|copy-pasto
|printo
|scanno
|speako
|spello
|thinko
|writo
}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en}}

==Afar==

===Pronunciation===
* {{aa-IPA|-ó}}

===Suffix===
{{head|aa|suffix|head=-ó}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[feminine]] [[nouns]] from [[verbs]].}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|aa}}

===References===
* {{R:aa:Hassan Kamil:2015}}

==Albanian==

===Etymology 1===
{{rfe|sq}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|sq|/ɔ/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|sq|suffix|head=-ó}}

# {{ng|Creates a second-person singular active [[imperative]] verb form from a non-verb.}}
#: {{sufex|sq|áfër|t1=close, nearby|pos1=adverb/preposition|afr'''ó'''!|t2=bring closer}}
#: {{sufex|sq|báraz|t1=equal|pos1=adv|baraz'''ó'''!|t2=eqalize!}}
#: {{sufex|sq|kráhas|t1=arm in arm, side by side|pos1=adverb/preposition|krahas'''ó'''!|t2=compare!}}
#: {{sufex|sq|pástër|t1=clean|pos1=adjective/adverb|pastr'''ó'''!|t2=cleanse}}
#: {{sufex|sq|zhúrmë|t1=noise|pos1=n|zhurm'''ó'''!|t2=make a noise, scream!}}

===Etymology 2===

====Particle====
{{head|sq|suffixed particle|head=-o}}

# {{senseid|sq|vocative}}{{alternative form of|sq|o|id=vocative}}

==Esperanto==

===Etymology===
* From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian ({{m|it|amico}}); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages ({{m|ru|окно}})
* Perhaps from the above (Italian {{m|it|quello}}, Russian {{m|ru|то}})
* Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

===Pronunciation===
* {{audio|eo|LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--o.wav}}
* {{IPA|eo|/o/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|eo|suffix}}

# [[nominal|Nominal]] suffix. Most Esperanto [[noun]]s end in ''-o''. (A few nouns end in {{m|eo|-aŭ}}, and with some writers some feminine names end in {{m|eo|-a}}.)
#* {{m|eo|amiko|t=friend}}
#* {{m|eo|patro|t=father}}
#* {{m|eo|vorto|t=word}}
# -thing. ([[:Category:Esperanto correlatives|correlative]] object ending.)
#* {{m|eo|kio|t=what?, what}}
#* {{m|eo|tio|t=that}}
#* {{m|eo|ĉio|t=everything}}
#* {{m|eo|io|t=something}}
#* {{m|eo|nenio|t=nothing}}

{{eo BRO|1}}

==Finnish==

===Etymology===
Conflated:
* from {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-o}} (forms action/result nouns), from {{der|fi|urj-pro|*-w}} (as applied to stems ending in ''-a'').
* from {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-oi}} (variant/diminutive), from {{der|fi|urj-pro|*-j}} (diminutive ending); the ''-o-'' is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in ''-a'' which was labialized by ''-j''.

===Suffix===
{{fi-suffix|noun|var=ö}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms result or action nouns from verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|huutaa|t1=shout|huuto|t2=shout}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|keittää|t1=boil, cook|keitto|t2=cooking; soup}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|nähdä|t1=see|näkö|t2=vision}} {{gloss|ability to see}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|hilla|t1=cloudberry|hillo|t2=jam}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|lehti|t1=leaf|lehto|t2=grove}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|tasa|t1=level|taso|t2=plane}}

====Usage notes====
* Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with {{m|fi||-aa}} or {{m|fi||-ää}}. Somewhat unusually, the front-vowel form {{m|fi||-ö}} is used only with stems that contain a front vowel; if it only contains neutral vowels (''e'', ''i''), the back-vocalic form {{m|fi||-o}} is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default.

====Declension====
{{fi-decl-valo|-|||o|a}}
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fi}}
{{col-auto|fi
|-oinen
|-onen
|-os
}}

====See also====
* {{l|fi|-u}}
* {{l|fi|-uu}}

==Franco-Provençal==

===Pronoun===
{{head|frp|pronoun form}}

# {{form of|frp|postpositive form|o}}

==French==

===Etymology===
Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological ''o'', such as {{m|fr|vélo}}, {{m|fr|resto}} < {{m|fr|vélocipède}}, {{m|fr|restaurant}}. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from {{m|fr|-aud}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{fr-suffix}} {{tlb|fr|informal}}

# {{n-g|Added to a clipped noun or adjective}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fr}}

====See also====
* {{l|fr|hosto}}

==Garo==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|grt}}

===Suffix===
{{head|grt|suffix}}

# {{lb|grt|inflectional suffix}} {{ng|forms the [[locative]] case}}

====Synonyms====
* {{l|grt|-no||forms locative}}

====See also====
* {{l|grt|-na||forms dative}}
* {{l|grt|-ko||forms accusative}}
* {{l|grt|-chi||forms instrumental}}
* {{l|grt|-ni||forms genitive}}

==Gothic==

===Romanization===
{{got-rom}}

# {{romanization of|got|-𐍉}}

==Ido==

===Etymology===
From {{der|io|eo|-o}}, from {{der|io|roa}} languages.

===Suffix===
{{io-suffix|n}}

# {{non-gloss|[[nominal|Nominal]] suffix. All Ido [[noun]]s end in '''-o'''.}}

==Ingrian==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|izh|urj-fin-pro|*-o}}. Cognates include {{cog|fi|-o}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p}}

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix|-ö}}

# {{senseid|izh|deverbal}} {{n-g|Used to form [[result noun|result]] or [[action noun]]s from [[verb]]s.}}
# {{senseid|izh|deverbal}} {{lb|izh|rare}} {{n-g|Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun.}}

=====Declension=====
{{izh-decl/koivu|-|-}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|izh|id=deverbal}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|izh|urj-fin-pro|*-oi}}. Cognates include {{cog|fi|-o}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p|S=-o/i}}

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix|-ö}}

# {{senseid|izh|denominal}} {{n-g|Used to form [[diminutive]]s.}}

=====Declension=====
{{izh-decl/koivu|-|-}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|izh|id=denominal}}

==Italian==

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|it|la|-us}}, from {{inh|it|ine-pro|*-os|pos=creates action nouns from verbs}}.

====Suffix====
{{it-noun|m}}

# {{senseid|it|deverbal}} {{lb|it|productive}} {{n-g|used with a stem to form a {{glossary|masculine}} {{glossary|singular}} {{glossary|noun}}, usually a {{glossary|deverbal}}}}
#: {{syn|it|-a}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|it|head=-o (deverbal)}}

===Etymology 2===
{{rfe|it}}

====Suffix====
{{it-pp}}

# {{senseid|it|participle}} {{lb|it|nocat=1|not|_|productive}} {{n-g|used with a verb stem to form a past participle}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|it|head=-o (participle)}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|it|la|-ō}}.

====Suffix====
{{it-suffix form|verb}}

# {{lb|it|productive}} {{n-g|used with a stem to form the [[first person|first-person]] [[singular]] [[present]] of regular {{m|it|are}} and {{m|it|ere}} verbs and those {{m|it|-ire}} verbs that do not take '''-isc-'''}}

==Latin==

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|-ō}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymid|la|noun}}
{{etymon|la|id=nounmaker}}

From {{der|la|ine-pro|*-h₃onh₂-}} (with nominative ''ō'' made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes {{m|la|-iō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-tiō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-āgō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-īgō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-ūgō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-tūdō|g=f}}, {{m|la|-ēdō|g=f}}, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in ''-ō'' are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + ''-ō'' show ''-in-'' rather than ''-ōn-'' in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in ''-ō'', ''-ōnis'' are typically masculine.

====Suffix====
{{la-suffix-noun|-ō<3.M>}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:}}
## {{non-gloss|forms [[agent noun|agent nouns]], positive and especially negative [[nickname|nicknames]] and other personal [[designation|designations]], especially in colloquial language.}}
##: {{m|la|combibō|combibere|t=to drink together}} → {{m|la|combibō|t=drinking buddy}}
##: {{m|la|vāpulō|vāpulāre|t=to get beaten}} → {{m|la|vāpulō|t=who gets frequently flogged}}
##: {{m|la||?cōci-}} → {{m|la|cōciō|t=broker}}
##: {{m|la|centuria|t=century}} → {{m|la|centuriō|t=centurion}}
##: {{m|la|mūlus|t=mule}} → {{m|la|mūliō|t=muleteer}}
##: {{ncog|grc|μωρός|t=dull, sluggish}} → {{m|la|mōriō|t=idiot}}
## {{non-gloss|also forms [[names]], especially [[cognomen|cognomina]].}}
##: {{m|la|aquila|t=eagle}} → {{m|la|Aquilō|t=the North wind}}
##: {{m|la|incubō|incubāre|t=to lie on top}} → {{m|la|Incubō|t=a spirit that watches over buried treasures}}
##: {{m|la|cūria|t=curia}} → {{m|la|Cūriō}}
##: {{m|la|cicer|t=chickpea}} → {{m|la|Cicerō}}
##: {{m|la|vārus|t=bow-legged}} → {{m|la|Varrō}}
##: {{m|la|catus|t=clever, shrewd}} → {{m|la|Catō}}
##: {{m|la|conger|t=sea-eel}} → {{m|la|Congriō|t=name of a cook in Plautus}}
## {{lb|la|Late Latin}} {{non-gloss|also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.}}

=====Declension=====
{{la-ndecl|-ō<3>}}

=====Synonyms=====
* {{sense|forms masculine agent nouns}} {{l|la|-a|-a¹}}, {{l|la|-ārius}}, {{l|la|-ātor}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|la|-o (noun)}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|frp|-on}}
* {{desctree|fr|-on}}
* {{desc|it|-one}}
* {{desc|pt|-ão}}
* {{desc|ro|-oi|-oni}}
* {{desc|scn|-uni|-una}}
* {{desc|es|-ón}}

====References====
<references/>
* {{R:OLD|1|-ō¹|1,210/1}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymid|la|adverb}}
{{etymon|la|id=adv|inh|itc-pro>*-ōd>abl}}

From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*-ōd}}, an ablative suffix, derived from {{inh|la|ine-pro|*-éad}}.

====Suffix====
{{la-suffix-adv|-ō|sup=-issimō}}

# {{non-gloss|forms adverbs}}
#: {{m|la|prīmus}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|prīmō}}
#: {{m|la|tūtus}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|tūtō}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|la|-o (adverb)}}

====References====
* {{R:OLD|1|-ō²|1,210/1}}

===Etymology 3===
{{etymon|la|id=verbmaker|inh|itc-pro>*-āō>suf|pos=suffix}}

From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*-āō}}, from the following sources:
* Denominative verbs with {{m|ine-pro|*-eh₂yéti|*-eh₂-yé-ti}}, in which the first person singular ends in ''*-eh₂-yóh₂'' > intermediate phase ''**-ājō'' with accent shift > Proto-Italic ''*-āō'' (e.g., {{m|la|laudō}}, {{m|la|dōnō}}, {{m|la|pugnō}}, {{m|la|cūrō}}).
* Verbs from roots in {{m|ine-pro||*-h₁-}} (e.g. {{m|la|flō}}).
* Verbs from roots in {{m|ine-pro||*-h₂-}} (e.g. {{m|la|for}}, {{m|la|nō}}, {{m|la|hiō}}, {{m|la|domō}}, {{m|la|iuvō}}).
* Verbs from roots in {{m|ine-pro||*-h₃-}} (e.g. {{m|la|dō}}, {{m|la|lavō}}, {{m|la|arō}}).
* In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on {{m|ine-pro|*-h₂}} + stative suffix {{m|ine-pro|*-éh₁yeti|*-éh₁-ye-ti}}, whence ''*-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti''. This case is the verb {{m|la|stō}}: ''*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti'' > ''[[Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/staēō|*staēō]] > {{m|la|stō}}).

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as {{m|la|pellō|pellō, pellere}} vs. {{m|la||-pellō, -pellāre}} (in {{m|la|compellō|compellō, compellāre}} and {{m|la|interpellō|interpellō, interpellāre}}) or  {{m|la|sternō|sternō, sternere}} vs. {{m|la|cōnsternō|cōnsternō, cōnsternāre}}. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in ''*-n-H-ti'' of the type ''*tl-n-h₂-ti'' > ''*tl̥năti'' > ''tollit'' (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in ''*-né-H-ti'', showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix ''*-ye-/-yo-'' to ''*-nă-'', forming ''*-năye-/-năyo-''. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be ''*-aō''. Traditionally, these compound verbs in ''-āre'' were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like {{m|la|occupō|occupō, occupāre}}, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.<ref>{{R:la:Schrijver|page=411}}</ref>

Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include {{cog|gem-pro|*-ōną}} (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is ''*-ōną''), {{cog|grc|-άω|pos=contracted verb}}, {{m|sa|-अयति}} (for the causative in [[Sanskrit]]), {{cog|cel-pro|*-āti}} and {{cog|ine-bsl-pro|*-ā́ˀtei}} (whence the infinite {{cog|sla-pro|*-ati}}, referring again to the whole conjugation).

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|la|*-aēō}} ''(in [[Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/staēō|*staēō]])''

====Suffix====
{{la-suffix-verb|1+|-ō}}

# {{senseid|la|denominative}}{{non-gloss|'''suffixed to nouns or adjectives''' — originally ''a''-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs}}
#: {{m|la|cūra}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|cūrō}}
#: {{m|la|dōnum}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|dōnō}}
#: {{m|la|laus|pos=stem: {{m|la||laud-}}}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|laudō}}
#: {{m|la|multa}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|multō}}
#: {{m|la|nūndinae}} + {{m|la|-or}} → {{m|la|nūndinor}} {{q|{{glossary|deponent}}}}
# {{senseid|la|compound verb}} {{non-gloss|suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs}}
#: {{m|la|con-|com-}} + {{m|la|pellō|pos=pres. act. inf.: {{m|la|pellere}}}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|compellō|pos=pres. act. inf.: {{m|la|compellāre}}}}
#: {{m|la|prō-}} + {{m|la|flīgō|pos=pres. act. inf.: {{m|la|flīgere}}}} + {{m|la||-ō}} → {{m|la|prōflīgō|pos=pres. act. inf.: {{m|la|prōflīgāre}}}}

=====Conjugation=====
{{la-conj|1+.poetsyncperf|-ō|label=verbs with the perfect infix -av-|notes=-}}
{{la-conj|1+|-ō|-u|label=verbs with the perfect infix -u-|note2=p3inf|note3=poetsyncperf}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|la|-o (denominative)}}
{{suffixsee|la|-o (compound verb)}}

=====Descendants=====
{{i|from infinitive -āre:}}
{{top2}}
* {{desc|ast|-ar}}
* {{desc|ca|-ar}}
* {{desc|it|-are}}
* {{desc|frp|-ar}}
* {{desc|fur|-â}}
* {{desc|oc|-ar}}
* {{desc|fro|-er}}, {{desctree|fro|-ier|nolb=1}}
* {{desc|roa-opt|-ar}}
** {{desc|gl|-ar}}
** {{desc|pt|-ar}}
* {{desc|ro|-a}}
* {{desc|sc|-are}}
* {{desc|scn|-ari}}
* {{desc|es|-ar}}
* Borrowings:
** {{desc|en|-ate|bor=1}}
** {{desc|io|-ar|bor=1}}
{{bottom}}

====References====
* {{R:Sihler 1995}}
* {{R:OLD|1|-ō³|1,210/1}}
<references/>

===Etymology 4===
From [[Proto-Italic]] ''*-ō'', from at least two sources:
# [[Proto-Indo-European]] thematic ''*-e-ti'' in which the first person singular ends in ''*-oh₂'' (e.g., {{m|la|agō}} < {{m|ine-pro|*h₂éǵeti}}; {{m|la|coquo}} < {{m|ine-pro|*pékʷeti}}).
# [[Proto-Indo-European]] athematic ''*-ti'', in which the first person singular ends in ''*-mi'' (e.g., {{m|la|dūcō}} < {{m|ine-pro|*déwkti}}; {{m|la|edō}} < {{m|ine-pro|*h₁édti}}; {{m|la|linquō}} < {{m|ine-pro|*linékʷti}}; {{m|la|discō}} < {{m|ine-pro|*deḱ-|*di-dḱ-ské-ti}}).

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|la|-iō}}

====Suffix====
{{la-suffix-verb|3|-ō}}

# {{non-gloss|forms regular third-conjugation verbs}}

=====Conjugation=====
{{la-conj|3.suffix|-ō}}

===Etymology 5===
Dative from {{der|la|itc-ola|-ōi}}, from {{inh|la|itc-pro|*-ōi}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro|*-oey}}.
Ablative from {{der|la|itc-ola|-ōd}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|la|suffix form|head=-ō}}

# {{inflection of|la|-us||dat//abl|m//n|s}}

===Etymology 6===
{{bor+|la|qsb-bal}}. Compare {{cog|sq|-ónjë}}, {{cog|rup|-oanje}}, {{m|rup|-oanji}}, {{m|rup|-onje}} and {{cog|ro|-oaie}}, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

====Suffix====
{{la-suffix-noun|-ō<3>|g=f}}

# {{ng|form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia}}
#: {{sufex|la|Aplis<g:m>|Apl'''o'''<g:f>}}
#: {{sufex|la|Baezus<g:m>|Baez'''o'''<g:f>}}
#: {{sufex|la||alt1=Dasant-|g1=m|Dast'''o'''<g:f>}}
#: {{sufex|la|Ditus<g:m>|Dit'''o'''<g:f>}}
#: {{sufex|la|Paius<g:m>|Pai'''o'''<g:f>}}
#: {{sufex|la|Vendes<g:m>|Vend'''o'''<g:f>}}

====References====
* {{R:Katičić:1976|180}}

===See also===
* [[:Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o]]

==Lithuanian==

===Etymology 1===
From {{der|lt|ine-bsl-pro|*-ā}}; compare {{cog|lv|-a}}, {{cog|sla-pro|*-a||id}}. From the {{der|lt|ine-pro|-}} [[thematic]] masculine [[ablative]] ending {{m|ine-pro|*-ōd}}, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final ''d''. Compare {{cog|sa|-आत्}}, {{cog|la|-ō}} and {{cog|grc|ὄπω|ὄπ-ω|whence}}. In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original [[genitive]] was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare {{cog|prg|-as}}, presumably from {{cog|ine-pro|*-os}}; compare {{cog|hit|𒀸|tr=-as}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|lt|suffix|head=-õ}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[genitive]] [[singular]]s of [[masculine]] a-stem [[noun]]s.}}
# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[genitive]] [[singular]]s of [[masculine]] a-stem [[adjective]]s.}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|lt|suffix|head=-o}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[third person]] [[present]] [[tense]] forms in [[third]] [[declension]] [[verbs]].}}
# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[third person]] [[past]] [[tense]] forms in [[first]] [[declension]] [[verbs]].}}

===Etymology 3===

====Suffix====
{{head|lt|suffix|head=-õ}}

# {{non-gloss|An [[illative]] suffix.}}
#: {{suffixusex|lt|namas|namo}}

=====Synonyms=====
* {{l|lt|-op}}
* {{l|lt|-on}}, {{l|lt|-yn}}, {{l|lt|-ėn}}

==Lower Sorbian==

===Suffix===
{{head|dsb|suffix|cat2=adverb-forming suffixes}}

# [[-ly]] {{gloss|used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner}}

====Synonyms====
* {{l|dsb|-je}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|dsb}}

==Mokilese==

===Suffix===
{{head|mkj|suffix}}

# Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to [[yon]] or [[that]] (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)
#: {{suffixusex|mkj|rais|gloss1=rice|raisso|gloss2=that rice over there, yon rice}}

====Usage notes====
This suffix typically triggers [[gemination]] of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

====References====
* Harrison, Sheldon P., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9zck9g Mokilese Reference Grammar], University of Hawaii Press 1977

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Suffix===
{{head|nn|suffix}}

# Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
# {{nn-former-context|1917}} Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
# {{lb|nn|archaic}}{{lb|nn|nonstandard}} Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

==Old Dutch==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|odt|gmw-pro|*-ō}}, from {{inh|odt|gem-pro|*-ô}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|odt|suffix|cat2=adverb-forming suffixes}}

# {{senseid|odt|adverb}} {{non-gloss|Forms adverbs from adjectives.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|odt|id=adverb}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|dum|-e}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|odt|gmw-pro|*-jō}}, from {{inh|odt|gem-pro|*-jô}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|odt|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# {{senseid|odt|agent noun}} {{non-gloss|Forms [[agent noun]]s from verbs.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|odt|id=agent noun}}

==Old English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|-o}}

===Suffix===
{{ang-suffix}}

# {{lb|ang|Anglian|Kentish}} {{alt form|ang|-e}}, as used to form the {{lg|first person}} {{lg|singular}} {{lg|present}} {{lg|indicative}} of {{lg|strong verbs}} and class I {{lg|weak verbs}}
# {{alt form|ang|-u}}

==Old Galician-Portuguese==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|roa-opt|la|-ō}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|roa-opt|suffix}}

# {{n-g|a suffix indicating the [[first-person singular]] [[present]] [[indicative]] of verbs}}
#: {{suffixusex|roa-opt|amar|gloss1=to love|amo|gloss2=[I] love}}
#: {{suffixusex|roa-opt|querer|gloss1=to want|quero|gloss2=[I] want}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|gl|-o}}
* {{desc|pt|-o}}

==Old High German==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*-ô}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|goh|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms adverbs from adjectives.}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gmh|-e}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*-ô}}.
Cognate to {{cog|ang|-a}}, in {{m|ang|ǣta|t=eater}}, {{cog|non|-i}}, {{cog|got|-𐌰}}, in {{m|got|𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰|t=fisher}}.
In some cases, the root appears in the [[Appendix:Glossary#zero-grade|zero-grade]] as in {{m|goh|boto}} (from {{m|goh|biotan}}).

====Suffix====
{{head|goh|suffix|g=m}}

# {{non-gloss|used to form masculine agents from verbs}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|geban|t1=to give|gëbo|t2=giver}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|sprehhan|t1=to speak|sprëhho|t2=speaker}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|biotan|t1=to offer, send, command|boto|t2=messenger}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|ziohan|t1=to pull, lead|herizogo|t2=army leader}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|sagēn|t1=to say|fora-sago|t2=prophet}}

=====Declension=====
Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like {{m|goh|hano|t=cock}}, {{m|goh|namo|t=name}}, {{m|goh|gomo|t=man}}.

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gmh|-e}}
** {{desc|de|-e}}

In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by {{m|gmh|-er}} (whence German {{m|de|-er}}), as in Middle High German {{m|gmh|gëber}} instead of Old High German {{m|goh|gëbo}}.
Only a few German words still have a final ''-e'' that results from Old High German ''-o''.

==Old Polish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{zlw-opl-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{head|zlw-opl|suffix}}

# {{ng|forms adverbs from adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|zlw-opl|barzy|barzo}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|zlw-opl}}

====See also====
* {{l|zlw-opl|-ie}}

==Old Saxon==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*-ô}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|osx|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms adverbs from adjectives.}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*-ô}}.
Cognate to {{cog|ang|-a}}, in {{m|ang|ǣta|t=eater}}, {{cog|got|-𐌰}}, in {{m|got|𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰|t=fisher}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|osx|suffix|g=m}}

# {{non-gloss|used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|osx|gevan|t1=to give|gevo|t2=giver}}
#: {{suffixusex|osx|beddi|t1=bed|gibeddio|t2=bedfellow}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gml|-e}}

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|pl}} {{dbt|pl|-um}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--o.wav|hh=o,o-,-o-}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix}}

# {{ng|forms adverbs from adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|beztroski|beztrosko}}
# {{ng|forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|dziad|dziadzio}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|pl}}

====See also====
* {{l|pl|-ie}}

==Portuguese==

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA|+<q:stressed on the penultimate syllable>}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|pt|roa-opt|-o}}, from {{inh|pt|la|-um}}.

====Suffix====
{{pt-suffix|noun|pos2=adjective|o}}

# {{non-gloss|forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives}}

===Etymology 2===
{{inh+|pt|roa-opt|-o}}, from {{inh|pt|la|-ō}}, {{m|la|-eō}}, {{m|la|-iō}}. Compare {{cog|gl,es|-o}}.

====Suffix====
{{pt-suffix|verb|o}}

# {{n-g|a suffix indicating the}} {{pt-verb form of|-ar}}
#: {{suffixusex|pt|amar|gloss1=to love|amo|gloss2=[I] love}}
# {{n-g|a suffix indicating the}} {{pt-verb form of|-er}}
#: {{suffixusex|pt|comer|gloss1=to eat|como|gloss2=[I] eat}}
# {{n-g|a suffix indicating the}} {{pt-verb form of|-ir}}
#: {{suffixusex|pt|unir|gloss1=to unite|uno|gloss2=[I] unite}}

==Romani==

===Suffix===
{{head|rom|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns}}
# {{n-g|Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives}}
# {{n-g|Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs}}

==Romanian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|ro|sla-pro|-}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|ro|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Vocative singular}} {{q|feminine}}
#: {{suffixusex|ro|mamă|t1=mother|mamo}}
#: {{suffixusex|ro|focă|t1=seal|foco}}

====Usage notes====
This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|-e}} (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

==Spanish==

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|es|la|-um}}, accusative of {{l|la|-us}}.

====Suffix====
{{es-noun|m}}

# {{n-g|Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun}}
#: {{suffixusex|es|azafata|azafato|t1=female flight-attendant|t2=male flight-attendant}}

===Etymology 2===
{{inh+|es|la|-ō}}.

====Suffix====
{{es-suffix form|verb}}

# suffix indicating the [[first-person singular]] [[present]] [[indicative]] of verbs

==Swahili==

===Etymology 1===

====Suffix====
{{head|sw|suffix}}

# {{n-g|suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as {{m|sw|-aji}}), in conjunction with a noun class prefix}}
#: {{suffixusex|sw|penda|alt1=-penda|t1=to love|upendo|t2=love}}
#: {{suffixusex|sw|enda|alt1=-enda|t1=to go|mwendo|t2=motion}}
# {{n-g|{{sw-cl|2}}, {{sw-cl|3}}, and {{sw-cl|11}} [[Appendix:Swahili_personal_pronouns#Relative|relative]] marker}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|sw}}

=====See also=====
{{sw-concord}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|sw|suffix}}

# {{n-g|nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes}}
#* {{quote-book|sw|author=K. Amri Abedi|title=Ukitaka moyo wangu|passage=Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupa'''o'''|translation=If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you}}

==Swedish==

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|sv|gmq-osw|-u}}, {{m|gmq-osw|-o}}, from {{inh|sv|non|-u}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|sv|suffix}}

# {{lb|sv|archaic}} {{n-g|[[dative]] [[suffix]]}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col6|sv|allo|blindo|borto|däro|förevaro|godo|häro|kvaro|medo|närvaro|ondo|sammo|sammanvaro|samvaro|sutto|tillvaro|utevaro|varo|vedervaro|åsido|äro}}

===Etymology 2===
* Possibly from {{bor|sv|rmu|-o}}, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. {{m|rmu|buro|t=non-Traveller, farmer}}, {{m|rmu|bölo|t=bull}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|sv|/ʊ/}}
* When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

====Suffix====
{{head|sv|suffix|sort=o}}

# {{lb|sv|colloquial}} {{n-g|Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent [[diminutive]] nuance.}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|fylla|t1=drunkenness|fyllo|t2=drunkard}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|fet|t1=fat|fetto|t2=a fatty}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|snygg|t1=handsome|snyggo|t2=handsome ''(noun)''}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|puckad|t1=stupid|pucko|t2=a stupid person}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|lycklig|t1=lucky, fortunate|lyllo|t2=a fortunate person}}

==Volapük==

===Suffix===
{{head|vo|suffix}}

# [[adverb]] ending
# [[-wise]] {{gloss|in the matter of; with regard to}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|vo}}

==Welsh==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cy|/ɔ/}}

===Etymology 1===

====Suffix====
{{head|cy|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|used to form pet names}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|Dai|Deio}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|Gwen|Gwenno}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|Iorwerth|Iolo}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|cy|suffix}}

# {{lb|cy|literary}} {{n-g|verb suffix for the [[third person|third-person]] [[singular]] [[present]] [[subjunctive]]}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|cy|wlm|-aw}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-bry-pro|*-ọβ̃}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|cy|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms [[w:Verbnoun|verbnouns]] from verb stems.}}
#: {{syn|cy|-i|-u}}

=====Usage notes=====
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant ''i'' (though for some such verbs, such as {{m|cy|cynnig}}, the verbnoun is given by dropping the ''i'' from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is ''i'', ''u'', ''eu'', or ''wy''.<ref>{{R:cy:Morris Jones|section=202 iv}}</ref>

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|cy}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|cy|-io||pos=Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech}}

===References===
<references/>