《狼》嘅修訂比較

Browse history interactively

← 上筆差異下個差異 →

內容刪咗內容加咗

VisualWikitext

行內

喺2019年7月30號 (二) 04:45嘅修訂

How to read a taxobox

灰狼

歐亞灰狼

瀕危指標

最唔使理（Least Concern） (LC)

物種分類

域(Domain):	真核域 Eukaryotic
界	動物界 Animalia
Subkingdom:	真後生動物亞界 Eumetazoa
Superphylum:	後口動物總門 Deuterostomia
門	脊索動物門 Chordata
亞門(Subphylum):	脊椎動物亞門 Vertebrata
Infraphylum:	有頷下門 Gnathostomata
超綱Superclass:	四足總綱 Tetrapoda Chordata
綱	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目	食肉目 Carnivora
科	犬科 Canidae
屬	犬屬 Canis
種	狼 C. lupus

二元學名

Canis lupus
(Linnaeus，1758 年)

狼嘅分佈
現今分佈區原分佈區

狼（粵拼：long4；英文：wolf；學名：Canis lupus），又有叫灰狼（grey wolf），係一種源於歐亞大陸同北美洲嘅犬科動物，分佈喺歐亞同北美嘅溫帶地區，包括咗 38 個次物種。狼外形上嘅特徵包括咗以下呢啲：佢哋嘅耳仔同口鼻冇噉尖（同多數犬科比起上嚟），冬天會生一啲又長又濃密嘅毛，啲毛多數以灰色為主（所以個名就叫「灰狼」），不過都有狼係啲毛以白、紅、同黑等為主色嘅。除咗噉，狼仲係現存犬科動物當中最大隻嘅：成年嘅狼公平均有 43 至 45 公斤（95 至 99 磅）重，而成年嘅狼乸就平均有 36 至 38.5 公斤（79 至 85 磅）噉重^[1]^[2]。

狼係犬屬動物裏面最專化嘅物種，位於食物鏈嘅頂層：狼相當強壯，能夠撞擊大隻嘅獵物同輕易噉制服細隻過佢哋嘅動物；狼仲有高度嘅智能同社會性，佢哋有能力同同類溝通，一對對或者一家人（阿爸阿媽同啲仔女）噉樣行動，而且仲曉為咗獵食大型動物而同第啲羣嘅狼合作，彼此之間可以互相協調，作出高度組織化同事先計劃過嘅打獵行動，所以有能力獵食一啲大隻過佢哋一截嘅大型有蹄類動物，好似係駝鹿同加拿大馬鹿呀噉，而佢哋又可以輕易噉捉啲細隻嘅動物（例如係兔仔）嚟食或者食腐肉^[3]^[4]。事實係，狼呢種具有高獵食能力同智能嘅動物通常都係身處地區內嘅頂級掠食者（apex predator；冇第啲物種能夠獵食佢哋嘅物種）－喺多數情況下，得人類同老虎有能力對佢哋造成威脅^[5]。

狼同人類嘅關係密切得嚟又千絲萬縷：喺古代，狼成日都會獵食人類所養嘅牲畜，對好多人類群體嘅生計構成威脅，所以狼同人類嘅關係曾經係相當惡劣嘅－喺古時嘅童話故事同民間傳說當中，狼好多時都扮演奸角（例子有小紅帽同三隻豬仔）^[6]；到咗現代，人類喺科技上嘅進步令到狼群難以再對人類造成威脅，多數狼攻擊人類嘅事件都係因為癲狗病而起嘅，冇癲狗病嘅狼好少可會成功殺死大人，而且仲因為人類嘅打獵活動而開始驚人類同傾向遠離人類；雖然係噉，狼同人類史上嘅深遠關係令到佢哋依然成日出現喺大眾媒體當中，而且仲成為咗現代動物學對其研究得最徹底嘅物種之一^[7]^[8]^[9]。

睇埋

狗
狐狸

攷

↑ Boitani, L., Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2018). "Canis lupus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2018. e.T3746A119623865.
↑ Linnæus, Carl (1758). "Canis Lupus". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40.
↑ Capitani, C. L. A. U. D. I. A., Bertelli, I., Varuzza, P., Scandura, M., & Apollonio, M. (2004). A comparative analysis of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in three different Italian ecosystems. Mammalian Biology, 69(1), 1-10.
↑ Barja, I. (2009). Prey and prey-age preference by the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus in a multiple-prey ecosystem. Wildlife Biology, 15(2), 147-154.
↑ Muro, C., Escobedo, R., Spector, L., & Coppinger, R. P. (2011). Wolf-pack (Canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations. Behavioural processes, 88(3), 192-197.
↑ Trousdale, A. (1989). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?. Children's literature in Education, 20(2), 69-79.
↑ Thiel, R. P., Merrill, S., & Mech, L. D. (1998). Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. Canadian Field Naturalist, 112, 340-342.
↑ Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal cognition, 11(3), 373.
↑ Creel, S., & Rotella, J. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). PloS one, 5(9), e12918.

[boitani2018-1] Boitani, L., Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2018). "Canis lupus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2018. e.T3746A119623865.

[2] Linnæus, Carl (1758). "Canis Lupus". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40.

[3] Capitani, C. L. A. U. D. I. A., Bertelli, I., Varuzza, P., Scandura, M., & Apollonio, M. (2004). A comparative analysis of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in three different Italian ecosystems. Mammalian Biology, 69(1), 1-10.

[4] Barja, I. (2009). Prey and prey-age preference by the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus in a multiple-prey ecosystem. Wildlife Biology, 15(2), 147-154.

[5] Muro, C., Escobedo, R., Spector, L., & Coppinger, R. P. (2011). Wolf-pack (Canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations. Behavioural processes, 88(3), 192-197.

[6] Trousdale, A. (1989). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?. Children's literature in Education, 20(2), 69-79.

[7] Thiel, R. P., Merrill, S., & Mech, L. D. (1998). Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. Canadian Field Naturalist, 112, 340-342.

[8] Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal cognition, 11(3), 373.

[9] Creel, S., & Rotella, J. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). PloS one, 5(9), e12918.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ 第32行： / 第32行： @@
 狼係[[犬屬動物]]裏面最專化嘅物種，位於[[食物鏈]]嘅頂層：狼相當強壯，能夠撞擊大隻嘅獵物同輕易噉制服細隻過佢哋嘅動物；狼仲有高度嘅[[智能]]同社會性，佢哋有能力同同類溝通，一對對或者一家人（阿爸阿媽同啲仔女）噉樣行動，而且仲曉為咗獵食大型動物而同第啲羣嘅狼合作，彼此之間可以互相協調，作出高度組織化同事先計劃過嘅打獵行動，所以有能力獵食一啲大隻過佢哋一截嘅大型[[有蹄類]]動物，好似係[[駝鹿]]同[[加拿大馬鹿]]呀噉，而佢哋又可以輕易噉捉啲細隻嘅動物（例如係[[兔仔]]）嚟食或者食[[腐肉]]<ref>Capitani, C. L. A. U. D. I. A., Bertelli, I., Varuzza, P., Scandura, M., & Apollonio, M. (2004). A comparative analysis of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in three different Italian ecosystems. ''Mammalian Biology'', 69(1), 1-10.</ref><ref>Barja, I. (2009). Prey and prey-age preference by the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus in a multiple-prey ecosystem. ''Wildlife Biology'', 15(2), 147-154.</ref>。事實係，狼呢種具有高獵食能力同智能嘅動物通常都係身處地區內嘅[[頂級掠食者]]（apex predator；冇第啲物種能夠獵食佢哋嘅物種）－喺多數情況下，得[[人類]]同[[老虎]]有能力對佢哋造成威脅<ref>Muro, C., Escobedo, R., Spector, L., & Coppinger, R. P. (2011). Wolf-pack (Canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations. ''Behavioural processes'', 88(3), 192-197.</ref>。
-狼同人類嘅關係密切得嚟又千絲萬縷：喺古代，狼成日都會獵食人類所養嘅[[牲畜]]，對好多人類群體嘅生計構成威脅，所以狼同人類嘅關係曾經係相當惡劣嘅－喺古時嘅[[童話故事]]同民間傳說當中，狼好多時都扮演奸角（例子有[[小紅帽]]同[[三隻豬仔]]）<ref>Trousdale, A. (1989). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?. ''Children's literature in Education'', 20(2), 69-79.</ref>；到咗現代，人類喺[[科技]]上嘅進步令到狼群難以再對人類造成威脅，多數狼攻擊人類嘅事件都係因為[[癲狗病]]而起嘅，冇癲狗病嘅狼好少可會成功殺死大人，而且仲因為人類嘅打獵活動而開始驚人類同傾向遠離人類；雖然係噉，狼同人類史上嘅深遠關係令到佢哋成日出現喺大眾媒體當中，而且仲成為咗現代[[動物學]]對其研究得最徹底嘅物種之一<ref>Thiel, R. P., Merrill, S., & Mech, L. D. (1998). Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. ''Canadian Field Naturalist'', 112, 340-342.</ref><ref>Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). ''Animal cognition'', 11(3), 373.</ref><ref>Creel, S., & Rotella, J. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). ''PloS one'', 5(9), e12918.</ref>。
+狼同人類嘅關係密切得嚟又千絲萬縷：喺古代，狼成日都會獵食人類所養嘅[[牲畜]]，對好多人類群體嘅生計構成威脅，所以狼同人類嘅關係曾經係相當惡劣嘅－喺古時嘅[[童話故事]]同民間傳說當中，狼好多時都扮演奸角（例子有[[小紅帽]]同[[三隻豬仔]]）<ref>Trousdale, A. (1989). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?. ''Children's literature in Education'', 20(2), 69-79.</ref>；到咗現代，人類喺[[科技]]上嘅進步令到狼群難以再對人類造成威脅，多數狼攻擊人類嘅事件都係因為[[癲狗病]]而起嘅，冇癲狗病嘅狼好少可會成功殺死大人，而且仲因為人類嘅打獵活動而開始驚人類同傾向遠離人類；雖然係噉，狼同人類史上嘅深遠關係令到佢哋依然成日出現喺[[大眾媒體]]當中，而且仲成為咗現代[[動物學]]對其研究得最徹底嘅物種之一<ref>Thiel, R. P., Merrill, S., & Mech, L. D. (1998). Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. ''Canadian Field Naturalist'', 112, 340-342.</ref><ref>Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). ''Animal cognition'', 11(3), 373.</ref><ref>Creel, S., & Rotella, J. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). ''PloS one'', 5(9), e12918.</ref>。
 == 睇埋 ==