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美国联邦军事院校：修订间差异

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{{Expand|time=2017-07-05T04:04:59+00:00}}
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{{Translating|[[:en:United States service academies]]||tpercent=20|time=now}}
[[File:USMA Color Guard on Parade.jpg|thumb|right|西点军校生在队列行进中]]
[[File:USMA Color Guard on Parade.jpg|thumb|right|西点军校生在队列行进中]]
'''美国联邦军事院校'''一般指的是五所由[[美国联邦政府|联邦政府]]直接运作，专门用来为[[美国军队]]培养军官的军事院校。他们分别为[[西点军校|西点军校（陆军学院）]]、[[美国海军学院|海军学院]]、[[美国空军学院|空军学院]]、[[美国海岸警卫队学院|海警学院]]和{{Link-en|美国商船学院|United States Merchant Marine Academy|商船学院}}。除此之外，还有几所军事[[预科]]和[[研究所]]也是由联邦政府所经营。
'''美国联邦军事院校'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/militaryacademies-20091208-78825012/1009634.html |title=美国之音：美国的军校 |access-date=2017-06-08 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415062418/https://www.voachinese.com/a/militaryacademies-20091208-78825012/1009634.html }}</ref>（{{lang-en|'''United States Service Academies'''}}）一般指的是五所由[[美国联邦政府|联邦政府]]直接运作，专门用来为[[美国军队]]培养军官的军事院校。他们分别为[[西点军校|陆军学院]]、[[美国海军学院|海军学院]]、[[美国空军学院|空军学院]]、[[美国海岸防卫队学院|海防学院]]和{{Link-en|美国商船学院|United States Merchant Marine Academy|商船学院}}。除此之外，还有几所军事[[预科]]和[[研究所]]也是由联邦政府所经营。


== 简介 ==
== 简介 ==
=== 定义 ===
=== 定义 ===
[[File:US Navy 031101-N-0399H-006 The U.S. Naval Academy Brigade of Midshipmen stands in formation during opening ceremonies.jpg|thumb|right|海军学院军校生]]
[[File:US Navy 031101-N-0399H-006 The U.S. Naval Academy Brigade of Midshipmen stands in formation during opening ceremonies.jpg|thumb|right|海军学院军校生]]
联邦军事院校可以指所有由联邦政府直接运作的军事学校。但一般情况下，仅通常指陆、海、空、海警这四所军事学府。只有这四所学校的军校生从入学那天起便以现役军人的身份在校学习。商船学院的学生则可以在现役和预备役之间进行选择，还可选择进入[[美国国家海洋和大气管理局|国家海洋和大气管理局]]和{{Link-en|美国公共卫生局|United States Public Health Service|公共卫生局}}。大部分毕业生一般选择进入{{Link-en|美国海军预备役|United States Navy Reserve|海军预备役}}，并参与战略海上补给军官项目（Strategic Sealift Officer Program）。在大学美式足球方面，联邦军事院校则一般指陆、海、空三所参与{{Link-en|全美大学体育协会第一级联赛|Division I (NCAA)}}的军校，这三所学校每年还要进行{{Link-en|总司令杯|Commander-in-Chief's Trophy}}的竞逐。海警和商船学院则参加全美大学体育协会第三级联赛（NCAA Division III），二者每年将争夺{{Link-en|部长杯|Secretaries Cup}}的归属。
联邦军事院校可以指所有由联邦政府直接运作的军事学校。但一般情况下，仅通常指陆、海、空、海巡这四所军事学府。只有这四所学校的军校生从入学那天起便以现役军人的身份在校学习。商船学院的学生则可以在现役和预备役之间进行选择，还可选择进入[[美国国家海洋和大气管理局|国家海洋和大气管理局]]和[[美國公共衛生局|公共卫生局]]。大部分毕业生一般选择进入[[美國海軍預備役|海军预备役]]，并参与战略海上补给军官项目（Strategic Sealift Officer Program）。在大学美式足球方面，联邦军事院校则一般指陆、海、空三所参与[[全美大学体育协会第一级联赛]]的军校，这三所学校每年还要进行{{Link-en|总司令杯|Commander-in-Chief's Trophy}}的竞逐。海巡和商船学院则参加全美大学体育协会第三级联赛（NCAA Division III），二者每年将争夺{{Link-en|部长杯|Secretaries Cup}}的归属。


{{TransH}}
=== 申请和录取 ===
=== 申请和录取 ===
[[File:AFA Glider.jpg|thumb|right|空军学院军校生在进行飞行练习]]
[[File:AFA Glider.jpg|thumb|right|空军学院军校生在进行飞行练习]]
Applicants to all service academies, except the United States Coast Guard Academy, are required to obtain a nomination to the schools. Nominations may be made by Congressional Representatives, Senators, the Vice President and the President. Applicants to the Coast Guard Academy compete in a direct nationwide competitive process that has no by-state quotas.


The admissions process to the US service academies is an extensive and very competitive process. The US Military Academy at West Point, the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the US Air Force Academy at Colorado Spring all require an applicant to submit an on-line file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.com as one of the most selective colleges and universities in America. The average acceptance rate is between 8-15% for each of the schools.


=== 在校期间 ===
=== 在校期间 ===

Students at the [[United States Military Academy]], the [[United States Air Force Academy]], and the [[United States Coast Guard Academy]] are [[cadets]]. Students at the [[United States Naval Academy]] and the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of O1 under 2 years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive taxable pay at $1006.80 a month only during their required 300+ days at sea during their 4 year studies.


=== 毕业前后 ===
=== 毕业前后 ===
Upon graduation, the former students become [[second lieutenant]]s or [[Ensign (rank)|ensigns]] and must serve a minimum term of duty, usually five years plus another three years in the [[Reserve components of the United States armed forces|Reserves]]. If the student's chosen occupation requires particularly extensive training (such as [[naval aviator]]), the tour of duty may be longer.

With respect to the Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen repay their service obligations through a variety of methods depending on their selected career path. On average, about one third of the graduating class each year will actively sail on their Coast Guard License as either Unlimited [[Third Mate]]s or [[Third Assistant Engineer]]s in the [[United States Merchant Marine]], about one third will go to work in the civilian Maritime Industry ashore, and the remaining one third will enter active duty military service. A midshipman who enters active duty military service will typically assume a similar service obligation to those cadets and midshipmen entering the military services from their respective service academies (i.e. a Merchant Marine midshipman entering the U.S. Marine Corps would assume a similar obligation to a midshipman from the Naval Academy entering the Marine Corps). Merchant Marine midshipmen not entering active duty typically assume an eight year obligation to the Naval Reserve Strategic Sealift Officer Program, unless they have elected to enter another reserve branch of the armed forces. In addition, midshipmen who do not service on active duty are restricted from working outside the Maritime Industry or Merchant Marine for a period of five years following graduation and must seek annual [[MARAD]] approval for their employment.


== 其他 ==
== 其他 ==
=== 研究所 ===
=== 研究所 ===
The United States federal government also runs the [[Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences]], a post-graduate institution for the training of doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals for the military and uniformed services. Additionally each of the services also operate a number of other graduate schools, granting Master's and in some cases Doctoral degrees. These schools include:
* [[National Defense University]] (Washington, D.C.)
* [[U.S. Army War College]] (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)
* [[U.S. Army Command and General Staff College]] (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)
* [[U.S. Naval War College]] (Newport, Rhode Island)
* [[Naval Postgraduate School]] (Monterey, California)
* [[Air University (United States Air Force)|Air University]] (Montgomery, Alabama)
* [[Marine Corps University]] (Quantico, Virginia)
Every commissioned officer in the United States armed forces is expected to have a post-graduate degree and [[Joint Professional Military Education]] prior to promotion to lieutenant colonel or commander. One more institution that does not fit neatly is the [[National Defense Intelligence College]] which is run by the Defense Intelligence Agency ([[DIA]]) for the benefit of the [[United States Intelligence Community]]. It grants both Bachelor's and Master's degrees.

The DoD also runs three schools for the training of lawyers within the military services (i.e., [[Judge Advocate General's Corps|judge advocates]]). [[The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School]] serves the Army; the [[Naval Justice School]] collectively serves the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard; and the [[United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps#JAG School|Air Force Judge Advocate General School]] serves the Air Force. Of these, only the Army school actually awards a degree. It operates a special graduate course of study for lawyers in all of the services, known as the [[The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School#Master of Laws|Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course]]. This program is accredited by the [[American Bar Association]] to grant the [[Master of Laws]] to its graduates.


=== 预科 ===
=== 预科 ===
These schools provide for strengthening of academic potential of candidates to each of the above-described United States service academies. Admission is restricted to those students who have applied to an academy, failed initially to qualify, either academically or physically, but who have demonstrated an ability to qualify during the initial admission selection process:
* [[United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School]]
** Prepares students for the Air Force Academy.
** Located on the campus of the Air Force Academy in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]].
* [[United States Military Academy Preparatory School]]
** Prepares students for the United States Military Academy (West Point).
** Presently located at West Point since 2011.
* [[Naval Academy Preparatory School]] ('''NAPS''')
** The only prep school for students for the United States Naval Academy (Annapolis)
** Located at [[Newport, Rhode Island]].
* United States Coast Guard Academy (CGA Scholars Program)
** If selected for the scholarship, the students will attend either the [[Georgia Military College]] (located in [[Milledgeville, Georgia]]) or the [[Marion Military Institute]] (located in [[Marion, Alabama]]) for a ten-month preparatory program.
* United States Merchant Marine Academy
** If selected for the scholarship, the students will attend [[New Mexico Military Institute]] (located in [[Roswell, New Mexico]] for an academic year in the preparatory program.
{{TransF}}


== 图集 ==
== 图集 ==
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File:Naval Academy chapel.jpg|海军学院
File:Naval Academy chapel.jpg|海军学院
File:USAFA air gardens.jpg|空军学院
File:USAFA air gardens.jpg|空军学院
File:Uscga front view.jpg|海警学院
File:Uscga front view.jpg|海巡学院
</gallery>
</gallery>


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* [[美国初级军事院校]]
* [[美国初级军事院校]]


== 参考资料 ==
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* {{en}} [http://www.usma.edu 西点军校]
* {{en}} [http://www.usma.edu 陸軍學院] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usma.edu/ |date=20060910092935 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.usna.edu 海军学院]
* {{en}} [http://www.usna.edu 海军学院] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usna.edu/ |date=20160906180027 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.usafa.edu 空军学院]
* {{en}} [http://www.usafa.edu 空军学院] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usafa.edu/ |date=20210417151035 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.uscga.edu 海警学院]
* {{en}} [http://www.uscga.edu 海巡学院] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uscga.edu/ |date=20210430210415 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.usmma.edu 商船学院]
* {{en}} [http://www.usmma.edu 商船学院] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usmma.edu/ |date=20210427221007 }}


{{-}}
{{United States Military Academies and Colleges}}
⚫
{{United States federal service academies}}
{{US military navbox}}
{{US military navbox}}


[[Category:美国联邦军事院校|*]]
[[Category:美国联邦军事院校| ]]
[[Category:美国陆军学校|*]]
[[Category:美国陆军学校|*]]
[[Category:美国海军学校|*]]
[[Category:美國海軍學校與訓練|*]]
[[Category:美国空军学校|*]]
[[Category:美国空军学校|*]]

2022年7月15日 (五) 04:03的最新版本

西点军校生在队列行进中

美国联邦军事院校[1]（英語：United States Service Academies）一般指的是五所由联邦政府直接运作，专门用来为美国军队培养军官的军事院校。他们分别为陆军学院、海军学院、空军学院、海防学院和商船学院（英语：United States Merchant Marine Academy）。除此之外，还有几所军事预科和研究所也是由联邦政府所经营。

简介

[编辑]

定义

[编辑]
海军学院军校生

联邦军事院校可以指所有由联邦政府直接运作的军事学校。但一般情况下，仅通常指陆、海、空、海巡这四所军事学府。只有这四所学校的军校生从入学那天起便以现役军人的身份在校学习。商船学院的学生则可以在现役和预备役之间进行选择，还可选择进入国家海洋和大气管理局和公共卫生局。大部分毕业生一般选择进入海军预备役，并参与战略海上补给军官项目（Strategic Sealift Officer Program）。在大学美式足球方面，联邦军事院校则一般指陆、海、空三所参与全美大学体育协会第一级联赛的军校，这三所学校每年还要进行总司令杯（英语：Commander-in-Chief's Trophy）的竞逐。海巡和商船学院则参加全美大学体育协会第三级联赛（NCAA Division III），二者每年将争夺部长杯（英语：Secretaries Cup）的归属。

申请和录取

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空军学院军校生在进行飞行练习


在校期间

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毕业前后

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其他

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研究所

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预科

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图集

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  • 西点军校
    西点军校
  • 海军学院
    海军学院
  • 空军学院
    空军学院
  • 海巡学院
    海巡学院

另见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 美国之音：美国的军校. [2017-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）. 

外部链接

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=美国联邦军事院校&oldid=72681572”