皮膜骨：修订间差异
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'''皮膜骨（{{lang-en|dermal bone 或 investing bone 或 membrane bone}} |
'''皮膜骨'''（'''{{lang-en|dermal bone}}''' 或 '''{{lang|en|investing bone}}''' 或 '''{{lang|en|membrane bone}}'''）是[[脊椎动物|脊椎動物]]骨骼內膜內組織硬化形成的骨質組織。皮膜骨出現在[[颅骨|頭骨]]、[[下颌骨|顎骨]]、[[鳃|鰓蓋]]、[[肩胛骨|肩帶]]、[[魚鰭]]以及甲殼（龜類）中。不同於硬化軟骨（endochondral bone），皮膜骨並不來源於鈣化的軟骨組織<ref name="Bu15">{{cite journal|title=Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in vertebrates: a comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha|first1=V.|last2=Clarac|first2=F.|journal=Journal of Morphology|issue=4|doi=10.1002/jmor.20351|year=2015|volume=276|pages=425–445|pmid=25488816|last3=Fau|first3=M.|last4=Martin|first4=S.|last5=Martin|first5=B.|last6=Pellé|first6=E.|last7=Laurin|first7=M.|last1=de Buffrénil}}</ref>。皮膜骨與真皮一同形成，並在隨後成骨細胞的發育中不斷累積。 |
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儘管在顱骨頂和顱後結構中皮膜骨的形狀和數量都有所變化，但脊椎動物都保留了一些皮膜骨的功能。 在[[硬骨魚]]中的魚鰭和鱗片中都發現了皮膜骨。鎖骨是皮膜骨的一個特殊例子。一些皮膜骨功能涉及生物力學方面，例如保護自身免受掠食者的捕食<ref name=Ch11>{{cite journal| last1=Chen |first1=I.H. | last2=Kiang |first2=J.H.| last3=Correa |first3=V.| last4=Lopeza | first4=M.I.| last5=Chen |first5=P.Y.| last6=McKittrick |first6=J.|last7=Meyers |first7=M.A.|year=2011 |title=Armadillo armor: mechanical testing and micro-structural evaluation.|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=4|issue=5 |pages=713–722 |doi= 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.12.013}}</ref><ref name=Br15>{{cite journal| last1=Broeckhoven|first1=Chris | last2=Diedericks |first2=G.| last3=Mouton |first3=P. le Fras N.| year=2015 |title=What doesn’t kill you might make you stronger: functional basis for variation in body armour |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=84|pages=1213–1221|doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12414 | pmid=26104546}}</ref><ref name=Cl19b>{{cite journal| last1=Clarac |first1=F. | last2=Goussard |first2=F.| last3=de Buffrénil |first3=V.| last4=Sansalone| first4=V.|year=2019 |title=The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=182–200 | doi=10.1017/pab.2018.48}}</ref>。 皮膜骨還被認為與生態生理有關，例如取暖時在身體與周圍環境之間進行熱傳遞（如[[鳄目|鱷魚]]）<ref name=Cl19>{{cite journal| last1=Clarac |first1=F. | last2= Quilhac |first2= A.|year=2019 |title= The crocodylian skull and osteoderms: A functional exaptation to ectothermy?|journal=Zoology |volume=132|pages=31–40 | doi=10.1016/j.zool.2018.12.001}}</ref>，以及長時間呼吸暫停期間骨骼對[[酸中毒]]的中和（如鱷類和海龜）<ref name=Ja99>{{cite journal| last1=Jackson |first1=D.C. | last2= Goldberger |first2=Z.| last3= Visuri |first3=J.| last4= Armstrong | first4=R.N.|year=1999 |title= Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitro and their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=202|pages=503-520}}</ref><ref name="Ja03">{{cite journal|title=Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, following capture and forced submergence|author=|url=|first1=DC.|last2=Andrade|first2=D.|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|issue=|doi=10.1242/jeb.00611|others=|year=2003|volume=206|page=|pages=3601–3606|pmid=|last3=Abe|first3=AS.|last1=Jackson}}</ref>。 這些生態生理功能取決於在皮膜骨內部或其上方的血管網絡<ref name="Cl18">{{cite journal|title=Vascularization in ornamentedosteoderms: physiological implications in ectothermy and amphibious lifestyle in the crocodylomorphs?|author=|url=|first1=F.|last2=de Buffrénil|first2=V.|journal=Anatomical Record|issue=|doi=10.1002/ar.23695|others=|year=2018|volume=301|page=|pages=175–183|pmid=|last3=Cubo|first3=J.|last4=Quilhac|first4=A.|last1=Clarac}}</ref>。 |
儘管在顱骨頂和顱後結構中皮膜骨的形狀和數量都有所變化，但脊椎動物都保留了一些皮膜骨的功能。 在[[硬骨魚]]中的魚鰭和鱗片中都發現了皮膜骨。鎖骨是皮膜骨的一個特殊例子。一些皮膜骨功能涉及生物力學方面，例如保護自身免受掠食者的捕食<ref name=Ch11>{{cite journal| last1=Chen |first1=I.H. | last2=Kiang |first2=J.H.| last3=Correa |first3=V.| last4=Lopeza | first4=M.I.| last5=Chen |first5=P.Y.| last6=McKittrick |first6=J.|last7=Meyers |first7=M.A.|year=2011 |title=Armadillo armor: mechanical testing and micro-structural evaluation.|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=4|issue=5 |pages=713–722 |doi= 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.12.013}}</ref><ref name=Br15>{{cite journal| last1=Broeckhoven|first1=Chris | last2=Diedericks |first2=G.| last3=Mouton |first3=P. le Fras N.| year=2015 |title=What doesn’t kill you might make you stronger: functional basis for variation in body armour |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=84|pages=1213–1221|doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12414 | pmid=26104546}}</ref><ref name=Cl19b>{{cite journal| last1=Clarac |first1=F. | last2=Goussard |first2=F.| last3=de Buffrénil |first3=V.| last4=Sansalone| first4=V.|year=2019 |title=The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=182–200 | doi=10.1017/pab.2018.48}}</ref>。 皮膜骨還被認為與生態生理有關，例如取暖時在身體與周圍環境之間進行熱傳遞（如[[鳄目|鱷魚]]）<ref name=Cl19>{{cite journal| last1=Clarac |first1=F. | last2= Quilhac |first2= A.|year=2019 |title= The crocodylian skull and osteoderms: A functional exaptation to ectothermy?|journal=Zoology |volume=132|pages=31–40 | doi=10.1016/j.zool.2018.12.001}}</ref>，以及長時間呼吸暫停期間骨骼對[[酸中毒]]的中和（如鱷類和海龜）<ref name=Ja99>{{cite journal| last1=Jackson |first1=D.C. | last2= Goldberger |first2=Z.| last3= Visuri |first3=J.| last4= Armstrong | first4=R.N.|year=1999 |title= Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitro and their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=202|pages=503-520}}</ref><ref name="Ja03">{{cite journal|title=Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, following capture and forced submergence|author=|url=|first1=DC.|last2=Andrade|first2=D.|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|issue=|doi=10.1242/jeb.00611|others=|year=2003|volume=206|page=|pages=3601–3606|pmid=|last3=Abe|first3=AS.|last1=Jackson}}</ref>。 這些生態生理功能取決於在皮膜骨內部或其上方的血管網絡<ref name="Cl18">{{cite journal|title=Vascularization in ornamentedosteoderms: physiological implications in ectothermy and amphibious lifestyle in the crocodylomorphs?|author=|url=|first1=F.|last2=de Buffrénil|first2=V.|journal=Anatomical Record|issue=|doi=10.1002/ar.23695|others=|year=2018|volume=301|page=|pages=175–183|pmid=|last3=Cubo|first3=J.|last4=Quilhac|first4=A.|last1=Clarac}}</ref>。 |
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[[Category:恐龙解剖学]] |
[[Category:恐龙解剖学]] |
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2020年8月17日 (一) 13:46的版本
皮膜骨（英語：dermal bone 或 investing bone 或 membrane bone）是脊椎動物骨骼內膜內組織硬化形成的骨質組織。皮膜骨出現在頭骨、顎骨、鰓蓋、肩帶、魚鰭以及甲殼（龜類）中。不同於硬化軟骨（endochondral bone），皮膜骨並不來源於鈣化的軟骨組織[1]。皮膜骨與真皮一同形成，並在隨後成骨細胞的發育中不斷累積。
儘管在顱骨頂和顱後結構中皮膜骨的形狀和數量都有所變化，但脊椎動物都保留了一些皮膜骨的功能。 在硬骨魚中的魚鰭和鱗片中都發現了皮膜骨。鎖骨是皮膜骨的一個特殊例子。一些皮膜骨功能涉及生物力學方面，例如保護自身免受掠食者的捕食[2][3][4]。 皮膜骨還被認為與生態生理有關，例如取暖時在身體與周圍環境之間進行熱傳遞（如鱷魚）[5]，以及長時間呼吸暫停期間骨骼對酸中毒的中和（如鱷類和海龜）[6][7]。 這些生態生理功能取決於在皮膜骨內部或其上方的血管網絡[8]。
參考資料
- ^ de Buffrénil, V.; Clarac, F.; Fau, M.; Martin, S.; Martin, B.; Pellé, E.; Laurin, M. Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in vertebrates: a comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha. Journal of Morphology. 2015, 276 (4): 425–445. PMID 25488816. doi:10.1002/jmor.20351.
- ^ Chen, I.H.; Kiang, J.H.; Correa, V.; Lopeza, M.I.; Chen, P.Y.; McKittrick, J.; Meyers, M.A. Armadillo armor: mechanical testing and micro-structural evaluation.. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2011, 4 (5): 713–722. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.12.013.
- ^ Broeckhoven, Chris; Diedericks, G.; Mouton, P. le Fras N. What doesn’t kill you might make you stronger: functional basis for variation in body armour. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2015, 84: 1213–1221. PMID 26104546. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12414.
- ^ Clarac, F.; Goussard, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Sansalone, V. The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis. Paleobiology. 2019, 45 (1): 182–200. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.48.
- ^ Clarac, F.; Quilhac, A. The crocodylian skull and osteoderms: A functional exaptation to ectothermy?. Zoology. 2019, 132: 31–40. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.12.001.
- ^ Jackson, D.C.; Goldberger, Z.; Visuri, J.; Armstrong, R.N. Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitro and their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999, 202: 503–520.
- ^ Jackson, DC.; Andrade, D.; Abe, AS. Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, following capture and forced submergence. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2003, 206: 3601–3606. doi:10.1242/jeb.00611.
- ^ Clarac, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Cubo, J.; Quilhac, A. Vascularization in ornamentedosteoderms: physiological implications in ectothermy and amphibious lifestyle in the crocodylomorphs?. Anatomical Record. 2018, 301: 175–183. doi:10.1002/ar.23695.
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