| abstract |
An electrical system includes a battery pack, sensors, and a controller. The configured sensors output measured status signals that indicate an actual status of the rear of the battery, including a corresponding actual voltage, current, and temperature of each of the multiple battery cells. The controller executes a method to generate an estimated state of the plurality of battery cells in response to the measured status signals using a respective open circuit voltage and a low-frequency transient voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells. The controller estimates the low frequency transient voltages using a porous electrode transient model (PET) as part of a model set, the PET model having open circuit voltage elements that represent an uneven charge distribution within a cell electrode. The state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack is estimated from the estimated voltages. An operating state of the electrical system is controlled in real time in response to the estimated SOC. |