| abstract |
High yields of aromatic, aromatic acetic and olefinic acids, esters, amides and the like are derived from a process wherein a halo-hydrocarbon is carbonylated in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a hindered amine base and phosphine in excess. The hindered amine base can comprise C₃-C₁₀ branched alkyls, cyclic compounds, or mixtures of the above. The preferred amine is N,N-diisopropylethyl amine. The preferred catalyst is PdCl₂(PPH₃)₂ with the excess phosphine generally supplied by a compound of the formula PR¹R²R³ where R¹,R² and R³ are preferably phenyl. |