| abstract |
This invention relates generally to articles, devices, and methods for inhibiting or preventing the formation of scale during various industrial processes. In certain embodiments, a vessel is provided for use in an industrial process, the vessel including a surface in contact with a mineral solution, wherein the surface is provided or is modified to have γ polar /γ total no greater than about 0.2 and/or the surface is provided or is modified to have a surface energy γ no greater than about 32 mJ/m 2 , thereby providing resistance to mineral scale deposits thereupon. |