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- Canonized Islamic scripture are texts which Muslims believe were revealed by God through various prophets throughout humanity's history—specifically the Quran and Hadith. Muslims believe the Quran to be the final revelation of God to mankind, and a completion and confirmation of previous scriptures. It was believed to have been revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad from 620 CE to 632 CE, and canonized in an official, unified text during the caliphate of Rashidun Uthman, around 650 CE. Other Islamic holy books considered by Muslims to be revealed by God before the Quran, mentioned by name in the Quran are the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Dawud (David) and the Injil (the Gospel) revealed to Isa (Jesus). The Quran also mentions God revealing the scrolls of Abraham and the scrolls of Moses. Most self-professed Muslims also consider the hadith (words, actions, and silent approvals attributed to Muhammad) to be divine revelation. In their view, they are important because they give detailed direction to Muslims on far more issues than does the Quran so that most of the rules of Sharia are derived from hadith, rather than the Quran. Hadiths however are not universally accepted by Muslims; many claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad. Not only were the hadith collections compiled centuries after the Quran, but their canonization also came much later. The two "most famous" collections of hadith -- sahihayn of al-Bukhari and Muslim al-Qushayri—began to be accepted as authentic by the Malikis and Hanbali school of fiqh in the mid-5th AH/11th CE century. While hadith are considered divine revelation, the collections of them do not have the same status as copies of the Quran. (en)
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