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The Dix–Hill Cartel was the first official system for exchanging prisoners during the American Civil War. It was signed by Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill at Haxall's Landing on the James River in Virginia on July 22, 1862. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for captured officers to be exchanged for fixed numbers of enlisted men, and agents from each side were appointed to conduct the exchanges at particular locations. Prisoners could also be released on parole.

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  • The Dix–Hill Cartel was the first official system for exchanging prisoners during the American Civil War. It was signed by Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill at Haxall's Landing on the James River in Virginia on July 22, 1862. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for captured officers to be exchanged for fixed numbers of enlisted men, and agents from each side were appointed to conduct the exchanges at particular locations. Prisoners could also be released on parole. The system began to break down when the Confederates classified African-American prisoners of war as fugitive slaves, who ought to be returned to their owners instead of being exchanged. On July 30, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued General Orders 252, which effectively suspended the Dix–Hill Cartel until the Confederate forces agreed to treat black prisoners the same as white prisoners. In August 1864, General Grant refused to reinstate the full agreement because the Union by that time held many more Confederate soldiers as prisoners than there were Union soldiers held by the Confederacy, though some exchanges continued, and they officially resumed in January 1865. (en)
  • El cartel de Dix-Hill fue el primer sistema oficial de intercambio de prisioneros durante la guerra civil estadounidense. Fue firmado por el General de División de la Unión John A. Dix y el General de División Confederado D. H. Hill en Haxall's Landing en el río James en Virginia el 22 de julio de 1862. En el acuerdo se estableció una escala de equivalencias para los oficiales capturados que se intercambiarían por un número fijo de hombres alistados, y se designaron agentes de cada parte para que realizaran los intercambios en lugares concretos. Los prisioneros también pueden ser puestos en libertad condicional. El sistema comenzó a quebrarse cuando los confederados clasificaron a los cautivos afroamericanos como esclavos fugitivos, que debían ser devueltos a sus dueños en lugar de ser intercambiados. El 30 de julio de 1863, el presidente Abraham Lincoln emitió la Orden General 252,​ que efectivamente suspendió el cartel de Dix-Hill hasta que las fuerzas confederadas acordaran tratar a los prisioneros negros de la misma manera que a los prisioneros blancos. En agosto de 1864, el general Grant se negó a restablecer el acuerdo completo porque la Unión ya tenía prisioneros a muchos más soldados confederados que los soldados de la Unión retenidos por la Confederación,​ aunque algunos intercambios continuaron, y se reanudaron oficialmente en enero de 1865.​ (es)
  • Le Cartel Dix–Hill est signé pendant la Guerre de Sécession, entre John A. Dix (major general de l'Union) et D.H. Hill (major general de la Confédération) ; il vise à établir un échange de prisonniers entre les deux puissances belligérantes. (fr)
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  • Le Cartel Dix–Hill est signé pendant la Guerre de Sécession, entre John A. Dix (major general de l'Union) et D.H. Hill (major general de la Confédération) ; il vise à établir un échange de prisonniers entre les deux puissances belligérantes. (fr)
  • The Dix–Hill Cartel was the first official system for exchanging prisoners during the American Civil War. It was signed by Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill at Haxall's Landing on the James River in Virginia on July 22, 1862. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for captured officers to be exchanged for fixed numbers of enlisted men, and agents from each side were appointed to conduct the exchanges at particular locations. Prisoners could also be released on parole. (en)
  • El cartel de Dix-Hill fue el primer sistema oficial de intercambio de prisioneros durante la guerra civil estadounidense. Fue firmado por el General de División de la Unión John A. Dix y el General de División Confederado D. H. Hill en Haxall's Landing en el río James en Virginia el 22 de julio de 1862. (es)
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  • Cartel de Dix-Hill (es)
  • Dix–Hill Cartel (en)
  • Cartel Dix-Hill (fr)
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