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- تتمتع رأسيات القدم بتاريخ جيولوجي طويل مع أول نوتويدات تم إيجادها في طبقات العصر الكامبري المتأخرة وممثلين عن مجموعة جذعية مزعومة حاضرين في أقرب وقت ممكن للكامبريين. تطورت الطبقة خلال العصر الكامبري الأوسط وخضعت لنبضات من التنوع خلال العصر الأوردوفيشي لتصبح متنوعة خلال بحار حقبة الحياة القديمة والوسطى. (ar)
- The cephalopods have a long geological history, with the first nautiloids found in late Cambrian strata, and purported stem-group representatives present in the earliest Cambrian lagerstätten. The class developed during the middle Cambrian, and underwent pulses of diversification during the Ordovician period to become diverse and dominant in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Small shelly fossils such as Tommotia were once interpreted as early cephalopods, but today these tiny fossils are recognized as sclerites of larger animals, and the earliest accepted cephalopods date to the Middle Cambrian Period. During the Cambrian, cephalopods are most common in shallow near-shore environments, but they have been found in deeper waters too. Cephalopods were thought to have "undoubtedly" arisen from within the tryblidiid monoplacophoran clade. However genetic studies suggest that they are more basal, forming a sister group to the Scaphopoda but otherwise basal to all other major mollusc classes. The internal phylogeny of Mollusca, however, is wide open to interpretation – see mollusc phylogeny. (en)
- Os cefalópodes têm uma longa história geológica, sendo os primeiros nautilóides encontrados no estrato do Cambriano superior, e supostos representantes do grupo coroa presentes em lagerstätte do Cambriano inferior. A classe desenvolveu-se durante o Cambriano médio, e passou por pulsos de diversificação durante o período Ordoviciano, tornando-se diverso e dominante nos mares do Paleozoico e Mesozoico. Fauna tomotiana como foram outrora interpretados como cefalópodes primordiais, mas são hoje reconhecidos como escleritos de animais maiores, e os cefalópodes aceites mais antigos datam do Período Cambriano Médio. Durante o Cambriano, cefalópodes são mais comuns em ambientes perto da costa de baixa profundidade, mas também já foram encontrados em águas profundas. Pensava-se que cefalópodes tinham surgido de dentro do clado de Monoplacophora . Contudo, estudos genéticos sugerem que são mais basais, formando um grupo-irmão aos Scaphopoda mas de outro modo basais a todas as grandes classes de moluscos. A filogenia interna de Mollusca no entanto está aberta a interpretações. (pt)
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- direct contradiction of term and parenthetical explanation - negative buyancy is the tendency to sink (en)
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- تتمتع رأسيات القدم بتاريخ جيولوجي طويل مع أول نوتويدات تم إيجادها في طبقات العصر الكامبري المتأخرة وممثلين عن مجموعة جذعية مزعومة حاضرين في أقرب وقت ممكن للكامبريين. تطورت الطبقة خلال العصر الكامبري الأوسط وخضعت لنبضات من التنوع خلال العصر الأوردوفيشي لتصبح متنوعة خلال بحار حقبة الحياة القديمة والوسطى. (ar)
- The cephalopods have a long geological history, with the first nautiloids found in late Cambrian strata, and purported stem-group representatives present in the earliest Cambrian lagerstätten. The class developed during the middle Cambrian, and underwent pulses of diversification during the Ordovician period to become diverse and dominant in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Small shelly fossils such as Tommotia were once interpreted as early cephalopods, but today these tiny fossils are recognized as sclerites of larger animals, and the earliest accepted cephalopods date to the Middle Cambrian Period. During the Cambrian, cephalopods are most common in shallow near-shore environments, but they have been found in deeper waters too. Cephalopods were thought to have "undoubtedly" arisen from (en)
- Os cefalópodes têm uma longa história geológica, sendo os primeiros nautilóides encontrados no estrato do Cambriano superior, e supostos representantes do grupo coroa presentes em lagerstätte do Cambriano inferior. (pt)
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- تطور رأسيات القدم (ar)
- Evolution of cephalopods (en)
- Evolução dos cefalópodes (pt)
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