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- In der Mathematik kann jede im topologischen Sinn geschlossene Fläche erzeugt werden, indem man die Seiten eines Polygons mit gerader Seitenanzahl paarweise identifiziert. Dieses Polygon nennt man Fundamentalpolygon. Diese Polygone kann man durch eine Zeichenkette beschreiben, die jeder Seite ein Symbol zuordnet. Seiten, die miteinander identifiziert werden erhalten dabei das gleiche Symbol. Ein zusätzlicher Exponent 1 oder −1 gibt die Orientierung der Seite an. (de)
- In mathematics, a fundamental polygon can be defined for every compact Riemann surface of genus greater than 0. It encodes not only the topology of the surface through its fundamental group but also determines the Riemann surface up to conformal equivalence. By the uniformization theorem, every compact Riemann surface has simply connected universal covering surface given by exactly one of the following:
* the Riemann sphere,
* the complex plane,
* the unit disk D or equivalently the upper half-plane H. In the first case of genus zero, the surface is conformally equivalent to the Riemann sphere. In the second case of genus one, the surface is conformally equivalent to a torus C/Λ for some lattice Λ in C. The fundamental polygon of Λ, if assumed convex, may be taken to be either a period parallelogram or a centrally symmetric hexagon, a result first proved by Fedorov in 1891. In the last case of genus g > 1, the Riemann surface is conformally equivalent to H/Γ where Γ is a Fuchsian group of Möbius transformations. A fundamental domain for Γ is given by a convex polygon for the hyperbolic metric on H. These can be defined by Dirichlet polygons and have an even number of sides. The structure of the fundamental group Γ can be read off from such a polygon. Using the theory of quasiconformal mappings and the Beltrami equation, it can be shown there is a canonical convex Dirichlet polygon with 4g sides, first defined by Fricke, which corresponds to the standard presentation of Γ as the group with 2g generators a1, b1, a2, b2, ..., ag, bg and the single relation [a1,b1][a2,b2] ⋅⋅⋅ [ag,bg] = 1, where [a,b] = a b a−1b−1. Any Riemannian metric on an oriented closed 2-manifold M defines a complex structure on M, making M a compact Riemann surface. Through the use of fundamental polygons, it follows that two oriented closed 2-manifolds are classified by their genus, that is half the rank of the Abelian group Γ/[Γ,Γ], where Γ = π1(M). Moreover, it also follows from the theory of quasiconformal mappings that two compact Riemann surfaces are diffeomorphic if and only if they are homeomorphic. Consequently, two closed oriented 2-manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if they are diffeomorphic. Such a result can also be proved using the methods of differential topology. (en)
- 在数学上，每个闭曲面在几何拓扑的意义下，可以由一个偶数条边的有向多边形，把它的边成对地粘合构造出来，这样的多边形称之为基本多边形（fundamental polygon）。 这个构造可以表示成一个长为2n的字符串，一共n个不同的符号，每个符号出现两次带有指数 +1或 -1。指数 -1的符号对应于该边的定向与基本多边形的定向相反。 (zh)
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- In der Mathematik kann jede im topologischen Sinn geschlossene Fläche erzeugt werden, indem man die Seiten eines Polygons mit gerader Seitenanzahl paarweise identifiziert. Dieses Polygon nennt man Fundamentalpolygon. Diese Polygone kann man durch eine Zeichenkette beschreiben, die jeder Seite ein Symbol zuordnet. Seiten, die miteinander identifiziert werden erhalten dabei das gleiche Symbol. Ein zusätzlicher Exponent 1 oder −1 gibt die Orientierung der Seite an. (de)
- 在数学上，每个闭曲面在几何拓扑的意义下，可以由一个偶数条边的有向多边形，把它的边成对地粘合构造出来，这样的多边形称之为基本多边形（fundamental polygon）。 这个构造可以表示成一个长为2n的字符串，一共n个不同的符号，每个符号出现两次带有指数 +1或 -1。指数 -1的符号对应于该边的定向与基本多边形的定向相反。 (zh)
- In mathematics, a fundamental polygon can be defined for every compact Riemann surface of genus greater than 0. It encodes not only the topology of the surface through its fundamental group but also determines the Riemann surface up to conformal equivalence. By the uniformization theorem, every compact Riemann surface has simply connected universal covering surface given by exactly one of the following:
* the Riemann sphere,
* the complex plane,
* the unit disk D or equivalently the upper half-plane H. (en)
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