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- Strident vowels (also called sphincteric vowels) are strongly pharyngealized vowels accompanied by an (ary)epiglottal trill, with the larynx being raised and the pharynx constricted. Either the epiglottis or the arytenoid cartilages thus vibrate instead of the vocal cords. That is, the epiglottal trill is the voice source for such sounds. Strident vowels are fairly common in Khoisan languages, which contrast them with simple pharyngealized vowels. Stridency is used in onomatopoeia in Zulu and Lamba. Stridency may be a type of phonation called harsh voice. A similar phonation, without the trill, is called ventricular voice; both have been called pressed voice. Bai, of southern China, has a register system that has allophonic strident and pressed vowels. There is no official symbol for stridency in the IPA, but a superscript ⟨ʢ⟩ (for a voiced epiglottal trill) is often used. In some literature, a subscript double tilde (≈) is sometimes used, as seen here on the letter ⟨a⟩ (⟨a᷽⟩): It has been accepted into Unicode, at code point U+1DFD. (en)
- 会厌化一般只发生于元音，指强烈咽化、伴随（杓）会厌颤音的元音，喉抬高、咽紧缩。因此会厌或杓状软骨代替声带振动，即会厌颤音是这种音的音源。 会厌化元音常见于科伊桑语系，与咽化元音对立。会厌化在祖鲁语和中用作拟声词。会厌化可能是糙声的一种。一种不带颤音的相近调音被称作“室襞性发声”（ventricular voice）；两者都可称作“紧声”（pressed voice）。华南白语有同位异音性会厌化紧元音的音区系统。 IPA中没有正式的会厌化符号，常用上标的浊会厌颤音⟨ʢ⟩。部分文献中，会用双重波浪号(≈)，以⟨a⟩为例(⟨a᷽⟩)： 这个符号已被收录进Unicode，码位U+1DFD。 (zh)
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- Original was p. 68, but the article does not contain that page. (en)
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- 会厌化一般只发生于元音，指强烈咽化、伴随（杓）会厌颤音的元音，喉抬高、咽紧缩。因此会厌或杓状软骨代替声带振动，即会厌颤音是这种音的音源。 会厌化元音常见于科伊桑语系，与咽化元音对立。会厌化在祖鲁语和中用作拟声词。会厌化可能是糙声的一种。一种不带颤音的相近调音被称作“室襞性发声”（ventricular voice）；两者都可称作“紧声”（pressed voice）。华南白语有同位异音性会厌化紧元音的音区系统。 IPA中没有正式的会厌化符号，常用上标的浊会厌颤音⟨ʢ⟩。部分文献中，会用双重波浪号(≈)，以⟨a⟩为例(⟨a᷽⟩)： 这个符号已被收录进Unicode，码位U+1DFD。 (zh)
- Strident vowels (also called sphincteric vowels) are strongly pharyngealized vowels accompanied by an (ary)epiglottal trill, with the larynx being raised and the pharynx constricted. Either the epiglottis or the arytenoid cartilages thus vibrate instead of the vocal cords. That is, the epiglottal trill is the voice source for such sounds. There is no official symbol for stridency in the IPA, but a superscript ⟨ʢ⟩ (for a voiced epiglottal trill) is often used. In some literature, a subscript double tilde (≈) is sometimes used, as seen here on the letter ⟨a⟩ (⟨a᷽⟩): (en)
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- Strident vowel (en)
- 会厌化 (zh)
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