| dbo:abstract
|
- Women have been active in brewing since ancient times. Though Western societies have viewed brewing as a male-dominated field for the last 150 years, traditionally, it was an activity engaged in by women. Ethnographic and archaeological studies have shown that brewing was an outcropping of gathering or baking traditions, which were predominantly women's roles throughout the world. From the earliest evidence of brewing in 7000 BCE, until the commercialization of brewing during industrialization, women were the primary brewers on all inhabited continents. In many cultures, the deities, goddesses and protectors of brewers were female entities who were associated with fertility. From the middle of the 18th century, many women were barred from participating in alcohol production and were relegated to roles as barmaids, pub operators, bottlers or secretaries for breweries. In less industrialized areas, they continued to produce homebrews and traditional alcoholic beverages. From the mid-20th century, women began working as chemists for brewing establishments. Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, they began re-entering the field as craft brewers. (en)
- 自古以来女性就活跃在酿酒行业。虽然在过去的150年里，西方社会一直把酿酒视为男性主导的领域，但是传统上酿酒属于女性从事的活动。民族志和考古学研究表明酿酒是采集和烘焙的一部分，而全世界的采集和烘焙都有女性主导。从最早公元前7000年出现酿酒开始，到工业化时期酿酒的商业化，女性都是各个洲的主要酿酒师，在许多文化中，酿酒师的神祗、女神和保护者都是与生育相关的女性。 从 18 世纪中叶开始，许多女性被禁止从事制酒工作，她们只能担任酒吧女侍、酒吧经营者、装瓶商或酒厂秘书。在工业化程度较低的地区，女性仍继续生产自制啤酒和传统酒精饮料。从 20 世纪中叶开始，女性开始在酿酒厂担任化学家。从 20世纪60 年代和 70 年代开始，女性再次以精酿啤酒商的身份重新进入该领域。 (zh)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- 自古以来女性就活跃在酿酒行业。虽然在过去的150年里，西方社会一直把酿酒视为男性主导的领域，但是传统上酿酒属于女性从事的活动。民族志和考古学研究表明酿酒是采集和烘焙的一部分，而全世界的采集和烘焙都有女性主导。从最早公元前7000年出现酿酒开始，到工业化时期酿酒的商业化，女性都是各个洲的主要酿酒师，在许多文化中，酿酒师的神祗、女神和保护者都是与生育相关的女性。 从 18 世纪中叶开始，许多女性被禁止从事制酒工作，她们只能担任酒吧女侍、酒吧经营者、装瓶商或酒厂秘书。在工业化程度较低的地区，女性仍继续生产自制啤酒和传统酒精饮料。从 20 世纪中叶开始，女性开始在酿酒厂担任化学家。从 20世纪60 年代和 70 年代开始，女性再次以精酿啤酒商的身份重新进入该领域。 (zh)
- Women have been active in brewing since ancient times. Though Western societies have viewed brewing as a male-dominated field for the last 150 years, traditionally, it was an activity engaged in by women. Ethnographic and archaeological studies have shown that brewing was an outcropping of gathering or baking traditions, which were predominantly women's roles throughout the world. From the earliest evidence of brewing in 7000 BCE, until the commercialization of brewing during industrialization, women were the primary brewers on all inhabited continents. In many cultures, the deities, goddesses and protectors of brewers were female entities who were associated with fertility. (en)
|
,_chicha_preparation.jpg?width=300)
_(4515010811).jpg){kind=link}
,_chicha_preparation.jpg){kind=link}
,_chicha_preparation.jpg){kind=link}
_(4515010811).jpg){kind=link}
