Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T13:49:17.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Logic programming as a service

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2018

ROBERTA CALEGARI
Affiliation:
Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (e-mails: roberta.calegari@unibo.it, enrico.denti@unibo.it)
ENRICO DENTI
Affiliation:
Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (e-mails: roberta.calegari@unibo.it, enrico.denti@unibo.it)
STEFANO MARIANI
Affiliation:
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy (e-mail: stefano.mariani@unimore.it)
ANDREA OMICINI
Affiliation:
Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy (e-mail: andrea.omicini@unibo.it)
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

New generations of distributed systems are opening novel perspectives for logic programming (LP): On the one hand, service-oriented architectures represent nowadays the standard approach for distributed systems engineering; on the other hand, pervasive systems mandate for situated intelligence. In this paper, we introduce the notion of Logic Programming as a Service (LPaaS) as a means to address the needs of pervasive intelligent systems through logic engines exploited as a distributed service. First, we define the abstract architectural model by re-interpreting classical LP notions in the new context; then we elaborate on the nature of LP interpreted as a service by describing the basic LPaaS interface. Finally, we show how LPaaS works in practice by discussing its implementation in terms of distributed tuProlog engines, accounting for basic issues such as interoperability and configurability.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

References

Alkhabbas, F., Spalazzese, R. and Davidsson, P. 2017. Architecting emergent configurations in the internet of things. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 221–224.Google Scholar
Bettini, C., Brdiczka, O., Henricksen, K., Indulska, J., Nicklas, D., Ranganathan, A. and Riboni, D. 2010. A survey of context modelling and reasoning techniques. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 6, 2, 161180.Google Scholar
Brogi, A. and Ciancarini, P. 1991. The concurrent language, Shared Prolog. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 13, 1, 99123.Google Scholar
Brogi, A. and Gorrieri, R. 1989. A distributed, net oriented semantics for Delta Prolog. In International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development (TAPSOFT '89), Díaz, J. and Orejas, F., Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 351. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 162177.Google Scholar
Brownlee, J. 2011. Clever Algorithms: Nature-Inspired Programming Recipes. Lulu Press, Morrisville, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Bugliesi, M., Lamma, E. and Mello, P. 1994. Modularity in logic programming. Journal of Logic Programming 19–20, 443502. Special Issue: Ten Years of Logic Programming.Google Scholar
Calegari, R., Denti, E., Dovier, A. and Omicini, A. 2018. Extending logic programming with labelled variables: Model and semantics. Fundamenta Informaticae 161, 5374.Google Scholar
Calegari, R., Denti, E., Mariani, S. and Omicini, A. 2017. Logic programming as a service (LPaaS): Intelligence for the IoT. In Proc. of IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC 2017), Fortino, G., Zhou, M., Lukszo, Z., Vasilakos, A. V., Basile, F., Palau, C., Liotta, A., Fanti, M. P., Guerrieri, A. and Vinci, A., Eds. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 72–77.Google Scholar
Calegari, R., Denti, E., Mariani, S. and Omicini, A. 2018. Logic programming as a service in multi-agent systems for the Internet of Things. International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing (in press). URL: http://www.inderscience.com/info/ingeneral/forthcoming.php?jcode=ijguGoogle Scholar
Cannata, A., Karnouskos, S. and Taisch, M. 2010. Evaluating the potential of a service oriented infrastructure for the factory of the future. In Proc. of 8th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN 2010). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 592–597.Google Scholar
Chen, H., Finin, T. and Joshi, A. 2003. An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review 18, 3, 197207.Google Scholar
Cheng, B., Wang, M., Zhao, S., Zhai, Z., Zhu, D. and Chen, J. 2017. Situation-aware dynamic service coordination in an IoT environment. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 25, 4, 20822095.Google Scholar
Clark, K. L. 1978. Negation as failure. Logic and Data Bases. Springer, Boston, MA, USA, 293322.Google Scholar
Clark, K. L. 1987. PARLOG: The language and its applications. In Proc. of PARLE Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe. Volume II: Parallel Languages. Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 15–19 June 1987, de Bakker, J. W., Nijman, A. J., and Treleaven, P. C., Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 259. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 30–53.Google Scholar
Clark, K. L. and Gregory, S. 1981. A relational language for parallel programming. In 1981 Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture (FPCA '81). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 171–178.Google Scholar
Cunha, J. C., Ferreira, M. C. and Pereira, L. M. 1989. Programming in Delta Prolog. In Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 1989), Lisbon, Portugal, 19–23 June 1989, Levi, G. and Martelli, M., Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 487–504.Google Scholar
Cusumano, M. 2010. Cloud computing and SaaS as new computing platforms. Communications of the ACM 53, 4, 2729.Google Scholar
Denti, E., Omicini, A. and Ricci, A. 2001. tuProlog: A light-weight Prolog for Internet applications and infrastructures. In Proc. of 3rd International Symposium Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages (PADL 2001), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 11–12 Mar. 2001, Ramakrishnan, I. V., Ed. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1990. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 184–198.Google Scholar
Deransart, P., Ed-Dbali, A. and Cervoni, L. 1996. Prolog: The Standard. Reference Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Dey, A. K. 2001. Understanding and using context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 5, 1, 47.Google Scholar
EJB. Home Page. URL: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/ejb/. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Erl, T. 2005. Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education International, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.Google Scholar
Etter, R., Costa, P. D., and Broens, T. 2006. A rule-based approach towards context-aware user notification services. In Proc. of 2006 ACS/IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Services (ICPS 2006). IEEE, Lyon, France, 281–284.Google Scholar
Familiar, B. 2015. Microservices, IoT, and Azure: Leveraging DevOps and Microservice Architecture to Deliver SaaS Solutions, 1st ed. Apress, Berkely, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Fielding, R. T. and Taylor, R. N. 2002. Principled design of the modern Web architecture. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 2, 2, 115150.Google Scholar
Finin, T., Joshi, A., Kagal, L., Ratsimore, O., Korolev, V. and Chen, H. 2001. Information agents for mobile and embedded devices. In Proc. of 5th InternationalWorkshop Cooperative Information Agents V (CIA 2001), Modena, Italy, 6–8 May 2001, Klusch, M. and Zambonelli, F., Eds. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 264–286.Google Scholar
Gallaire, H. and Minker, J., Eds. 1978. Logic and Data Bases. Springer, Boston, MA, USA.Google Scholar
Gelernter, D. 1985. Generative communication in Linda. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 7, 1, 80112.Google Scholar
Guinard, D., Trifa, V., Karnouskos, S., Spiess, P. and Savio, D. 2010a. Interacting with the SOA-based Internet of Things: Discovery, query, selection, and on-demand provisioning of Web Services. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 3, 3, 223235.Google Scholar
Guinard, D., Trifa, V. and Wilde, E. 2010b. A resource oriented architecture for the web of things. In Proc. Internet of Things (IOT). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 1–8.Google Scholar
Hachem, S., Pathak, A. and Issarny, V. 2014. Service-oriented middleware for large-scale mobile participatory sensing. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 10, 6682. Selected Papers from the Eleventh Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom 2013).Google Scholar
Heuer, J., Hund, J. and Pfaff, O. 2015. Toward the web of things: Applying web technologies to the physical world. Computer 48, 5, 3442.Google Scholar
Hu, B., Wang, Z. and Dong, Q. 2012. A modeling and reasoning approach using description logic for context-aware pervasive computing. In Proc. of Emerging Research in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: International Conference, AICI 2012, Chengdu, China, October 26–28, 2012, Lei, J., Wang, F. L., Deng, H. and Miao, D., Eds. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 315. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 155–165.Google Scholar
J2EE. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Java Persistence API. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/tutorial/doc/bnbpz.html. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Jersey. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://jersey.java.net. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
jose.4.j. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://bitbucket.org/b_c/jose4j/. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
JSON. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://www.json.org. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Karnouskos, S., Colombo, A. W., Bangemann, T., Manninen, K., Camp, R., Tilly, M., Stluka, P., Jammes, F., Delsing, J. and Eliasson, J. 2012. A SOA-based architecture for empowering future collaborative cloud-based industrial automation. In Proc. of 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 5766–5772.Google Scholar
Loke, S. W. 2004. Representing and reasoning with situations for context-aware pervasive computing: a logic programming perspective. The Knowledge Engineering Review 19, 3, 213233.Google Scholar
LPaaS. 2018. Home page. URL: http://lpaas.apice.unibo.it. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Mariani, S. and Omicini, A. 2015. Coordinating activities and change: An event-driven architecture for situated MAS. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 41, 298309.Google Scholar
Martelli, M. 1995. Constraint logic programming: Theory and applications. In 1985–1995: Ten years of Logic Programming in Italy, Sessa, M., Ed. Editrice, Palladio, Salerno, Italy, 137166.Google Scholar
Messina, F., Mikkilineni, R. and Morana, G. 2017. Middleware, framework and novel computing models for grid and cloud service orchestration. International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing 8, 71.Google Scholar
Michelson, B. M. 2006. Event-driven architecture overview: Event-driven SOA is just part of the EDA story. Report, Patricia Seybold Group. Feb.Google Scholar
Monteiro, L. 1984. A proposal for distributed programming in logic. In Implementations of Prolog, Campbell, J. A., Ed. Artificial Intelligence. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chicester, UK, 329340.Google Scholar
MQTT. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://mqtt.org. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Naish, L. 1988. Parallelizing NU-Prolog. In Proc. of the 5th International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming, Seattle, Washington, 15–19 Aug. 1988, Kowalski, R. A. and Bowen, K. A., Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1546–1564.Google Scholar
Nalepa, G. J. and Bobek, S. 2014. Rule-based solution for context-aware reasoning on mobile devices. Computer Science and Information Systems 11, 1, 171193.Google Scholar
Niezen, G. 2013. Ontologies for interaction: Enabling serendipitous interoperability in smart environments. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments 5, 1, 135137.Google Scholar
Nii, H. P. 1986. The blackboard model of problem solving and the evolution of blackboard architectures. The AI Magazine 7, 2, 38106.Google Scholar
Oliya, M. and Pung, H. K. 2011. Towards incremental reasoning for context aware systems. In Proc. of Advances in Computing and Communications: 1st International Conference, ACC 2011, Kochi, India, July 22-24, 2011, Part I, Abraham, A., Mauri, J. Lloret, Buford, J. F., Suzuki, J. and Thampi, S. M., Eds. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 190. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 232–241.Google Scholar
Omicini, A. and Zambonelli, F. 1999. Coordination for Internet application development. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 2, 3, 251269. Special Issue: Coordination Mechanisms for Web Agents.Google Scholar
Palù, A. D. and Torroni, P. 2010. 25 years of applications of logic programming in Italy. In A 25-Year Perspective on Logic Programming, Dovier, A. and Pontelli, E., Eds. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 300328.Google Scholar
Parker, L. E. 2008. Distributed intelligence: Overview of the field and its application in multi-robot systems. Journal of Physical Agents 2, 1, 514.Google Scholar
Payara. 2017. Home Page. URL: http://www.payara.fish. Accessed 10 May 2018.Google Scholar
Pontelli, E., Cao Son, T. and Baral, C. 2008. A logic programming based framework for intelligent Web Service composition. In Managing Web Service Quality: Measuring Outcomes and Effectiveness. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, 193221.Google Scholar
Prado, A. G. D., Ortiz, G. and Boubeta-Puig, J. 2017. CARED-SOA: A context-aware event-driven service-oriented architecture. IEEE Access 5, 46464663.Google Scholar
Ranganathan, A., Al-Muhtadi, J. and Campbell, R. H. 2004. Reasoning about uncertain contexts in pervasive computing environments. IEEE Pervasive Computing 3, 2, 6270.Google Scholar
Ranganathan, A. and Campbell, R. H. 2003. An infrastructure for context-awareness based on first order logic. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 7, 6, 353364.Google Scholar
Reiter, R. 1978. On closed world data bases. Logic and Data Bases. Springer, Boston, MA, USA, 5576.Google Scholar
Ricci, A., Viroli, M., Omicini, A., Mariani, S., Croatti, A. and Pianini, D. 2017. Spatial Tuples: Augmenting physical reality with tuple spaces. In Intelligent Distributed Computing X. Proc. of the 10th International Symposium on Intelligent Distributed Computing – IDC 2016, Paris, France, October 10–12 2016, Badica, C., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A., Beynier, A., Camacho, D., Herpson, C., Hindriks, K. and Novais, P., Eds. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 678. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 121–130.Google Scholar
Richards, M. 2016. Microservices AntiPatterns and Pitfalls. O'Reilly, Sebastopol, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. A. 1965. A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle. Journal of the ACM 12, 1, 2341.Google Scholar
Salber, D., Dey, A. K. and Abowd, G. D. 1999. The context toolkit: Aiding the development of context-enabled applications. In Proc. of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '99). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 434–441.Google Scholar
Schulte, R. W. and Natis, Y. V. 2003. Event-driven architecture complements SOA. Research note, Gartner. 8 July.Google Scholar
Shapiro, E. Y. 1987. Concurrent Prolog – Vol. 1: Collected Papers. Logic Programming. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.Google Scholar
Smart, P. 2017. Situating machine intelligence within the cognitive ecology of the Internet. Minds and Machines 27, 2, 357380.Google Scholar
Ueda, K. 1986. Guarded Horn clauses. In Proc. of the 4th Conference on Logic Programming '85, Tokyo, Japan, 1–3 July 1985, Wada, E., Ed. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 221. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 168–179.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Mehta, R., Supakkul, S. and Chung, L. 2011. Rule-based context-aware adaptation using a goal-oriented ontology. In Proc. of 2011 International Workshop on Situation Activity & Goal Awareness (SAGAware '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 67–76.Google Scholar
Wolfram, D. A., Maher, M. J. and Lassez, J.-L. 1984. A unified treatment of resolution strategies for logic programs. In Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 1984), Tärnlund, S.-Å., Ed. Association for Logic Programming, Uppsala, Sweden, 263–276.Google Scholar
Zambonelli, F., Omicini, A., Anzengruber, B., Castelli, G., DeAngelis, F. L., Di Marzo Serugendo, G., Dobson, S., Fernandez-Marquez, J. L., Ferscha, A., Mamei, M., Mariani, S., Molesini, A., Montagna, S., Nieminen, J., Pianini, D., Risoldi, M., Rosi, A., Stevenson, G., Viroli, M. and Ye, J. 2015. Developing pervasive multi-agent systems with nature-inspired coordination. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 17, 236252. Special Issue “10 years of Pervasive Computing” In Honor of Chatschik Bisdikian.Google Scholar