Flemish dialects: Difference between revisions

Person	Fleming (Vlaming)
People	Flemings (Vlamingen)
Language	Flemish (Vlaams),; VGT (Vlaamse Gebarentaal)
Country	Flanders (Vlaanderen)

Flemish
Flemish
Vlaams
Vlaams
Native to	Belgium, Netherlands, France
Region	Belgian Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders, French Flanders
Ethnicity	Flemings
Native speakers	6.5 million (2016)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Istvaeonic Low Franconian Dutch Flemish; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	West Flemish; East Flemish; Brabantian; Limburgish;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	nl for Dutch
ISO 639-2	dut (B) for Dutch; nld (T)
ISO 639-3	nld – inclusive code for Dutch; Individual codes:; vls – West Flemish; zea – Zeelandic; lim – Limburgish
Glottolog	dutc1256 Dutch
IETF	nl-BE

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Official languages of Belgium: Dutch, French, and German. Brussels is a bilingual area where both Dutch and French have an official status.

Flemish (Vlaams)^[2]^[3]^[4] is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language. It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch (Vlaams-Nederlands), Belgian Dutch (Belgisch-Nederlands [ˈbɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts] ^ⓘ), or Southern Dutch (Zuid-Nederlands). Flemish is native to the region known as Flanders in northern Belgium; it is spoken by Flemings, the dominant ethnic group of the region.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Outside of Belgium Flanders, it is also spoken to some extent in French Flanders and the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders.^[1]^[9]^[10]

Terminology

The term Flemish itself has become ambiguous. Nowadays, it is used in at least five ways, depending on the context. These include:

An indication of Dutch written and spoken in Flanders including the Dutch standard language as well as the non-standardized dialects, including intermediate forms between vernacular dialects and the standard. Some linguists avoid the term Flemish in this context and prefer the designation Belgian-Dutch or South-Dutch
A synonym for the so-called intermediate language in Flanders region, the Tussentaal
An indication of the non-standardized dialects and regiolects of Flanders region
An indication of the non-standardized dialects of only the former County of Flanders, i.e. the current provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders and French Flanders^[11]
An indication of the non-standardized West Flemish dialects of the province of West Flanders, the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders and French Frans-Vlaanderen

Glottolog considers Western Flemish to be a separate language, classified as a part of the Southwestern Dutch family together with the Zeelandic language. According to Glottolog, Western Flemish includes the dialects of French Flemish and West Flemish. Brabantian and East Flemish are classified as Dutch dialects, under the Central Southern Dutch dialect group.^[12] Ethnologue considers Limburgish and West Flemish to be separate (regional) languages.^[13]^[14]

Characteristics

Dutch is the majority language in northern Belgium, being used in written language by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national languages of Belgium, together with French and German, and is the only official language of the Flemish Region.

The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and grammatical features that distinguish them from the standard Dutch. Basic Dutch words can have a completely different meaning in Flemish or imply different context,^[15] comparable to the differences between the British and North American variants of English. As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.

All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect ^[16] (spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian, which is the dominant dialect in Flanders, as well as in the south of the Netherlands.

Tussentaal

The supra-regional, semi-standardized colloquial form (mesolect) of Dutch spoken in Belgium uses the vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects. It is often called an "in-between-language" or "intermediate language", intermediate between dialects and standard Dutch.^[17] Despite its name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the Flemish Dutch tussentaal.

It is a rather informal variety of speech, which occupies an intermediate position between vernacular dialects and the standard language. It incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects.

It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades.^[when?] Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation^[18]^[19] or that it is evolving into a koiné variety.^[20]

Tussentaal is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders^[when?] because it is used a lot in television dramas and comedies. Often, middle-class characters in a television series will be speaking tussentaal, lower-class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set (such as Western Flanders), and upper-class characters will speak Standard Dutch.^[21] That has given tussentaal the status of normalcy in Flanders. It is slowly being accepted by the general population, but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes the usage of Standard Dutch.^[22] Tussentaal is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes (like the news), which normally use Flemish accents with standard Dutch vocabulary.

Belgicisms

A belgicism is a word or expression that occurs only in the Belgian variant of Dutch. Some are rarely used, others are used daily and are considered part of the Belgian-Dutch standard language.^[23] Many belgicisms are loanwords and words or expressions literally translated from French (also called gallicisms); others, in contrast, are actually remarkably purist, such as droogzwierder (a compound of Dutch droog "dry" and zwierder "spinner") meaning "spin dryer" (common standard Dutch: centrifuge, a loanword from French), and duimspijker (a compound of Dutch duim "thumb" and spijker "nail") meaning "thumbtack" (common standard Dutch: punaise, a loanword from French). Among the belgicisms, there are also many words that are considered obsolete, formal, or purist in standard Dutch. Moreover, many belgicisms have their origin in the Belgian official nomenclature. For example, misdaad "felony" is not a legal term in the Netherlands, but it is in Belgium.

Etymology

The English adjective Flemish (first attested as flemmysshe, c. 1325;^[24] compare Flæming, c. 1150),^[25] meaning "from Flanders", was probably borrowed from Old Frisian.^[26] The Old Dutch form is flāmisk,^[27] which becomes vlamesc, vlaemsch in Middle Dutch and Vlaams in Modern Dutch.

The word Vlaams itself is derived from Ingvaeonic *flâm-, from Germanic *flauma-, meaning 'flooded'. The name Vlaanderen was formed from a stem *flâm-, with a suffix -đr/dr- attached.^[28]

References

^ Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Brabantian is classified as a dialect of Dutch. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Brabant, spanning the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant and Brussels that are part of the modern region of Flanders.
^ Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Limburgish is either classified as a dialect of Dutch or as a separate language altogether. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Limburg and County of Loon, spanning the Belgian province of Limburg that is part of the modern region of Flanders.

^ ^a ^b "ATLAS – Dutch: Who speaks it?". University College London. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ "Flemish, Vlaams". BBC. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ De Cock, Barbara (2006), Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation (PDF), Gencat.cat, retrieved 3 May 2017
^ "Flemish language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ Lichfield, John (18 December 2007). "Belgium: A nation divided". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the Flemish government).
^ Harbert, Wayne (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge University Press.
^ Kooij, Jan (2009). "Dutch". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge.
^ Casert, Raf (20 February 2005). "Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch, Its Dual Languages". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ "About Belgium – Language Matters". Beer Tourism. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ Konig, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). The Germanic Languages. London & New York: Routledge.
^ "Vlaams". Glottolog. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
^ "Linguistic map of Benelux". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ Their ISO 639-3 codes are vls and lim, respectively.
^ Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 155 ff.
^ "De gesproken standaardtaal: het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands" [The standard spoken language: General Civilized Dutch]. Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands (in Dutch). Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
^ Geeraerts, Dirk (2001), "Een zondagspak? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes" (PDF), Ons Erfdeel (in Dutch), vol. 44, pp. 337–344, retrieved 2012-01-19
^ Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 196.
^ "Algemeen Vlaams". VlaamseTaal.be. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
^ Rys, K. & J. Taeldeman (2007). Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal. In: D. Sandra, R. Rymenans, P. Cuvelier et al. (red.), Tussen taal, spelling en onderwijs Archived 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine. Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems. Gent: Academia Press, 1–9, p.2.
^ Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie (PDF) (in Dutch), Universiteit Gent, retrieved 2014-08-28
^ Vervaeke, Leen (8 February 2014). "Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse 'tussentaal' op televisie". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-08-28.
^ Jo Verhoeven, Illustrations of the IPA: Belgian Standard Dutch (PDF)
^ "Flēmish", Middle English Dictionary (MED)
^ "Flēming", Middle English Dictionary (MED), retrieved 2013-10-17
^ "Flemish". Online Etymological Dictionary. Etymonline.com. which cites Flemische as an Old Frisian form; but compare "flāmisk", Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), which gives flēmisk, flāmisk
^ "flāmisk", Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)
^ Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank:
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry Vlaming^I;
cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), entry flāmink: "Morfologie: afleiding, basiswoord (substantief): flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; suffix: ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek (VMNW), entry Vlaendren: "Etymologie: Dat.pl. van flandr- 'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix -dr-.".
Cognate to Middle English flēm 'current of a stream': Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary (MED): flēm n.(2)

External links

[2] Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Brabantian is classified as a dialect of Dutch. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Brabant, spanning the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant and Brussels that are part of the modern region of Flanders.

[3] Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Limburgish is either classified as a dialect of Dutch or as a separate language altogether. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Limburg and County of Loon, spanning the Belgian province of Limburg that is part of the modern region of Flanders.

[UCL-1] "ATLAS – Dutch: Who speaks it?". University College London. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

[4] "Flemish, Vlaams". BBC. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

[5] De Cock, Barbara (2006), Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation (PDF), Gencat.cat, retrieved 3 May 2017

[Omniglot-6] "Flemish language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

[7] Lichfield, John (18 December 2007). "Belgium: A nation divided". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2017.

[8] Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the Flemish government).

[9] Harbert, Wayne (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge University Press.

[10] Kooij, Jan (2009). "Dutch". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge.

[11] Casert, Raf (20 February 2005). "Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch, Its Dual Languages". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

[12] "About Belgium – Language Matters". Beer Tourism. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

[13] Konig, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). The Germanic Languages. London & New York: Routledge.

[14] "Vlaams". Glottolog. Retrieved 2020-07-20.

[15] "Linguistic map of Benelux". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-17.

[16] Their ISO 639-3 codes are vls and lim, respectively.

[17] Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 155 ff.

[18] "De gesproken standaardtaal: het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands" [The standard spoken language: General Civilized Dutch]. Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands (in Dutch). Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-10.

[kul-19] Geeraerts, Dirk (2001), "Een zondagspak? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes" (PDF), Ons Erfdeel (in Dutch), vol. 44, pp. 337–344, retrieved 2012-01-19

[20] Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 196.

[21] "Algemeen Vlaams". VlaamseTaal.be. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[RysTaeldeman-22] Rys, K. & J. Taeldeman (2007). Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal. In: D. Sandra, R. Rymenans, P. Cuvelier et al. (red.), Tussen taal, spelling en onderwijs Archived 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine. Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems. Gent: Academia Press, 1–9, p.2.

[23] Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie (PDF) (in Dutch), Universiteit Gent, retrieved 2014-08-28

[24] Vervaeke, Leen (8 February 2014). "Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse 'tussentaal' op televisie". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-08-28.

[25] Jo Verhoeven, Illustrations of the IPA: Belgian Standard Dutch (PDF)

[26] "Flēmish", Middle English Dictionary (MED)

[27] "Flēming", Middle English Dictionary (MED), retrieved 2013-10-17

[28] "Flemish". Online Etymological Dictionary. Etymonline.com. which cites Flemische as an Old Frisian form; but compare "flāmisk", Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), which gives flēmisk, flāmisk

[29] "flāmisk", Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)

[Woordenboek-30] Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank:
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry Vlaming^I;
cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), entry flāmink: "Morfologie: afleiding, basiswoord (substantief): flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; suffix: ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek (VMNW), entry Vlaendren: "Etymologie: Dat.pl. van flandr- 'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix -dr-.".
Cognate to Middle English flēm 'current of a stream': Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary (MED): flēm n.(2)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Variety of Dutch spoken in Flanders, Belgium}}
+{{Short description|Varieties of Dutch spoken in Flanders, Belgium}}
-{{for multi|the ethnic group|Flemish people||Flemish (disambiguation)}}
 {{redirect|Vlaams|the language named "Vlaams" in the ISO standard|West Flemish}}
 {{Infobox language
@@ Line 8: / Line 7: @@
 |states=[[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[France]]
 |ethnicity=[[Flemings]]
-|region=[[Flanders]], [[Zeelandic Flanders]], [[French Flanders]]
+|region=[[Flanders|Belgian Flanders]], [[Zeelandic Flanders]], [[French Flanders]]
+|speakers=6.5 million
-|speakers=6.5 million<ref name="UCL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/dutch/who.html |title=ATLAS – Dutch: Who speaks it? |publisher=University College London |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
 |date=2016
+|ref=<ref name="UCL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/dutch/who.html |title=ATLAS – Dutch: Who speaks it? |publisher=University College London |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
 |familycolor=Indo-European
 |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |dia1=[[West Flemish]]
 |dia2=[[East Flemish]]
-|dia3=''[[Brabantian]]''{{efn|Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Brabantian is classified as a dialect of Dutch. It is spoken in the historical [[Duchy of Brabant]], spanning the Belgian provinces of [[Antwerp (province)|Antwerp]], [[Flemish Brabant]] and [[Brussels Capital Region|Brussels]] that are part of the modern region of Flanders.}}
+|dia3=''[[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]]''{{efn|Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Brabantian is classified as a dialect of Dutch. It is spoken in the historical [[Duchy of Brabant]], spanning the Belgian provinces of [[Antwerp (province)|Antwerp]], [[Flemish Brabant]] and [[Brussels Capital Region|Brussels]] that are part of the modern region of Flanders.}}
 |dia4=''[[Limburgish]]''{{efn|Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Limburgish is either classified as a dialect of Dutch or as a separate language altogether. It is spoken in the historical [[Duchy of Limburg]] and [[County of Loon]], spanning the Belgian province of [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]] that is part of the modern region of Flanders.}}
 |iso1=nl
+|iso1comment=for [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
 |iso2b=dut
 |iso2t=nld
+|iso2comment=for [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
 |iso3=nld
-|iso3comment= Dutch
+|iso3comment=for [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
+|lc1=vls
+|ld1=[[West Flemish]]
+|lc2=zea
+|ld2=[[Zeelandic]]
+|lc3=lim
+|ld3=[[Limburgish]]
 |glotto=dutc1256
 |glottoname=Dutch
+|ietf=nl-BE
 }}
+{{Infobox ethnonym|person= Fleming ({{lang|nl|Vlaming}}) |people= [[Flemish people|Flemings]] ({{lang|nl|Vlamingen}}) |language=Flemish ({{lang|nl|Vlaams}}),<br/>[[Flemish Sign Language|VGT]] ({{lang|nl|Vlaamse Gebarentaal}}) |country= [[Flanders]] ({{lang|nl|Vlaanderen}})}}
 [[File:BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg|thumb|Official languages of Belgium: {{color box|#A0A000}}&nbsp;Dutch, {{color box|#A00000}}&nbsp;French, and {{color box|#0000A0}}&nbsp;German. [[Brussels-Capital Region|Brussels]] is a bilingual area where both Dutch and French have an official status.|alt=]]
-'''Flemish''' (''Vlaams'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/flemish.shtml |title=Flemish, Vlaams |date=14 October 2014 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=De Cock |first=Barbara  |title=Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation |date=2006 |url=http://www.gencat.cat/llengua/noves/noves/hm06tardor-hivern/docs/decock.pdf |publisher=Gencat.cat |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Omniglot">{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/flemish.htm |title=Flemish language, alphabet and pronunciation |publisher=Omniglot |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> is a [[Low Franconian]] [[dialect cluster]] of the [[Dutch language]]. It is sometimes referred to as '''Flemish Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Vlaams-Nederlands}}), '''Belgian Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Belgisch-Nederlands}} {{IPA-nl|ˈbɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts||Nl-Belgisch-Nederlands.ogg}}), or '''Southern Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Zuid-Nederlands}}). Flemish is native to [[Flanders]], a [[historical region]] in northern [[Belgium]]; it is spoken by [[Flemings]], the dominant [[ethnic group]] of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html |title=Belgium: A nation divided |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=18 December 2007 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://taaltelefoon.vlaanderen.be/nlapps/docs/default.asp?fid=270 Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon]. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the [[Flemish government]]).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germanic Languages |last=Harbert |first=Wayne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The World's Major Languages |last=Kooij |first=Jan |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Bernard |edition=2nd |chapter=Dutch}}</ref> Outside of Flanders, it is also spoken to some extent in [[French Flanders]] and the Dutch [[Zeelandic Flanders]].<ref name="UCL"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/20/news/adfg-belgians20 |title=Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch, Its Dual Languages |last=Casert |first=Raf |date=20 February 2005 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://belgium.beertourism.com/about-belgium/language-matters |title=About Belgium – Language Matters |website=Beer Tourism |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
+'''Flemish''' (''Vlaams'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/flemish.shtml |title=Flemish, Vlaams |date=14 October 2014 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=De Cock |first=Barbara  |title=Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation |date=2006 |url=http://www.gencat.cat/llengua/noves/noves/hm06tardor-hivern/docs/decock.pdf |publisher=Gencat.cat |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Omniglot">{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/flemish.htm |title=Flemish language, alphabet and pronunciation |publisher=Omniglot |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> is a [[Low Franconian]] [[dialect cluster]] of the [[Dutch language]]. It is sometimes referred to as '''Flemish Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Vlaams-Nederlands}}), '''Belgian Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Belgisch-Nederlands}} {{IPA|nl|ˈbɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts||Nl-Belgisch-Nederlands.ogg}}), or '''Southern Dutch''' ({{lang|nl-BE|Zuid-Nederlands}}). Flemish is native to the region known as [[Flanders]] in northern [[Belgium]]; it is spoken by [[Flemings]], the dominant [[ethnic group]] of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html |title=Belgium: A nation divided |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=18 December 2007 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://taaltelefoon.vlaanderen.be/nlapps/docs/default.asp?fid=270 Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095837/http://taaltelefoon.vlaanderen.be/nlapps/docs/default.asp?fid=270 |date=2013-10-21 }}. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the [[Flemish government]]).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germanic Languages |last=Harbert |first=Wayne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The World's Major Languages |last=Kooij |first=Jan |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Bernard |edition=2nd |chapter=Dutch}}</ref> Outside of Belgium Flanders, it is also spoken to some extent in [[French Flanders]] and the Dutch [[Zeelandic Flanders]].<ref name="UCL"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-20-adfg-belgians20-story.html |title=Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch, Its Dual Languages |last=Casert |first=Raf |date=20 February 2005 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://belgium.beertourism.com/about-belgium/language-matters |title=About Belgium – Language Matters |website=Beer Tourism |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
 == Terminology ==
 The term ''Flemish'' itself has become ambiguous. Nowadays, it is used in at least five ways, depending on the context. These include:
-# An indication of Dutch written and spoken in [[Flanders]] including the Dutch [[standard language]] as well as the [[nonstandard dialect|non-standardized dialects]], including intermediate forms between vernacular dialects and the standard. Some linguists avoid the term ''Flemish'' in this context and prefer the designation ''Belgian-Dutch'' or ''South-Dutch'' {{see|Dutch in Belgium}}
+# An indication of Dutch written and spoken in [[Flanders]] including the Dutch [[standard language]] as well as the [[nonstandard dialect|non-standardized dialects]], including intermediate forms between vernacular dialects and the standard. Some linguists avoid the term ''Flemish'' in this context and prefer the designation ''Belgian-Dutch'' or ''South-Dutch'' {{further|Dutch in Belgium}}
-# A synonym for the so-called intermediate language in [[Flanders]] region, the {{lang|nl-BE|[[Tussentaal]]}}
+# A synonym for the so-called intermediate language in [[Flanders]] region, the {{lang|nl-BE|[[#Tussentaal|Tussentaal]]}}
 # An indication of the [[nonstandard dialect|non-standardized dialects]] and [[regiolect]]s of [[Flanders]] region
 # An indication of the non-standardized dialects of only the former [[County of Flanders]], i.e. the current provinces of [[West Flanders]] and [[East Flanders]], [[Zeelandic Flanders]] and [[French Flanders]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germanic Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |editor-last=Konig |editor-first=Ekkehard |location=London & New York |editor-last2=van der Auwera |editor-first2=Johan}}</ref>
-# An indication of the non-standardized [[West Flemish]] dialects of the province of [[West Flanders]], the Dutch [[Zeelandic Flanders]] and French {{lang|nl-FR|[[French Flanders|Frans-Vlaanderen]]|italic=no}} {{see|West Flemish}}
+# An indication of the non-standardized [[West Flemish]] dialects of the province of [[West Flanders]], the Dutch [[Zeelandic Flanders]] and French {{lang|nl-FR|[[French Flanders|Frans-Vlaanderen]]|italic=no}} {{further|West Flemish}}
-[[MultiTree]] considers Flemish to include the four principal Dutch dialects in the Flemish region (Flanders): [[Brabantian]], [[East Flemish]], [[West Flemish]] and [[Limburgish]] as well as three other dialects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/vls.html |title=Vlaams |website=MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships |access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> [[Glottolog]] considers Western Flemish to be a separate language, classified as a part of the Southwestern Dutch family together with the [[Zeelandic]] language. According to Glottolog, Western Flemish includes the dialects of French Flemish and West Flemish. Brabantian and East Flemish are classified as Dutch dialects, under the Central Southern Dutch dialect group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vlaa1240 |title=Vlaams |website=Glottolog |access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref> Ethnologue considers Limburgish and West Flemish to be separate (regional) languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NL&seq=10 |title=Linguistic map of Benelux |date=1999-02-19 |website=Ethnologue |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref><ref>Their [[ISO 639-3]] codes are ''vls'' and ''lim'', respectively.</ref>
+[[Glottolog]] considers Western Flemish to be a separate language, classified as a part of the Southwestern Dutch family together with the [[Zeelandic]] language. According to Glottolog, Western Flemish includes the dialects of French Flemish and West Flemish. Brabantian and East Flemish are classified as Dutch dialects, under the Central Southern Dutch dialect group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vlaa1240 |title=Vlaams |website=Glottolog |access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref> [[Ethnologue]] considers Limburgish and West Flemish to be separate (regional) languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NL&seq=10 |title=Linguistic map of Benelux |date=1999-02-19 |website=Ethnologue |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref><ref>Their [[ISO 639-3]] codes are ''vls'' and ''lim'', respectively.</ref>
 == Characteristics ==
-[[File:Languages Benelux.PNG|thumb|Map showing the historical dialects spoken in the [[Low Countries]]. This map does not portray dialect zones of the modern Dutch language family, wherein Dutch and Flemish are distinct varieties of Dutch.]] <!-- The following text, after the colon, was part of the description of this image and I modified it slightly, but I don't think it should be included at all (Dapperedavid): Many in Flanders speak in a distinct dialect, while also using a standard Flemish ''tussentaal'' and, in more formal settings, [[Standard Dutch]]; in writing, the dialects are hardly used, while Flemish and Dutch are nearly, though not completely, identical in this regard -->
 Dutch is the [[National language|majority language]] in northern Belgium, being used in written language by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national languages of Belgium, together with [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]], and is the only official language of the [[Flemish Region]].
-The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and a good amount of grammatical features that distinguish them from the standard Dutch. Basic Dutch words can have a completely different meaning in Flemish or imply different context.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Het Nederlands vroeger en nu |last1=Janssens |first1=Guy |last2=Marynissen |first2=Ann |publisher=Acco |year=2005 |location=Leuven & Voorburg}}, 155 ff.</ref> As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.
+The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and grammatical features that distinguish them from the standard Dutch. Basic Dutch words can have a completely different meaning in Flemish or imply different context,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Het Nederlands vroeger en nu |last1=Janssens |first1=Guy |last2=Marynissen |first2=Ann |publisher=Acco |year=2005 |location=Leuven & Voorburg}}, 155 ff.</ref> comparable to the differences between the British and North American variants of [[English language|English]]. As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.
-All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the [[Hollandic]] dialect&thinsp;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/nl/nedling/taalgeschiedenis/ABN/ |title=De gesproken standaardtaal: het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands |date=2014-06-10 |website=Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands |publisher=Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin |language=nl |trans-title=The standard spoken language: General Civilized Dutch |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> (spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on [[Brabantian]], which is the dominant dialect in [[Flanders]], as well as in the south of the Netherlands.
+All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the [[Hollandic]] dialect&thinsp;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/nl/nedling/taalgeschiedenis/ABN/ |title=De gesproken standaardtaal: het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands |date=2014-06-10 |website=Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands |publisher=Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin |language=nl |trans-title=The standard spoken language: General Civilized Dutch |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> (spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]], which is the dominant dialect in [[Flanders]], as well as in the south of the Netherlands.
 ===Tussentaal===
 The supra-regional, semi-standardized colloquial form ([[mesolect]]) of Dutch spoken in Belgium uses the vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects. It is often called an "in-between-language" or "intermediate language", intermediate between dialects and standard Dutch.<ref name="kul">{{Citation |last=Geeraerts |first=Dirk |title=Een zondagspak? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes |date=2001 |url=http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/qlvl/PDFPublications/01Eenzondagspak.pdf |work=Ons Erfdeel |volume=44 |pages=337–344 |language=nl |access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref> Despite its name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the Flemish Dutch ''tussentaal''.
 It is a rather informal [[variety (linguistics)|variety of speech]], which occupies an intermediate position between [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialects]] and the [[standard language]]. It incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects.
-It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades.{{when}} Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation<ref>{{Cite book |title=Het Nederlands vroeger en nu |last1=Janssens |first1=Guy |last2=Marynissen |first2=Ann |publisher=Acco |year=2005 |location=Leuven & Voorburg}}, 196.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlaamsetaal.be/vlaams|title=Algemeen Vlaams |publisher=VlaamseTaal.be |access-date=2013-04-14}}</ref> or that it is evolving into a [[koiné language|koiné variety]].<ref name="RysTaeldeman">Rys, K. & J. Taeldeman (2007). Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal. In: D. Sandra, R. Rymenans, P. Cuvelier et al. (red.), [https://books.google.be/books?id=NiRDcX7WEwMC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=&source=bl&ots=b3Cu_fAMaY&sig=uC8S6Ip_zUyOnoT0qXI-_LXn3a8&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=5Uq2VOKVD6LT7QbUoIHwAg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Koin%C3%A9&f=false Tussen taal, spelling en onderwijs]. Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems. Gent: Academia Press, 1–9, p.2.</ref>
+It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades.{{when|date=August 2022}} Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation<ref>{{Cite book |title=Het Nederlands vroeger en nu |last1=Janssens |first1=Guy |last2=Marynissen |first2=Ann |publisher=Acco |year=2005 |location=Leuven & Voorburg}}, 196.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlaamsetaal.be/vlaams|title=Algemeen Vlaams |publisher=VlaamseTaal.be |access-date=2013-04-14}}</ref> or that it is evolving into a [[koiné language|koiné variety]].<ref name="RysTaeldeman">Rys, K. & J. Taeldeman (2007). Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal. In: D. Sandra, R. Rymenans, P. Cuvelier et al. (red.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=NiRDcX7WEwMC&q=Koin%C3%A9&pg=PA1 Tussen taal, spelling en onderwijs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226113323/https://books.google.be/books?id=NiRDcX7WEwMC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=&source=bl&ots=b3Cu_fAMaY&sig=uC8S6Ip_zUyOnoT0qXI-_LXn3a8&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=5Uq2VOKVD6LT7QbUoIHwAg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Koin%C3%A9&f=false |date=2022-12-26 }}. Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems. Gent: Academia Press, 1–9, p.2.</ref>
-''Tussentaal'' is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders{{when}} because it is used a lot in television dramas and comedies. Often, middle-class characters in a television series will be speaking ''tussentaal'', lower-class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set (such as Western Flanders), and upper-class characters will speak Standard Dutch.<ref>{{Citation |title=Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie |url=http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/891/647/RUG01-001891647_2012_0001_AC.pdf |publisher=Universiteit Gent |language=nl |access-date=2014-08-28}}</ref> That has given ''tussentaal'' the status of normalcy in Flanders. It is slowly being accepted by the general population, but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes the usage of Standard Dutch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2694/Tech-Media/article/detail/3593049/2014/02/08/Actie-tegen-onverstaanbare-Vlaamse-tussentaal-op-televisie.dhtml |title=Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse 'tussentaal' op televisie |last=Vervaeke |first=Leen |date=8 February 2014 |work=De Volkskrant |access-date=2014-08-28 |language=nl}}</ref> ''Tussentaal'' is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes (like the news), which normally use Flemish accents with standard Dutch vocabulary.
+''Tussentaal'' is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders{{when|date=August 2022}} because it is used a lot in television dramas and comedies. Often, middle-class characters in a television series will be speaking ''tussentaal'', lower-class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set (such as Western Flanders), and upper-class characters will speak Standard Dutch.<ref>{{Citation |title=Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie |url=http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/891/647/RUG01-001891647_2012_0001_AC.pdf |publisher=Universiteit Gent |language=nl |access-date=2014-08-28}}</ref> That has given ''tussentaal'' the status of normalcy in Flanders. It is slowly being accepted by the general population, but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes the usage of Standard Dutch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2694/Tech-Media/article/detail/3593049/2014/02/08/Actie-tegen-onverstaanbare-Vlaamse-tussentaal-op-televisie.dhtml |title=Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse 'tussentaal' op televisie |last=Vervaeke |first=Leen |date=8 February 2014 |work=De Volkskrant |access-date=2014-08-28 |language=nl}}</ref> ''Tussentaal'' is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes (like the news), which normally use Flemish accents with standard Dutch vocabulary.
 ===Belgicisms===
-{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
-A '''belgicism''' is a word or expression that occurs only in the Belgian variant of Dutch. Some are rarely used, others are used daily and are considered part of the Belgian-Dutch standard language. Many belgicisms are loanwords and words or expressions literally translated from French (also called [[gallicism]]s); others, in response, are actually remarkably [[linguistic purism|purist]], such as ''droogzwierder'' (a compound of Dutch ''droog'' "dry" and ''zwierder'' "spinner") meaning "spin dryer" (common standard Dutch: ''centrifuge'', a loanword from French), and ''duimspijker'' (a compound of Dutch ''duim'' "thumb" and ''spijker'' "nail") meaning "thumbtack" (common standard Dutch: ''punaise'', a loanword from French). Among the belgicisms, there are also many words that are considered obsolete, formal, or purist in standard Dutch. Moreover, many belgicisms have their origin in the Belgian official nomenclature. For example, ''misdaad'' "felony" is not a legal term in the Netherlands, but it is in Belgium.
+A [[Belgicism (French)|belgicism]] is a word or expression that occurs only in the Belgian variant of Dutch. Some are rarely used, others are used daily and are considered part of the Belgian-Dutch standard language.<ref>Jo Verhoeven, ''Illustrations of the IPA: Belgian Standard Dutch'' ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40E060F565C2A84B07993980D2957D49/S0025100305002173a.pdf/belgian_standard_dutch.pdf PDF])</ref> Many belgicisms are loanwords and words or expressions literally translated from French (also called [[gallicism]]s); others, in contrast, are actually remarkably [[linguistic purism|purist]], such as ''droogzwierder'' (a compound of Dutch ''droog'' "dry" and ''zwierder'' "spinner") meaning "spin dryer" (common standard Dutch: ''centrifuge'', a loanword from French), and ''duimspijker'' (a compound of Dutch ''duim'' "thumb" and ''spijker'' "nail") meaning "thumbtack" (common standard Dutch: ''punaise'', a loanword from French). Among the belgicisms, there are also many words that are considered obsolete, formal, or purist in standard Dutch. Moreover, many belgicisms have their origin in the [https://mtrconsult.com/news/new-procedure-codes-belgian-nomenclature-came-force-may-2019 Belgian official nomenclature]. For example, ''misdaad'' "felony" is not a legal term in the Netherlands, but it is in Belgium.
 ==Etymology==
-The English adjective ''Flemish'' (first attested as {{lang|enm|flemmysshe}}, {{circa|1325}};<ref>{{Citation |title=Flēmish |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16270 |work=[[Middle English Dictionary]] (MED)}}</ref> compare {{lang|ang|Flæming}}, {{circa|1150}}),<ref>{{Citation |title=Flēming |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16268 |work=[[Middle English Dictionary]] (MED) |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> meaning "from [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]", was probably borrowed from [[Old Frisian]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Flemish&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Flemish |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com}} which cites {{lang|ofs|Flemische}} as an Old Frisian form; but compare {{cite web |work=Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW) |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/openlaszlo/my-apps/GTB/Productie/HuidigeVersie/src/inlgtb.html?owner=ONW |publisher=Gtb.inl.nl |title= entry FLĀMISK, which gives ''flēmisk''}}</ref> The [[Old Dutch]] form is {{lang|odt|flāmisk}}, which becomes {{lang|dum|vlamesc}}, {{lang|dum|vlaemsch}} in [[Middle Dutch]] and {{lang|nl|Vlaams}} in [[Modern Dutch]].<ref>{{Citation |title=FLĀMISK |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID4741 |work=Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)}}</ref>
+The English adjective ''Flemish'' (first attested as {{lang|enm|flemmysshe}}, {{circa|1325}};<ref>{{Citation |title=Flēmish |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16270 |work=[[Middle English Dictionary]] (MED)}}</ref> compare {{lang|ang|Flæming}}, {{circa|1150}}),<ref>{{Citation |title=Flēming |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16268 |work=[[Middle English Dictionary]] (MED) |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> meaning "from [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]", was probably borrowed from [[Old Frisian]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Flemish&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Flemish |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com}} which cites {{lang|ofs|Flemische}} as an Old Frisian form; but compare {{Citation |title=flāmisk |url=https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID4741&lemma=fl%C4%81misk |work=Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)}}, which gives {{lang|ofs|flēmisk, flāmisk}}</ref> The [[Old Dutch]] form is {{lang|odt|flāmisk}},<ref>{{Citation |title=flāmisk |url=https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID4741&lemma=fl%C4%81misk |work=Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)}}</ref> which becomes {{lang|dum|vlamesc}}, {{lang|dum|vlaemsch}} in [[Middle Dutch]] and {{lang|nl|Vlaams}} in [[Modern Dutch]].
+The word {{lang|nl|Vlaams}} itself is derived from [[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]] ''*flâm-'', from Germanic {{lang|gem|*flauma-}}, meaning 'flooded'. The name {{lang|nl|Vlaanderen}} was formed from a stem ''*flâm-'', with a suffix ''-đr/dr-'' attached.<ref name="Woordenboek">Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/search/ ''De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank'']:<br/>Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming ''Vlaming<sup>I</sup>''];<br/>cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), entry ''[https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink flāmink]'': "Morfologie: ''afleiding, basiswoord (substantief):'' flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; ''suffix:'' ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek (VMNW), entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren ''Vlaendren'']: "Etymologie: ''Dat.pl. van'' flandr- ''<nowiki/>'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix'' -dr-.".<br/>Cognate to Middle English ''flēm'' 'current of a stream': [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 Middle English Compendium  → Middle English Dictionary (MED): ''flēm n.(2)'']</ref>
-The word {{lang|nl|Vlaams}} itself is derived from {{lang|ofs|flâm}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturamavzw.be/index.php?id=30#naam |website=www.culturamavzw.be|title=Wie zijn wij}}</ref><ref>[[:vls:Vloanderngouwe|Vloanderngouwe]]</ref> an [[Ingvaeonic]] derivation from the Germanic word {{lang|gem|flaumaz}}, meaning 'stream; current', (a cognate to English {{lang|en|fleam}} (''dialectal'') and German {{lang|de|Flaum}} (''dialectal'')). The name {{lang|nl|Vlaanderen}} was formed from a stem {{lang|ofs|flâm-}}, with a suffix ''-ðr-'' attached.<ref>{{cite web |work=Vroeg Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek (VMNW) |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/?owner=WNT |title=Entry VLAENDREN; ONW, entry FLĀMINK; Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry VLAMING |publisher=Gtb.inl.nl}}</ref>
 ==See also ==
@@ Line 75: / Line 84: @@
 * [[Dutch in Belgium]]
 * [[French Flemish]], the West Flemish dialect as spoken in [[France]]
+* [[East Flemish]]
 * [[Languages of Belgium]]
 * [[Zeelandic]], a transitional dialect between [[West Flemish]] and [[Hollandic]]

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