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==Operational history==
==Operational history==
The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the most potent fighter jets in-service as of now with the Indian Air Force as of 2008. The MKIs are often fielded by the IAF in bilateral and multilateral [[Military simulation|air exercises]]. India exercised its Su-30MKIs against the [[Royal Air Force]]'s [[Panavia Tornado variants#Air Defence Variant (ADV)|Tornado ADVs]] in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news | first=Rajat | last=Pandit | coauthors= | title=Sukhois 'splash' UK Tornados over Gwalior | date=14 October 2006 | publisher= | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2171142.cms | work =Times of India | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-11 | language = }}</ref> This was the first large-scale bilateral aerial exercise with any foreign air force during which the IAF used its Su-30MKIs extensively. This exercise was also the first in 43 years with the RAF. During the exercise, RAF's Air Chief Marshall, Glenn Torpy, was given permission by the IAF to fly the MKI.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2116563.cms Royal Air Force chief to fly Sukhoi]</ref> RAF's Air-Vice Marshall, Christopher Harper, praised the MKI's dogfight ability, calling it "absolutely masterful".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2168638.cms Now, IAF mesmerises Royal Air Force]</ref>
The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the most potent fighter jets in-service with the Indian Air Force as of 2008. The MKIs are often fielded by the IAF in bilateral and multilateral [[Military simulation|air exercises]]. India exercised its Su-30MKIs against the [[Royal Air Force]]'s [[Panavia Tornado variants#Air Defence Variant (ADV)|Tornado ADVs]] in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news | first=Rajat | last=Pandit | coauthors= | title=Sukhois 'splash' UK Tornados over Gwalior | date=14 October 2006 | publisher= | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2171142.cms | work =Times of India | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-11 | language = }}</ref> This was the first large-scale bilateral aerial exercise with any foreign air force during which the IAF used its Su-30MKIs extensively. This exercise was also the first in 43 years with the RAF. During the exercise, RAF's Air Chief Marshall, Glenn Torpy, was given permission by the IAF to fly the MKI.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2116563.cms Royal Air Force chief to fly Sukhoi]</ref> RAF's Air-Vice Marshall, Christopher Harper, praised the MKI's dogfight ability, calling it "absolutely masterful".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2168638.cms Now, IAF mesmerises Royal Air Force]</ref>


In July 2007, the Indian Air Force fielded the MKI during the ''Indra-Dhanush'' exercise with Royal Air Force's [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]. This was the first time that the two jets had taken part in such a exercise.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive.cfm?storyid=BE8B53D9-1143-EC82-2E1D1D967FFBDE9F Exercise Indra Dhanush wraps up at Waddington]</ref><ref>[http://www.targeta.co.uk/waddington_indradhanush.htm Exercise Indra Dhanush 07, RAF Waddington]</ref> The IAF did not allow their pilots to use the radar of the MKIs during the exercise so as to protect the highly-classified N011M Bars.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=252960 India’s Sukhois turn it on in UK skies, turn off radars]</ref> During the exercise, the RAF pilots candidly admitted that the Su-30MKI displayed maneuvering superior to that of the Typhoon.<ref>[http://www.domain-b.com/aero/july/2007/20070720_indra_dhanush.htm Typhoon vs SU-30MKI: Lessons from Operation Indra Dhanush]</ref>
In July 2007, the Indian Air Force fielded the MKI during the ''Indra-Dhanush'' exercise with Royal Air Force's [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]. This was the first time that the two jets had taken part in such a exercise.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive.cfm?storyid=BE8B53D9-1143-EC82-2E1D1D967FFBDE9F Exercise Indra Dhanush wraps up at Waddington]</ref><ref>[http://www.targeta.co.uk/waddington_indradhanush.htm Exercise Indra Dhanush 07, RAF Waddington]</ref> The IAF did not allow their pilots to use the radar of the MKIs during the exercise so as to protect the highly-classified N011M Bars.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=252960 India’s Sukhois turn it on in UK skies, turn off radars]</ref> During the exercise, the RAF pilots candidly admitted that the Su-30MKI displayed maneuvering superior to that of the Typhoon.<ref>[http://www.domain-b.com/aero/july/2007/20070720_indra_dhanush.htm Typhoon vs SU-30MKI: Lessons from Operation Indra Dhanush]</ref>

Revision as of 13:41, 18 February 2009

Su-30MKI
A Su-30MKI of the Indian Air Force taking part in the Red Flag exercise
Role Air superiority fighter, Multirole Fighter, Strike Fighter
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics
First flight 1 July 1997
Introduction 27 September 2002
Status Active service
Primary user Indian Air Force
Number built Active: 116
Developed from Sukhoi Su-30
Variants Sukhoi Su-30MKK

The Sukhoi Su-30 MKI[1] (NATO reporting name Flanker-H) is a variant of the Sukhoi Su-30, jointly-developed by Russia's Sukhoi Corporation and India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). It is an air superiority fighter which can also act as a multirole, strike fighter jet.

The development of the variant started after India signed a deal with Russia in 2000 to manufacture 140 Su-30 fighter jets.[2] The first Russian-made Su-30MKI variant was integrated into the IAF in 2002,[3] while the first Su-30MKI entered service with the IAF in 2004.[4] In 2007, the IAF ordered 40 additional MKIs.[5]

Capable of carrying nuclear weapons and tailor-made for Indian specifications, the fighter jet integrates Indian systems and avionics.[6] It also contains French and Israeli subsystems.[7] The MKI variant features several improvements over the basic K and MK variants and is classified as a 4.5 generation fighter.[8][9] Due to similar features and components, the MKI variant is often considered to be a customized Indian variant of the Sukhoi Su-35.[10][11]

Development

Su-30MKI's canards and thrust-vectoring nozzles are one of the most prominent developments over the basic MK variant.[12]

The Su-30MKI version is a development of the Su-27 series. Though a variant of Su-30, the Su-30 MKI is more advanced than the basic Su-30 or the Chinese Su-30 MKK aircraft. Its avionics, aerodynamic features and components are similar to the Su-35.[11] This variant has significant upgrades on it from the basic Su-30MK version. The aircraft was jointly designed by Russia's Sukhoi and India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

The aircraft featured many modifications over the Su-27 and the Su-30MK variant. These included canard fore-planes, 2-dimensional thrust vectoring control (TVC), Russian-made N011-M passive phased array radar (PESA) and a range of avionics complex sourced from Russia, France, Israel and India which includes display, navigation, targeting and electronic warfare systems. It is also speculated that the passive phased array Radar Irbis-E will be added to the fighter jet by 2010, when the first totally-built Su-30MKI will roll out from HAL Nasik.[13][14][15]

Procurement

In 1996, after 2 years of evaluation and negotiations, India decided to purchase Su-30MKI aircraft. India signed a US$1.462 billion deal with the Sukhoi Corporation on 30 November 1996 for the delivery of 50 Su-30 aircraft. These aircraft were to be delivered in five batches. The first batch were 10 Su-30K , the basic version of Su-30. The second batch were to be 8 Su-30MK with French and Israeli avionics. The third batch were to be 10 Su-30MKIs featuring canard foreplanes. The fourth batch of 10 Su 30MKI and final batch of 12 Su-30MKI aircraft all were to have the AL-31FP turbofans. In 2000, another agreement was signed allowing the license production of 140 Su-30MKIs in India. The deal combined license production with full technology transfer and hence was called a 'Deep License'. The MKI production was planned to be done in four phases: Phase I, II, III and IV respectively.

Design

Airframe

Extensive use of composite materials are made while constructing the airframe of the MKI variant.[16]

The Su-30MKI is a highly integrated twin-finned aircraft. The airframe is constructed of titanium and high-strength aluminium alloys. The engine nacelles are fitted with trouser fairings to provide a continuous streamlined profile between the nacelles and the tail beams. The fins and horizontal tail consoles are attached to tail beams. The central beam section between the engine nacelles consists of the equipment compartment, fuel tank and the brake parachute container. The fuselage head is of semi-monocoque construction and includes the cockpit, radar compartments and the avionics bay.

Cockpit and ergonomics

Mk.3, a further development over the existing MKI variant, will integrate avionic systems being developed for the Indo-Russian Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft program.[17]

Flight control

The aircraft has a fly by wire (FBW) with quadruple redundancy. Depending on the flight conditions, signals from the control stick position transmitter or the FCS will be coupled to the remote control amplifiers. These signals are combined with feedback signals fed by acceleration sensors and rate gyros. The resultant control signals are coupled to the high-speed electro-hydraulic actuators of the elevators, rudders and the canard. The output signals are compared and, if the difference is significant, the faulty channel is disconnected. FBW is based on a stall warning and barrier mechanism which prevents development of aircraft stalls through a dramatic increase in the control stick pressure. This allows a pilot to effectively control the aircraft without running the risk of reaching the limit values of angle of attack and acceleration. Although the maximum angle of attack is limited by the canards the FBW acts as an additional safety mechanism.

General features

The displays include a highly customized version of the Elbit Su 967 head-up display consisting of bi-cubic phase conjugated holographic displays and seven liquid crystal multifunction displays, six 127 mm x 127 mm and one 152 mm x 152 mm. The HUD was widely misreported to be the VEH 3000 from Thales. Variants of the same HUD have also been chosen for the IAF's MiG-27 and SEPECAT Jaguar upgrades, on grounds of standardization. Flight information is displayed on four LCD displays which include one for piloting and navigation, a tactical situation indicator, and two for display systems information including operating modes and overall operation status. The rear cockpit is fitted with a larger monochromatic screen display for the air-to-surface missile guidance. The Su-30MKI on-board health and usage monitoring system (HUMS) monitors almost every aircraft system and sub-system including the avionics sub-systems. It can also act as an engineering data recorder

The aircraft is fitted with a satellite navigation system (A-737 GPS compatible), which permits it to make flights in all weather, day and night. The navigation complex comprises high accuracy SAGEM integrated global positioning system and ring laser gyroscope inertial navigation system.

Pilot ejection

The crew are provided zero-zero KD-36DM ejection seats. The rear seat is raised for better visibility. The cockpit is provided with containers to store food and water reserves, a waste disposal system and extra oxygen bottles. The KD-36DM ejection seat is inclined at 30º, to help the pilot resist aircraft accelerations in air combat.

Aerodynamics

Two Sukhoi-30MKIs during a maneuver

Su-30MKI aerodynamic configuration is an unstable longitudinal triplane. The canard increases the aircraft lifting ability and deflects automatically to allow high angle-of-attack (AoA) flights. The integral aerodynamic configuration combined with thrust vectoring results in extremely capable maneuverability, taking off and landing characteristics. This high agility allows rapid deployment of weapons in any direction as desired by the crew. The canard notably assists in controlling the aircraft at large angles-of-attack and bringing it to a level flight condition. The wing will have high-lift devices featured as deflecting leading edges, and flaperons acting as flaps and ailerons.

Radar

The forward facing NIIP N011M Bars (Panther) is a powerful integrated passive electronically scanned array radar. The N011M is a digital multi-mode dual frequency band radar.[18] The N011M can function in air-to-air and air-to-land/sea mode simultaneously while being tied into a high-precision laser-inertial or GPS navigation system. It is equipped with a modern digital weapons control system as well as anti-jamming features. N011M has a 350 km search range and a maximum 200 km tracking range, and 60 km in the rear hemisphere. The radar can track 15 air targets and engage the 4 most dangerous simultaneously. These targets can even include cruise missiles and motionless helicopters. The Su-30MKI can function as a mini-AWACS as a director or command post for other aircraft. The target co-ordinates can be transferred automatically to at least 4 other aircraft. The radar can detect ground targets such as tanks at 40–50 km.

A modified Su-30MKI is being developed to carry BrahMos cruise missiles, with induction planned for 2012. The program is experiencing difficulties due to the enormous weight of the missile.[19]

Avionics

Laser-optical locator system

OLS-30 laser-optical locator system to include a day and night FLIR capability and is used in conjunction with the helmet mounted sighting system. The OLS-30 is a combined IRST/LR device using a cooled, broader waveband, sensor. Detection range is up to 90 Km, whilst the laser ranger is effective to 3.5 Km. Targets are displayed on the same LCD display as the radar.

LITENING targeting pod

Israeli LITENING targeting pod is used to target the laser guided munitions. Litening incorporates in a single pod all the targeting features required by a modern strike fighter. The original Litening pod includes a long range FLIR, a TV camera, a flash-lamp powered laser designator, laser spot tracker for tracking target designated by other aircraft or from the ground, and an electro-optical point and inertial tracker, which enabled continuous engagement of the target even when the target is partly obscured by clouds or countermeasures. The pod integrates the necessary laser rangefinder and designator, required for the delivery of Laser Guided Bombs, cluster and general purpose bomb.

Electronic countermeasures

Sukhoi Su-30MKI has electronic counter-measure systems. The RWR system is an indigenously developed system by DRDO, called Tarang, (Wave in Sanskrit). It has direction finding capability and is known to have a programmable threat library. The RWR is derived from work done on an earlier system for India's MiG-23BNs known as the Tranquil, which is now superseded by the more advanced Tarang series. Elta EL/M-8222 a self-protection jammer developed by Israel Aircraft Industries is the MKI's standard EW pod, which the Israeli Air Force uses on its F-15s. The ELTA El/M-8222 Self Protection Pod is a power-managed jammer, air-cooled system with an ESM receiver integrated into the pod. The pod contains an antenna on the forward and aft ends, which receive the hostile RF signal and after processing deliver the appropriate response.

Propulsion

The tail section of the Su-30MKI showing the TVC nozzles and horizontal stabilizers.

The Su-30MKI is powered by the two Al-31FP turbofans. Each Al-31FP is rated at 12,500 kgf (27,550 lbf) of full afterburning thrust:

  • Al-31FP builds on the Al-37FU with the capability to vector in 2 planes. The TVC nozzles of the MKI are mounted 32 degrees outward to longitudinal engine axis (i.e. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected ±15 degrees in the vertical plane. This produces a cork-screw effect and thus enhancing the turning capability of the aircraft.
  • Two AL-31FP by-pass thrust-vectoring turbojet reheated engines (25,000 kgf full afterburning thrust) ensure a 2M horizontal flight speed (a 1350 km/h ground-level speed) and a rate of climb of 230 m/s. The mean time between overhaul for the AL-31FP is given at 1,000 hours with a full-life span of 3,000 hours. The titanium nozzle has a mean time between overhaul of 500 hours.
  • There is no strain-gauge engine control stick to change the engine thrust in the cockpit, rather just a conventional engine throttle control lever. The pilot controls the aircraft with help of a standard control stick. On the pilot's right there is a switch which is turned on for performing difficult maneuvers. After the switch-over, the computer determines the level of use of aerodynamic surfaces and swiveling nozzles and their required deflection angles.

Fuel system

The Su-30MKI has a range of 5,000 km with internal fuel which ensures a 4.5 hour combat mission. Also, it has an in-flight refueling (IFR) probe that retracts beside the cockpit during normal operation. The air refueling system increases the flight duration up to 10 hours with a range of 8,000 km at a cruise height of 11 to 13 km. Su-30 MKIs can also use the Cobham 754 buddy refueling pods.[20]

Operational history

The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the most potent fighter jets in-service with the Indian Air Force as of 2008. The MKIs are often fielded by the IAF in bilateral and multilateral air exercises. India exercised its Su-30MKIs against the Royal Air Force's Tornado ADVs in October 2006.[21] This was the first large-scale bilateral aerial exercise with any foreign air force during which the IAF used its Su-30MKIs extensively. This exercise was also the first in 43 years with the RAF. During the exercise, RAF's Air Chief Marshall, Glenn Torpy, was given permission by the IAF to fly the MKI.[22] RAF's Air-Vice Marshall, Christopher Harper, praised the MKI's dogfight ability, calling it "absolutely masterful".[23]

In July 2007, the Indian Air Force fielded the MKI during the Indra-Dhanush exercise with Royal Air Force's Eurofighter Typhoon. This was the first time that the two jets had taken part in such a exercise.[24][25] The IAF did not allow their pilots to use the radar of the MKIs during the exercise so as to protect the highly-classified N011M Bars.[26] During the exercise, the RAF pilots candidly admitted that the Su-30MKI displayed maneuvering superior to that of the Typhoon.[27]

An earlier variant of the Su-30MKI, the MK, took part in war games with the United States Air Force (USAF) during Cope-India 04, where USAF F-15 Eagles were pitted against Indian Air Force Su-30MKs, Mirage 2000s, MiG-29s and elderly MiG-21. The results have been widely publicized, with the Indians winning "90% of the mock combat missions".[28] In July 2008, the IAF sent 6 Su-30MKIs and 2 aerial-refueling tankers, the Il-78MKI, to participate in the Red Flag exercise.[29] In October 2008, a video surfaced on the internet which featured a USAF colonel criticizing Su-30MKI's high friendly kill rate and excessive serviceability issues during the Red Flag exercise.[30][31] The USAF issued an apology to the IAF and said that it did not "share the views" of the colonel.[32][33]

Operators

 India

Specifications (Sukhoi Su-30MKI)

Data from KNAAPO Su-30MK page,[34] Sukhoi Su-30MK page,[35]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2

Performance

Armament: Air to Air Missiles:

  • 6 × R-27R/AA-10A/Astra[36] semi-active radar homing medium range AAM of range 80 km.
  • 6 × R-27T (AA-10B) infrared homing seeker, medium range AAM, 70 km
  • 2 × R-27P (AA-10C) passive radar seeker, long range AAM
  • 10 × R-77 (AA-12) active radar homing medium range AAM, 100 km
  • 6 × R-73 (AA-11) short range AAM, 30 km

Air to Surface Missiles:

  • 2 × Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile, 115 km
  • 2 × Kh-59MK Laser guided standoff Missile, 130 km
  • 4 × Kh-35Anti-Ship Missile, 130 km
  • 3 × PJ-10 Bramhos Supersonic Cruise Missile,300 km
  • 6 × Kh-31P/A anti-radar missile, 70 km
  • 6 × Kh-29T/L laser guided missile, 30 km
  • 4 × S-8 rocket pods (80 unguided rockets)
  • 4 × S-13 rocket pods (20 unguided rockets)

Bombs:

  • 6 × KAB-500L laser guided bombs
  • 3 × KAB-1500L laser guided bombs
  • 8 × FAB-500T dumb bombs
  • 28 × OFAB-250-270 dumb bombs
  • 32 × OFAB-100-120 dumb bombs
  • 8 × RBK-500 cluster bombs

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ MKI stands for Russian Modernizirovannyi Kommercheskiy Indiski (Cyrillic: Модернизированный Коммерческий Индийский), "Modernized Commercial for India".
  2. ^ India to build Russian fighters
  3. ^ Indian air force first to field multi-role Sukhois
  4. ^ HAL rolls out first indigenously built Sukhoi-30
  5. ^ IAF to add muscle with 40 more Sukhois
  6. ^ http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa010108_1_n.shtml
  7. ^ The year of the MiG-29: in 2001, RAC Mig had its best year in the post-Soviet era. Prospects for Sukhoi are improving, too. (Special Report)
  8. ^ The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
  9. ^ Su-30MKI
  10. ^ A close cousin of the SU-30 MKI is the Malaysian version, the SU-30 MKK Sukhoi Su-30 MKK.
  11. ^ a b Su-35 / Su-37 Super Flanker Multirole Fighter
  12. ^ Renewed interest in Russian-made Su30Mk multi-role fighter bomber
  13. ^ The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power (Passage Radar)
  14. ^ N135 Irbis Fire Control Radar; Janes.com
  15. ^ Irbis-E
  16. ^ Sukhois to be inducted this month
  17. ^ India, Russia certify latest Sukhoi fighter configuration: Jane's
  18. ^ THIRD PHASE Su-30MKI DELIVERY TO INDIA STARTED
  19. ^ BrahMos to be fitted on Su-30MKI
  20. ^ SU-30 Buddy Refueling System Achieves Successful Final Design Review.
  21. ^ Pandit, Rajat (14 October 2006). "Sukhois 'splash' UK Tornados over Gwalior". Times of India. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ Royal Air Force chief to fly Sukhoi
  23. ^ Now, IAF mesmerises Royal Air Force
  24. ^ Exercise Indra Dhanush wraps up at Waddington
  25. ^ Exercise Indra Dhanush 07, RAF Waddington
  26. ^ India’s Sukhois turn it on in UK skies, turn off radars
  27. ^ Typhoon vs SU-30MKI: Lessons from Operation Indra Dhanush
  28. ^ Russian fighters superior, says Pentagon
  29. ^ IAF's first ever Participation in Exercise ‘Red Flag’
  30. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sukhoi-30-outshone-in-us-aerial-exercise/384025/0
  31. ^ "US Red Flag pilot candidly assesses Su-30MKI’s limits, Rafale’s dirty tricks", Flightglobal.com
  32. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/red-flag-us-air-force-says-sorry-for-pilots-comments/387521/
  33. ^ ‘Red Flag’ official apologises to IAF
  34. ^ Sukhoi Su-30MK, KNAAPO.
  35. ^ Su-30MK Aircraft performance page, Sukhoi.
  36. ^ "Astra missile to be fitted on Su-30MKI". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
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