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Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

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In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name.

Linnaeus had first included birds in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae, which was published in 1748. In it he listed 260 species arranged into 51 genera, in turn divided amongst six orders. The entries for each species were very brief; rather than including a description, he gave a citation to an earlier publication — often to his own Fauna suecica, which had been published in 1746.[1][2] Linnaeus generally followed the classification scheme introduced by the English parson and naturalist John Ray which grouped species based on the characteristics of each species’ bill and feet.[3]

The 10th edition appeared in 1758 and was the first in which Linnaeus consistently used his binomial system of nomenclature. He increased the number of birds to 554 species, collectively filling 116 pages (contrasting with a mere 17 in the 6th edition).[Note 1] For each species he included a brief description together with one or more citations to earlier publications.[1][6] He maintained 6 orders as in the 6th edition but renamed Scolopaces to Grallae. He rearranged some of the genera, dropping several and adding others to bring the total to 63.[5][Note 2][Note 3]

Living in Sweden, Linnaeus did not have access to a large collection of bird specimens. In order to expand the Systema Naturae for the 10th edition, he relied on earlier publications by other authors.[5] For many birds his description was based on George Edwards's A Natural History of Uncommon Birds which contained 210 hand-coloured plates, nearly all of which were of birds. The four volumes were published between 1743 and 1751.[11] For many North America species Linnaeus relied on Mark Catesby's The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants. It was published in parts between 1729 and 1747.[12] In his description of 81 North American bird species Linnaeus included a cite to Catesby's book and for 33 of these the only work cited is Catesby's.[13]

Linnaeus was not familiar with the species he described, which meant that his classification was often very defective. He sometimes placed very similar birds in different genera. For example, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae includes two subspecies of the common kingfisher, one of which he placed in the genus Gracula and the other in the genus Alcedo. Similarly, he included two subspecies of the red-whiskered bulbul, one of which he placed in Lanius and the other in Motacilla.[6] In his list Linnaeus included two penguins. He placed the southern rockhopper penguin together with the red-billed tropicbird in the genus Phaethon while the African penguin he placed together with the wandering albatross in the genus Diomedea.[5]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has selected 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and stated that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date.[14] In 2016 the list of birds of the world maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union included 448 species for which Linnaeus's description in the 10th edition is cited as the authority. Of these species, 101 have been retained in their original genus and 347 have been moved to a different genus. In addition, there are six species on Linnaeus's 1758 list that are now considered as subspecies. Of Linnaeus's 63 genera, only Tantalus and Colymbus are not now used.[10]

In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1766, Linnaeus described many additional birds that had not been included in the 10th edition. The 12th edition included 931 bird species divided into 6 orders and 78 genera.[5][15] The 12th edition is cited as the authority for 257 modern species of which only 25 have been retained in their original genus.[10] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.[16][17]

Linnaeus described the class Aves as:

A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are aereal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.[18]

Linnaean Characteristics[18]

  • Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
  • Lungs: respires alternately
  • Jaw: incombent, naked, extended, without teeth
  • Eggs: covered with a calcareous shell
  • Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, and ears without auricles
  • Covering: incumbent, imbricate feathers
  • Supports: 2 feet, 2 wings; and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings

In the list below, the binomial name is that used by Linnaeus.

Accipitres

[edit]
The turkey vulture was named Vultur aura in 1758
Vultur (vultures & condors)
The swallow-tailed kite was named Falco forficatus in 1758.
The snowy owl was named Strix scandiaca and Strix nyctea in 1758
Falco (falcons, eagles, & kin)
Strix (owls)
The eastern kingbird was named Lanius tyrannus in 1758
Lanius (shrikes)
The bohemian waxwing was named Lanius garrulus in 1758

Picae

[edit]
Congo grey parrot, (Psittacus erithacus)
Psittacus (parrots)
The scarlet macaw was named Psittacus macao in 1758.
Ramphastos (toucans)[48]
The white throated toucan.
Buceros (hornbills)
The rhinoceros hornbill.
Crotophaga (anis)
The smooth billed ani.
The common raven was named Corvus corax in 1758
Corvus (crows & ravens)
Coracias (rollers & orioles)
The common european roller.
The common hill myna was named Gracula religiosa in 1758
Gracula (mynas)
Paradisaea (birds-of-paradise)
The greater bird of paradise.
The yellow-billed cuckoo was named Cuculus americanus in 1758
Cuculus (cuckoos)
Jynx (wrynecks)
Picus (woodpeckers)
The Eurasian nuthatch was named Sitta europaea in 1758
Sitta (nuthatches)
Alcedo (kingfishers)
Merops (bee-eaters)
The Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops, is the type species of the genus Upupa
Upupa (hoopoes)
Certhia (treecreepers)
The ruby-throated hummingbird was named Trochilus colubris in 1758
Trochilus (hummingbirds)

Anseres

[edit]
The king eider was named Anas spectabilis in 1758
The Eurasian wigeon was named Anas penelope in 1758
Anas (ducks, geese, & swans)
Mergus (mergansers)
The little auk was named Alca alle in 1758
Alca (auks)
Procellaria (petrels)
The African penguin was named Diomedea demersus in 1758
Diomedea (albatrosses & penguins)
Pelecanus (pelicans & kin)
Phaethon (tropicbirds)
The horned grebe, or Slavonian grebe, was named Colymbus auritus in 1758
Colymbus (grebes & loons)[Note 4][Note 5]
Larus (gulls)
Sterna (terns)
Rynchops (skimmers)

Grallae

[edit]
The American flamingo was named Phoenicopterus ruber in 1758
Phoenicopterus (flamingoes)
Platalea (spoonbills)
Mycteria (storks)
Tantalus
Ardea (herons, cranes & kin)
Scolopax (godwits, ibises & kin)
The bar-tailed godwit was named Scolopax lapponica in 1758
Tringa (phalaropes and sandpipers)
The ruff (shown here in breeding plumage) was named Tringa pugnax in 1758
Charadrius (plovers)
The European golden plover was named Charadrius apricarius and Charadrius pluvialis in 1758
Recurvirostra (avocets)
Haematopus (oystercatchers)
Fulica (coots & kin)
Rallus (rails)
Psophia (trumpeters)
Otis (bustards)
Struthio (ratites)

Gallinae

[edit]
Pavo (peafowl)
Meleagris (turkeys)
Crax (curassows)
Phasianus (pheasants & chickens)
Tetrao (grouse & kin)

Passeres

[edit]
Columba (pigeons & doves)
Alauda (larks & pipits)
Sturnus (starlings)
Turdus (thrushes & kin)
Loxia (cardinals, bullfinches & kin)
Emberiza (buntings)
Fringilla (finches & kin)
Motacilla (wagtails)
Parus (tits & manakins)
Hirundo (swallows & swifts)
Caprimulgus (nightjars)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The number of 554 reflects the numbered species contained in Linnaeus's book, all of which are listed below. Not all of these are now recognised as species. Ernst Mayr mistakenly stated that Linnaeus listed 564 species[4] while Joel Allen stated that Linnaeus listed 545 species.[5]
  2. ^ W. L. McAtee mistakenly claims that Linnaeus in his 10th edition lists 102 genera of birds.[7] In fact Linnaeus numbered his bird genera from 40 to 102.
  3. ^ For the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus dropped six genera that he had introduced in the 6th edition. These were Ispida, Ortygometra, Numenius, Casuarius, Gallus and Ampelis. He reintroduced the genus Ampelis in the 12th edition.[8] The French scientist Mathurin Jacques Brisson based some of the genera in his Ornithologie on those introduced by Linnaeus in his 6th edition and adopted Ispida, Numenius, Casuarius and Gallus. As Ornithologie was published in 1760, after the I.C.Z.N. cutoff date of 1758, Brisson and not Linnaeus is considered as the authority for the last three of the above genera.[5][9][10]
  4. ^ The genus Colymbus was mis-spelt "Columbus" in the list of bird genera on p. 84, but appears as Colymbus elsewhere.
  5. ^ The genus Colymbus was suppressed by the I.C.Z.N. in 1956.[87]
  6. ^ a b Linnaeus mixed the two species Turdus iliacus and Turdus musicus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Under Turdus iliacus, he gave a description of the song thrush, but cited references referring to the redwing; under Turdus musicus, he gave a description of the redwing, but cited referenced referring to the song thrush. The confusion was partly clarified in the 1766 12th edition. The name Turdus musicus was suppressed after a 1957 appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Ernst Mayr and Charles Vaurie.[137][138]
  7. ^ For the second occurrence of Fringilla zena Linnaeus cites Plate 37 in Volume 1 of Mark Catesby's The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (1729-1732).[155][156] In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus cites the same plate for the Fringilla bicolor, now Tiaris bicolor, the black-faced grassquit.[157]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1846). Fauna suecica, sistens animalia Sueciae regni. Stockholmiae: Sumtu & literis Laurentii Salvii. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.63899.
  3. ^ Newton, Alfred (1893–1896). A Dictionary of Birds. London: Adam and Charles Black. p. 8.
  4. ^ Ernst Mayr (1946). "The number of species of birds" (PDF). The Auk. 63 (1): 64–69. doi:10.2307/4079907. JSTOR 4079907.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335 [324]. hdl:2246/678.
  6. ^ a b Linnaeus 1758.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an McAtee, W. L. (1957). "The North American birds of Linnaeus". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 3 (5): 291–300. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1957.3.5.291.
  8. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 119.
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