Dalabon people
The Dalabon or Dangbon are an Australian Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory.
Name
[edit]Traditionally the people now called Dalabon had no collective name for themselves, and the term itself derives from the language which members of the community speak.[1]
Language
[edit]The Dalabon language is classified among the far East Arnhem Land language group,[2] and as belonging to the Gunwinyguan language family.[3] It is under severe threat of extinction.[4] One feature of its linguistic culture, the relative absence of nouns for emotions, combined with its rich repertoire (160 lexemes) of emotional verbs and adjectives.[5]
Country
[edit]At the time of European colonialisation, the tribal territory of the Dalabon is thought to have covered some 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2),[6] in south-western Arnhem Land.[3] The anthropologist, Norman Tindale, placed their northern boundary at the upper Goyder River, and their heartland around the headwaters of the Phelp, Rose and Hart rivers.[6] Linguistics scholar, Maïa Ponsonnet, states that, before the colonial period, the Dalbon people were located in Central Arnhem Land, with clan estates extending further north in the direction of the Arafura Sea.[3]
Their immediate tribal environment consisted of several peoples: the Jawoyn to their southwest, Kune and Mayali speakers of the Bininj Kunwok dialect chain on their west-north western boundaries, the Ngalakgan on their southern frontier, and the Rembarrnga beyond their eastern limits.[7]
Lifestyle
[edit]The Dalabon were semi-nomadic hunter gatherers, with access to abundant food resources culled throughout a mixed savannah and forest area which experienced three seasonal changes: a humid wet monsoonal period from December to April, followed by three cool dry months (May to July), and closing with the gradual onset of warming from August to November as a prelude to the return of the rainy summer season.[8]
Social organization
[edit]Dalabon society had eight subsections, each of which had a male and female name, and which can be analysed in terms of three dichotomies. The first taxonomy identifies people in terms of patrimoieties of the Dua/Yirritja[a] type. A second division of descent is matrilineal; the intersection of these two forms four sections. A third system has subsections to elicit the ideal father-and-son pairs.[9]
The structure of these moieties and semi-moieties affects the ritual choreography of two major ceremonies, Gunabibi and Yabuduruwa, held on alternating years by the Dalabon and some contiguous tribes.[10]
Mythology
[edit]In the earliest times, according to Dalabon cosmology, men passed the night-time under water, and had stumps for legs. The crocodile was master of the secret of fire. This changed when the kingfisher filched a firebrand from the crocodile, and set fire to the landscape, and men were burnt, leading them to learn the art of cooking and also acquire the legs they now have. Two pairs of immemorial, ancestral people (Nayunghyungkig), the Yirritja men Bulanj and Kodjok, and the Duwa women Kalidjan and Kamanj – collectively referred to as the Nakoorkko – wandered the earth, laying down the law inscribed in the nature of the Dalabon landscape and its reflex in Dalabon social customs.[11]
Modern times
[edit]The Dalabon today mainly live in an area east of Katherine, in Wugularr (formerly Beswick), Barunga (formerly Bamyili), Bulman and Weemol.[3]
Customs
[edit]Kenneth Maddock found the Dalabon still preserved a custom, which they called magard, which had been briefly noted earlier among the Yolngu and the Burarra, and called Mirriri, according to which a man whose classificatory sister had been subject to obscene abuse[b] implying she was engaged in sexual improprieties, was obliged to assault her, armed with a spear, boomerang or sticks.[12] W. Lloyd Warner took the practice as a ritual expression of displeasure performed to allay the outbreak of hostilities between the respective clans of husband and wife; Lester Hiatt thought his material suggested rather a brother's disavowal of incestuous interest in his sister; Maddock took the Dalabon custom as a predictable ceremonial affirmation of a social relation forming part of a larger body of tribal etiquette.[c]
Ethnographic studies
[edit]Kenneth Maddock did the first comprehensive studies of the Dalabon.[8]
Alternative names
[edit]Tindale's Dangbon
[edit]Norman Tindale posited the existence of a "tribe", the Dangbon, who he considered distinct from the Dalabon, but was unable to furnish an estimate for their tribal lands, other than locating these Dangbon to the east of the Liverpool River's headwaters and at those of the Cadell and Mann Rivers.[14] He also provided a list of alternative names for this group:[14]
- Gundangbon
- Dangbun
- Dangbar (typo)
- Gumauwurk
Contemporary scholarship now regards Dangbon as an alternative name for the Dalabon.[15]
Some words
[edit]Nicholas Evans notes that the Dalabon root √men, with more or less the general sense of 'social conscience /awareness', emerges in an adjectival compound form like men-djabalarrk (obedient) that is applied also to non-human beings like a dog.[16]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ponsonnet transcribes the Dalabon form of these names, common in the area (see Yolngu) as Duwa/Yirridjdja. (Ponsonnet 2014, p. 34)
- ^ Evans, arguing that √beng covers more or less the idea of 'mind' in English, though perhaps etymologically related to a word for 'ear', writes: "The propound √beng, .. hardly ever occurs outside verbal formations. The main use of this word as a free form is with the specialized meaning '(taboo on)(a man) swearing at, concerning or in presence of sister'." (Evans 2007, pp. 72, 76)
- ^ Burbank studied the same practice among the Nunggubuyu. (Burbank 1985, p. 47)
Citations
[edit]- ^ Maddock 1989, p. 82.
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. xl.
- ^ a b c d Ponsonnet 2014, p. 28.
- ^ Ponsonnet 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Ponsonnet 2014, pp. 2, 18.
- ^ a b c Tindale 1974a, p. 222.
- ^ Ponsonnet 2014, pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b Ponsonnet 2014, p. 30.
- ^ Ponsonnet 2014, p. 34.
- ^ Maddock 1989, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Ponsonnet 2014, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Maddock 1970, pp. 165–176, 165, 167.
- ^ Maddock 1970, p. 165.
- ^ a b Tindale 1974b, p. 222.
- ^ Garde 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Evans 2007, pp. 71–71.
Sources
[edit]- Burbank, Victoria K. (September 1985). "The Mirriri as Ritualized Aggression". Oceania. 56 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1985.tb02107.x. JSTOR 40330847.
- Capell, Arthur (June 1942a). "Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia". Oceania. 12 (4): 364–392. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1942.tb00365.x. JSTOR 40327959.
- Capell, Arthur (September 1942b). "Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia (Continued)". Oceania. 13 (1): 24–50. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1942.tb00367.x. JSTOR 40327973.
- Capell, Arthur (March 1960a). "The Wandarang and Other Tribal Myths of the Yabuduruwa Ritual". Oceania. 30 (3): 206–224. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1960.tb00221.x. JSTOR 40329205.
- Capell, Arthur (September 1960b). "Myths and Tales of the Nunggubuyu, S.E. Arnhem Land". Oceania. 31 (1): 31–62. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1960.tb01738.x. JSTOR 40329241.
- Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
- Evans, Nicholas (2007). "Standing up your mind: Remembering in Dalabon". In Amberber, Menghistu (ed.). The Language of memory in a Crosslinguistic Perspective. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 67–95. ISBN 978-9-027-22375-3.
- Garde, Murray (2013). Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An ethnography of Bininj Gunwok communication. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9-027-27124-2.
- Maddock, Kenneth (March 1970). "A Structural Interpretation of the Mirriri". Oceania. 40 (3): 165–176. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1970.tb01088.x. JSTOR 40329867.
- Maddock, Kenneth (1989). "The Complexity of Dual Organization in Aboriginal Australia". In Maybury-Lewis, David; Almagor, Uri (eds.). The Attraction of Opposites: Thought and Society in the Dualistic Mode. University of Michigan Press. pp. 77–96. ISBN 978-0-472-08086-1.
- Ponsonnet, Maïa (2014). The Language of Emotions: The case of Dalabon (Australia). John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9-027-26920-1.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974a). "Dalabon (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974b). "Dangbon (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020.
- Warner, William Lloyd (1937). A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe. Harper & Brothers.
