Dominique Lefèbvre

Dominique Lefèbvre (1810–1865) was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society to Vietnam and the bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Western Cochin and of the titular see Isauropolis, in partibus infidelium, during the 19th century. His two terms of imprisonment during the reign of Emperor Thiệu Trị were a pretext for the first French naval interventions in the country.

Having been ordained in December 1834, Fr. Dominique Lefèbvre arrived in Đại Nam in 1835.^[1] In 1839, Fr. Lefèbvre was appointed the Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Cochin and Titular Bishop of Isauropolis. He was consecrated on 1 August 1841 by Bishop Étienne-Théodore Cuenot of the Apostolic Vicariate of Cochin. This apostolic vicariate was subsequently reorganized into the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Cochin and the Apostolic Vicariate of Western Cochin by Pope Gregory XVI in March of 1844, and Bishop Dominique Lefèbvre was appointed the Apostolic Vicar of Western Cochin (Fr. Jean-Claude Miche was appointed the Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar simultaneously). The Apostolic Vicariate of Western Cochin would ultimately become the Archdiocese of Saigon.

At the time, it was illegal for missionaries to enter the country to proselytise.^[2] In 1845, Bishop Lefèbvre was condemned to death after being arrested at Cái Nhum in 1844 and then sent to Huế. The US Captain John Percival of the USS Constitution failed in his attempts to have him released, but managed to inform Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille who obtained his release.^[3]^[4]

Later Dominique Lefèbvre again re-entered Vietnam, and was again imprisoned. In 1847, Cécille sent two warships (Gloire and Victorieuse) under Captains Lapierre and Charles Rigault de Genouilly to Tourane (Danang) to obtain the liberation of two imprisoned French missionaries, Bishop Dominique Lefèbvre (imprisoned for a second time as he had re-entered Vietnam secretly) and Duclos, and freedom of worship for Catholics in Vietnam.^[5] As negotiations drew on without results, an incident named the Bombardment of Tourane erupted on 15 April 1847. Under the order of Thiệu Trị, six corvettes from Đại Nam ambuscaded the frigate Gloire and the corvette Victorieuse, which were sent to Tourane to negotiate for the liberation of the imprisoned French missionaries and to seek a commitment from the authorities in Đại Nam to allow freedom of worship for Catholics, in the Bay of Tourane. In the brief action that followed, the French sank four of Đại Nam's corvettes and disabled a fifth, and inflicted nearly 1,200 casualties on the outclassed Đại Nam's sailors. The French fleet then sailed away.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Bishop Lefèbvre was the principal consecrator of Bishop Jean-Claude Miche in the latter's episcopal ordination on 13 June 1847.

In 1863, Bishop Lefèbvre laid the cornerstone of the seminary at the location on Tôn Đức Thắng Boulevard where it still stands today.

Dominique Lefèbvre resigned and returned to France in 1864 due to health problems and died in Marseilles in 1865.^[9]

Notes

^ The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam - Page 391 by Joseph Buttinger
^ Keith, Charlers (2012). Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52027-247-7.
^ The Last Emperors of Vietnam By Oscar Chapuis p.4
^ A History of Vietnam By Oscar Chapuis p.194
^ Chapuis, p.5 Google Books Quote: Two years later, in 1847, Lefèbvre was again captured when he returned to Vietnam. This time Cecille sent captain Lapierre to Danang. Whether Lapierre was aware or not that Lefebvre had already been freed and on his way back to Singapore, the French first dismantled masts of some Vietnamese ships. Later on April 14, 1847, in only one hour, the French sank the last five bronze-plated vessels in the bay of Danang.
^ Tucker, S. C. (1999). Vietnam. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0966-3.
^ Thomazi, A. (1931). Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française. Hanoi–Haiphong: Imprimerie D'Extrême-Orient.
^ Thomazi, A. (1934). La conquête de l'Indochine. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Trương, Bá Cần (Ed.) (2008). Lịch sử phát triển Công giáo ở Việt Nam, Tập II. Hanoi: Tôn giáo Hà Nội.

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[1] The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam - Page 391 by Joseph Buttinger

[CK-2] Keith, Charlers (2012). Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52027-247-7.

[Chapuis4-5-3] The Last Emperors of Vietnam By Oscar Chapuis p.4

[4] A History of Vietnam By Oscar Chapuis p.194

[Google_page_5-5] Chapuis, p.5 Google Books Quote: Two years later, in 1847, Lefèbvre was again captured when he returned to Vietnam. This time Cecille sent captain Lapierre to Danang. Whether Lapierre was aware or not that Lefebvre had already been freed and on his way back to Singapore, the French first dismantled masts of some Vietnamese ships. Later on April 14, 1847, in only one hour, the French sank the last five bronze-plated vessels in the bay of Danang.

[tucker-6] Tucker, S. C. (1999). Vietnam. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0966-3.

[Histoire-7] Thomazi, A. (1931). Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française. Hanoi–Haiphong: Imprimerie D'Extrême-Orient.

[La-conquête-8] Thomazi, A. (1934). La conquête de l'Indochine. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[TBC-9] Trương, Bá Cần (Ed.) (2008). Lịch sử phát triển Công giáo ở Việt Nam, Tập II. Hanoi: Tôn giáo Hà Nội.

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v t e French Indochina
Background	France–Asia relations French colonial empire France–Vietnam relations France–Thailand relations France–China relations
Constituent territories	Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam
Events	French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) French conquest of Vietnam Siege of Tourane (1858) Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) Sino-French War (1884–1885) Pacification of Tonkin Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French–Thai War (1940–1941) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam
Treaties	Treaty of Versailles (1787) Treaty of Saigon (1862) Treaty of Huế (1863) Treaty of Saigon (1874) Treaty of Huế (1883) Treaty of Huế (1884) Treaty of Tientsin (1885) Geneva Conference (1954)
French personalities	Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean-Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut
Organisations	Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor-General of French Indochina

See also

Notes