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New Netherland settlements

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Area settled by the Dutch in 1660

New Netherland (Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch) was the 17th century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the northeastern coast of North America. The claimed territory was the land from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, with small outposts in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Its capital of New Amsterdam was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on the Upper New York Bay.

The region was initially explored in 1609 by Henry Hudson on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company. It was later surveyed and charted, and was given its name in 1614. The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the Zuyd Rivier (South River, now the Delaware River), the Noort Rivier (North River, now the Hudson River), and the Versche Rivier (Fresh River, now the Connecticut River). They intended to use them to gain access to the interior, the indigenous population, and the lucrative fur trade.

International law required discovery, charting, and settlement to perfect a territorial claim. Large scale settlement was rejected in favor of a formula that was working in Asia of establishing factories (trading posts with a military presence and a small support community). This period is sometimes referred to as the Dutch Golden Age, despite on-going wars on the European continent, and it was difficult to recruit people to leave the economic boom and cultural vibrancy of Europe. Mismanagement and under-funding by the Dutch West India Company hindered early settlement, as well as misunderstandings and armed conflict with Indians. Liberalization of trade, a degree of self-rule, and the loss of Dutch Brazil led to exponential growth in the 1650s. Transfers of power from the Netherlands to England were peaceful in the province, the last one formalized in 1674.

Forts and Factorijen

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Main article: Forts of New Netherland

The first of two Forts Nassau was built in Mahican territory during the first decade, where commerce could be conducted with Indians, and factorijen (small trading posts) went up at Schenectady, Schoharie, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw,[1] Ninigret, Totoket,[2] Schuykill, and elsewhere. Trapper Jan Rodrigues is believed to have been the first non-Indian to winter on the island of Manhattan in 1613.

Nut Island

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Main article: Governors Island

The States General of the Dutch Republic awarded the newly formed Dutch West India Company a trade monopoly for the region in 1621, and New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic in 1624. The South River was initially chosen as the site of the capital because the colonists felt that it had the best climate. However, summer humidity, mosquitos, and winter freezing made the North River more appealing. A number of ships brought settlers to the New World, at first to Noten Island and soon after to the tip of Manhattan, and the colonists began construction of Fort Amsterdam, around which the colony began to grow. Small groups of the early arrivals were dispersed to Fort Orange, to Fort Wilhelmus, or to Kievets Hoek, but those who went to Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek were later recalled. Among those who made the crossing were many Walloons and 11 Africans as company-owned slaves.

Patroonships

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Main articles: Patroon; Rensselaerswyck; Zwaanendael Colony; and Pavonia, New Netherland

In 1629, the Dutch West India Company introduced the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, a series of inducements commonly known as the patroon system. Invested members could receive vast land patents and manorial rights, somewhat reminiscent of a feudal lord, if they were willing to fulfill certain conditions, including transporting and settling at least 50 persons. A number of attempts were made, but the only notable success was the Manor of Rensselaerswyck.[3] Pavonia, across the river from New Amsterdam, was returned to the company and became a company-managed holding. In 1640, company policy was changed to allow land purchases by individuals in good standing.[1]

South River

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See also: New Sweden
See also: New Amstel

Another patroon patent was Zwaanendael Colony later named by the British, Lewes, Delaware (the town is still known as such), the first Dutch colonial settlement on the Zuyd Rivier (Delaware Bay), but it was plundered soon after its founding in 1631.[4] After 1638, settlement was mostly in New Sweden, and these were brought under New Netherland control in 1655 when Fort Casimir was built. In 1663, Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted to create a utopian settlement in the region, but it expired under English rule.[5]

Fresh River (Connecticut)

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See also: Connecticut Colony and New Haven Colony

The Dutch established a short-lived factorij trading post at Kievits Hoek (or Plover's Corner) in present-day Old Saybrook, Connecticut, shortly after constructing their first settlement on the island of Manhattan. They abandoned it soon after, however, in order to focus on the trading post at Fort Goede Hoop on the Connecticut River, which was completed in 1633. The Dutch also had a trading post and possible fort at the mouth of the Branford River in Branford, Connecticut, which still contains a wharf called "Dutch Wharf."[6][7][8] Soon after, settlers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony formed the Connecticut Colony in 1636,[9] and the New Haven Colony in 1638. Petrus Stuyvesant attempted to prevent further competition for the area and agreed to a border 50 miles west of the river in the Treaty of Hartford (1650). This did not stem the flow of New Englanders to Long Island and the mainland along Long Island Sound, however.

North River

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Main article: New Amsterdam
See also: History of Brooklyn; History of Albany, New York; Rondout, New York; and Bergen, New Netherland

The port called the Manhattans grew up at the mouth of the North River (Hudson River). New Amsterdam was the capital of the province and received its municipal charter in 1652; this included the isle of Manhattan, Staaten Eylandt, Pavonia, and the Lange Eylandt towns, including Gravesend, Breuckelen, and Nieuw Amersfoort.

A municipal charter was also granted to Beverwijck in 1652, which had grown from a trading post to a bustling town in the midst of Rensselaerswyck.[10] In 1657, the homesteads scattered along the west bank of the Hudson Valley in Esopus country were required to build a garrison that became the province's third largest town of Wiltwijk.

The Dutch Belt

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Colonial settlers spread throughout the region after the final transfer of power to the English with the Treaty of Westminster (1674), establishing many of the towns and cities that exist today.[11] The Dutch Reformed Church played an important role in this expansion.[12] Settlers followed the course of the Hudson River in the north via New York Harbor to the Raritan River in the south along what George Washington called the "Dutch Belt".[13]

Demographics

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Population estimates do not include Native Americans.

  • 1628: 270
  • 1630: 300
  • 1640: 500
  • 1650: 800 [14]-1,000 [15]
  • 1664: 9,000 [16]

List of settlements

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(c. 1629) Fort Orange and Castle Island
Manatus Map (c. 1639) Manhattan situated on the North Rivier
(c. 1650) (1685 reprint) New Netherland
Nautical chart of Zwaanendael, 1639
(c. 1650) South River
(1660) New Amsterdam
Settlements of New Netherland
Name Modern-day location State Year estd. Notes/references
Fort Nassau Castle Island NY 1614 in the North River
Roduins / Rodenbergh New Haven CT possibly 1620s possible factorij[17]
Fort Nassau Gloucester City NJ 1621 dismantled and relocated in 1651
Noten Eylant Governors Island NY 1624
Fort Orange Albany NY 1624 replaced Fort Nassau on the North River
Fort Wilhelmus Burlington Island NJ 1624 disbanded[18]
Kievets Hoek Old Saybrook CT 1624 disbanded
New Amsterdam Lower Manhattan NY 1624
Fort Amsterdam Lower Manhattan NY 1625
Rensselaerswyck Capital District NY 1630 patroonship of Kiliaen van Rensselaer on the North River
Pavonia Hudson County NJ 1630 on the North River;[19] attempted patroonship of Michael Pauw
Noortwijk Greenwich Village, New York NY 1630s
Zwaanendael Lewes DE 1631 on the Zuyd Rivier; soon after plundered by the local population[20]
Fort Huis de Goed Hoop Hartford CT 1633 near the Fresh River[21]
Jan de Lacher's Hoeck Communipaw / Liberty State Park NJ 1634 [22]
Connecticut Colony – CT 1636 founded by New Englanders near Fort Huis de Goed Hoop
Quetenesse Dutch Island RI 1636 nearby Fort Ninigret may have been Dutch or Portuguese
Nieuwe Haarlem Harlem, New York NY 1637 municipal charter in 1652
Pelham Pelham NY 1637 New Englander's homestead
New Haven Colony New Haven CT 1638 New Englander towns found at mouth of Quinnipiac River
Fort Christina Wilmington DE 1638 first of Swedish settlements on the Zuyd Rivier; Fort Altena in 1655
Broncks The Bronx NY 1639 settled by Jonas Bronck[23]
Paulus Hoeck Paulus Hook NJ 1639 patent at Pavonia
Staaten Eylandt Staten Island NY 1639 attempted patroonship of Cornelius Meyln[24]
Southhold Southhold NY 1640
Vriessendael Edgewater NJ 1640 homestead of David Pietersen de Vries
Beverwijck Albany NY 1640s trading post surrounded by Rensselaerswyck; municipal charter in 1652[10]
Peekskill Peekskill NY possibly early 1640s formalized in 1684
Achter Col Gateway Region NJ 1641 attempted patroonship on the Hackensack River
Greenwich Greenwich CT 1642 English manor under Dutch jurisdiction
Vriedelandt Throggs Neck, Bronx NY 1642 settled by Englishman John Throckmorton[25]
Maspat Maspeth, Queens NY 1642 under a charter granted to Rev. Francis Doughty[26][27]
Hemsteede Hempstead NY 1643 New England settlement on Lange Eylandt[28]
Hoboken Hoboken NJ 1643 lease at Pavonia
Eastchester Eastchester NY 1643 homestead of Anne Hutchinson's family and followers
Gravesend Gravesend, Brooklyn NY 1645 settled under Dutch patent by English Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody and followers
Vlissingen Flushing, Queens NY 1645 under Dutch patent, mostly English colonists, many of them Quakers
Breuckelen Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn NY 1646
Colen Donck Yonkers NY 1646 homestead of Jonkheer Adriaen van der Donck
Constable Hook Constable Hook NJ 1646 patent
Nieuw Amersfoort Flatlands, Brooklyn NY 1647
Minkakwa Caven Point NJ 1647
Weehawken Weehawken NJ 1647 land patent
Fort Beversreede Philadelphia PA 1648 on the Schuylkill River
Stuyvesant Farm East Village and Stuyvesant Town, New York NY 1649 homestead of Petrus Stuyvesant
Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie NY 1650s founded by Barent Baltus
Fort Casimir New Castle DE 1651 [29]
Midwout Midwood, Brooklyn NY 1652 [30]
Esopus Ulster County NY 1652 [31]
Nieuw Utrecht Bensonhurst, Brooklyn NY 1652
Oester Baai Oyster Bay NY 1653 at the 1650 border between New Netherland and New England
Pelham Manor Pelham NY 1654 Englishman Thomas Pell's purchase; New Netherland/Siwanoy territory[32]
Pamrapo Bayonne NJ 1654 Achter Col patents[33]
Nieuw Amstel New Castle DE 1655
Rustdorp Jamaica, Queens NY 1656 land patent
Wiltwyk Kingston NY 1657 [31]
Bergen Hudson County NJ 1660
Rye Rye NY 1660 land purchase by English settlers[34]
Oude Dorpe Old Town, Staten Island NY 1661 [35]
Boswijck Bushwick, Brooklyn NY 1661
Schenectady Schenectady NY 1661 [13]
Claverack Hudson NY 1662
Plockhoy Zwaanendael Lewes, Delaware DE 1663 founded by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy
English Neighborhood eastern Bergen County NJ 1668
Woestina Rotterdam NY 1670 [13]
Nieuw Dorp New Dorp, Staten Island NY 1671

Reformed Congregations pre-1776 (selection)

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Hackensack
Tappan
Tarrytown

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland". American Historical Review Vol. 6 No. 1 (Oct. 1900), pp1‑18. penelope.uchicago.edu (University of Chicago). Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  2. ^ The Dutch set up a trading post at the mouth of the Branford River in the 1600s, the source of the name "Dutch Wharf." "Branford Chamber of Commerce, Branford Connecticut". Archived from the original on 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2006-06-27. Branford Chamber of Commerce
  3. ^ "Freedoms, as Given by the Council of the Nineteen of the Chartered West India Company to All those who Want to Establish a Colony in New Netherland". World Digital Library. 1630. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  4. ^ The Zwaanendael Museum
  5. ^ Bart Plantegna. (April 2001) "The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans Archived 2010-12-21 at the Wayback Machine". Mennonite Historical Bulletin.
  6. ^ http://www.branfordct.com/guide_history.htm Archived 2006-06-26 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Branford Chamber of Commerce web site accessed 26 June 2006
  7. ^ "Branford Point Historic District, Branford Town, New Haven County, Branford CT, 06405".
  8. ^ The Archaeology of 17th-Century New Netherland Since 1985: An Update Paul R. Huey Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 34 From the Netherlands to New Netherland: The Archaeology of the Dutch in the Old and New Worlds Article 6 (2005) https://orb.binghamton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1083&context=neha
  9. ^ Suckiaug
  10. ^ a b "Beverwyck". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  11. ^ "From Revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: The United States of America and the Netherlands: Index". Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  12. ^ http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc09/htm/iv.vii.c.htm Schaff, Philip; The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedeia of Religious Knowledge
  13. ^ a b c *Lucas Litchenberg, De Nieuwe Wereld van Peter Stuyvesant: Nederlandse voetsporen in de Verenigde Staten, ISBN 90-5018-426-X, NUGI 470, Uitgeverij Balans, 1999
  14. ^ Joan Blaeu, Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova
  15. ^ New York: History - Islands Draw Native American, Dutch, and English Settlement
  16. ^ A brief outline of Dutch history and the province of New Netherland Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Connecticut River Section - Rodenburg (New Haven)
  18. ^ Bert van Steeg,Walen in de Wildernis :"Walen in de Wildernis". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-12-02., soon after abandoned Bij aankomst in de kolonie werden de kolonisten opgesplitst in vier groepen en werden er op een aantal plaatsen kleine vestigingen gesticht, vooral in de buurt van de al bestaande handelsposten. Een aantal families werden gevestigd aan de Delaware. Hier werd fort Wilhelmus gesticht. Twee families en zes mannen werden naar de Connecticut rivier gestuurd. Ook op Governors’ eiland werden een aantal kolonisten geplaatst om een fort te bouwen. Het grootste aantal kolonisten, onder wie Catalina Rapalje, werd echter net ten zuiden van het huidige Albany geplaatst. May liet hier een klein fort bouwen dat de naam Fort Orange kreeg. Hier verbleven ongeveer achttien families.[30]Brodhead, J.R., History of the state of New York (New York 1871 || 150-191
  19. ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/nnlandex5.html [user-generated source]
  20. ^ Rabushka, Alwina Taxation in Colonial America
  21. ^ Ruttenber, E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001 ||
  22. ^ "Communipaw". Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  23. ^ Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx... Its History & Perspective
  24. ^ O’Callaghan, Edmund B, Bertold Fer|| ed., Documents relative to the colonial history of the state of New York (Albany 1856-1887 || Book II, Chapter II, PartIV "The History of New York State, Book II, Chapter II, Part IV". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  25. ^ Land Grants 1630-1664, N - U
  26. ^ Long Island Section – Maspeth Archived 2012-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Maspeth, Queens County, New York
  28. ^ History of Hempstead Village
  29. ^ Site Of Fort Casimir Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ BROOKLYN NEIGHBORHOODS.. Present & Past. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  31. ^ a b Dutch Colonization
  32. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ The Old Dutch Reformed Church
  34. ^ "Rye Historical Society - Timothy Knapp House". Archived from the original on 2008-08-23. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  35. ^ Staff. "HUGUENOTS WILL STAGE STATEN ISLAND FETE; Will Celebrate Today Settlement of Old Town in 1661-- Gov. Roosevelt Invited.", The New York Times, June 28, 1931. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  36. ^ New Paltz Reformed Church – Church History
  37. ^ Hackensack First Reformed
  38. ^ a b "New Jersey Historical Society". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  39. ^ Tappan: A Walk Through History
  40. ^ http://www.oldbrickchurch.org/history.html[permanent dead link]
  41. ^ Belleville Second Reformed
  42. ^ Our Historic Church – Six Mile Run Reformed Church Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Home
  44. ^ a b "Our History". Frishkill Reformed Church. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-07-27. By 1716 they wanted their own Dutch Reformed church so they would not have to cross the river to Kingston or New Paltz to worship. In that year two congregations were established on October 10th: one in Poughkeepsie and one in Fishkill. Poughkeepsie's church building was finished in 1723
  45. ^ First Reformed Church — New Brunswick, New Jersey Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today
  46. ^ "Schaghticoke". Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  47. ^ "Readington Reformed Church".
  48. ^ "A Brief History of Fairfield Reformed Church". Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  49. ^ Old Fort Herkimer Church, First Settlers
  50. ^ "Paramus Reformed Church". New Jersey Churchscape. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  51. ^ http://www.fortklock.com/StoneArabia.htm
  52. ^ Harlingen Church
  53. ^ Rhinebeck Reformed Church
  54. ^ Pompton Plains Reformed
  55. ^ The Story of Old Fort Plain
  56. ^ Dutch Reformed Church Records Clarkstown New York
  57. ^ The Reformed Dutch Churches of Paterson, NJ (1930) - Passaic County Historical Society Archived 2015-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ "Montville Reformed Church History". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  59. ^ "History". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  60. ^ New Hackensack Reformed Church
  61. ^ Bedminster Reformed
  62. ^ Ridgefield English NeighborhoodReformed
  63. ^ Beck, Henry Charleton, Tales and Towns of Northern New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-1019-4
  64. ^ Tales and Towns of Northern New Jersey – Google Boeken
  65. ^ Marriage Records of the Reformed Dutch Church of Kakiat West New Hempstead New York 1774-1898
  66. ^ "Maddie's Ancestor Search: Kakiat, Rockland Co., NY, Dutch Reformed Church Records: Part 1". 20 January 2011.
  67. ^ The Reformed Dutch Church Of Hillsdale

Sources

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