New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Nanjemoy Formation
| image =
| caption = Nanjemoy Creek, the namesake of the formation
| type = [[Formation (stratigraphy)|Formation]]
| age = [[Ypresian]] ([[Wasatchian]])<br>~{{fossil range|54.5|50.3}}
| period = Ypresian
| prilithology = [[Sandstone]], [[claystone]]
| otherlithology = [[Marl]], [[limestone]]
| namedfor = [[Nanjemoy Creek]]<br>[[Nanjemoy Formation#Etymology|Etymology]]
| namedby = Clark & Martin
| year_ts = 1901
| region = {{Flag|Virginia}}<br>{{Flag|Maryland}}<br>{{Flag|District of Columbia}}
| country = {{Flag|United States}}
| coordinates = {{coord|38.8|N|76.7|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|39.1|N|60.8|W|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Pamunkey Group]]
| subunits = Woodstock & Potapaco
| underlies = [[Piney Point Formation|Piney Point]] & [[Calvert Formation|Calvert]]
| overlies = [[Aquia Formation|Aquia]] & [[Marlboro Clay]]
| thickness = About {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Nanjemoy Formation#Extent|Extent]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | United States#Maryland
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | United States#Maryland
| lat_deg = 38.8
| lon_deg = -76.7
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Nanjemoy Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] pertaining to both the [[Wilcox Group]] and the [[Pamunkey Group]] of the eastern United States, stretching across the states of [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and [[District of Columbia]]. The formation [[outcrop|crops out]] east of the [[Appalachians]] and dates back to the [[Paleogene]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Specifically to the [[Ypresian]] stage of the Eocene epoch, about 55 to 50 Ma or [[Wasatchian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]], defined by the contemporaneous [[Wasatch Formation]] of the Pacific US coast.
The about {{convert|20|m|ft}} thin formation crops out in a narrow irregular band and only in certain of the many creeks of the Maryland peninsula and on the southern side of the Potomac River in Virginia. The two members the formation was divided into by Clark and Martin in 1901; Potapaco and Woodstock, represent different phases in the basin history. The lower Potapaco Member is much more clayey, described as [[marl]], than the upper Woodstock Member, probably characteristic of less storm influences in the shallow shelf sediments.
The formation has provided a wealth of fossils of mainly fish, but also mammals, reptiles, birds and flora. The presence of the sharks ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' and ''[[Carcharocles aksuaticus]]'', as well as various other shark and ray species are notable. Crocodylian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in the Nanjemoy Formation.<ref name=Weems1999>Weems & Grimsley, 1999</ref>
== Etymology ==
[[File:Algonquian language map with states and provinces.svg|right|thumb|250px|Algonquian languages; the Nanjemoy Formation crops out in the territories of the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]]]]
Nanjemoy is probably an [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] word, meaning "one goes downward",<ref name=Norris2016>Joseph Norris, TheBayNet, 2016</ref> representing the many rivers and creeks in the wet watershed of [[Chesapeake Bay]], an area originally inhabited by the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquin]]-speaking [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]].<ref name=IndLangs>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701e.ct003648r/ Library of Congress - National atlas. Indian tribes, cultures & languages: United States]</ref> The formation is named after [[Nanjemoy Creek]], a left tributary of the [[Potomac River]].<ref name=Norris2016/>
[[Wicomico]], is the name of two separate rivers, one on Maryland's Eastern Shore; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], another in Southern Maryland; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], and is the name of a small thoroughfare in southeastern [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]].<ref name=Norris2016/>
The reason this term appears in three different places in the state simply means that the people living there when the English barged in were trying to tell them it was a nice place to live.<ref name=Norris2016/>
''Wigh'' or ''wik'', representing "pleasant" and ''accomico'' "dwelling, village" was the native's way of telling the Europeans they liked living there.<ref name=Norris2016/>
Geography is all-defining in these areas,<ref name=Kaplan_p>Robert Kaplan, 1991, p.</ref> Hills, valleys and rivers received their descriptive name in the local languages of the world. The global phenomenon of naming geographical features; our leading highways for millennia, as descriptive as possible. In the [[Algonquin languages|Algonquin]]-speaking area of the present-day [[Eastern United States]], for instance in western Charles County; ''Chicamuxen'' means "there lies the high ground."<ref name=Norris2016/>
Potapaco was an early name for [[Port Tobacco Creek]],<ref name=UoC1938_p1713>UoC, 1938, p.1713</ref> that was named after the people, also known as the [[Piscataway people|Piscataway]].
Nanjemoy, which may contain elements of [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwa]], by contrast means "one goes downward."<ref name=Norris2016/>
Mattawoman, found in Charles, Prince George's and on the Eastern Shore, has remnants of not only Algonquin, but [[Fox language|Fox]] and [[Ojibwa language|Ojibwa]] as well, and translates to "where one goes pleasantly."<ref name=Norris2016/>
The [[Urban Dictionary]] defines ''nanjemoy'' as follows:<ref name=UrbDicNanjemoy>[https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=nanjemoy Urban Dictionary - nanjemoy]</ref>
{{quote|"The deepest part of southern Maryland you never know what you’re going to find all the way back in these swamps..."}}
== Definition ==
[[File:Maryland geological survey (1901) (14746338736).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Geologic map of Maryland (1901)]]
The Nanjemoy Formation was defined by Clark and Martin in 1901, as part of the mapping by the [[Maryland Geological Survey]]. The Nanjemoy Formation was divided into two members, the lower or Potapaco, and the upper or Woodstock. The main lithologic distinction is that the lower part of the Nanjemoy is much clayey than the upper part. In the subsurface, the distinction between the members is less evident than in outcrops, especially in Maryland, so the formation has been left undivided.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>
In the outcrops along the Potomac River near [[Popes Creek]], the contact between the Woodstock and Potapaco at about {{convert|10|ft|m}} above the water level.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>
== Extent ==
{| class="wikitable"
| {{Location map+ | USA Virginia
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| float = center
| position = right
| places =
{{Location map~ | USA Virginia
| lat_deg = 38.8
| lon_deg = -77.4
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 7
| label = '''FS'''
| position = left
}}
{{Location map~ | USA Virginia
| lat_deg = 37.5
| lon_deg = -76.5
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 7
| label = '''Ws'''
| position = left
}}
}}
| {{Location map+ | USA Maryland
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| float = center
| position = right
| places =
{{Location map~ | USA Maryland
| lat_deg = 38.4
| lon_deg = -77.2
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 7
| label = '''NC'''
| position = top
}}
}}
| [[File:Chesapeakewatershedmap.png|205px|center]]
|-
| colspan=3 align=center | Notable sites of the Nanjemoy Formation in the Potomac River basin in northeastern Virginia and western Maryland<br>NC - [[Nanjemoy Creek]], Ws - Woodstock, FS - Fisher/Sullivan site
|}
The Nanjemoy Formation, represented as Tn on the geologic map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C., restricted to the southeastern side of the [[Potomac Basin]] represented in the quadrangle.<ref name=Lyttle2017>Geologic Map MD; VA; D.C., USGS, 2017</ref> Scott (2005) in his thesis included a map showing the thin bands of outcrops of both the underlying [[Marlboro Clay]] and the Nanjemoy Formation, restricted to the many creeks feeding the Chesapeake Bay.<ref name=Scott2005_p67>Scott, 2005, p.67</ref>
The Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene), the Marlboro Clay (Paleocene), and the Aquia Formation (Paleocene) are present in the westernmost part of the Potomac channel.<ref name=McCartan1995_p7>McCartan et al., 1995, p.7</ref>
The outcrop area of the formation is designated [[Nanjemoy Wildlife Management Area]].
== Geology ==
[[File:L008.png|right|400px|thumb|The Nanjemoy Formation is represented by the orange Paleo-Eocene surrounding the [[Potomac River]]<br>Learn more [[Geology of the Appalachians]] under that article.]]
Geologically, the area of deposition of the Nanjemoy Formation is part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain|Atlantic coastal plain province]].
=== Potomac Basin ===
[[File:DC-DE-MD-PA-VA-WV Level IV ecoregions.pdf|thumb|left|200px|Ecoregions northeastern US]]
The [[Potomac Basin]] represents the central part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]] that stretches along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the United States. The basin stretches across parts of four states (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia), as well as the District of Columbia. This area is also called the Potomac watershed. It includes all of the land area where water drains towards the mouth of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] – the point where the river spills into the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The Potomac River basin is the 2nd largest watershed in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.<ref name=ICPRB>Nardolilli et al., 2020</ref>
The land of the Potomac Basin varies a great deal from its sources to its mouth, and so do its people. It is difficult to fully describe the Potomac and its people because of their variety and because they are both constantly changing. With that in mind, here is a current snapshot of the basin’s land, its people, and its water.
;Land
The drainage area of the Potomac includes 14,670 square miles in four states: Virginia (5,723 sq. mi.), Maryland (3,818 sq. mi.), West Virginia (3,490 sq. mi.), Pennsylvania (1,570 sq. mi.), and the District of Columbia (69 sq. mi.). The basin’s total area varies depending on map projection used. The basin lies in five geological provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont Plateau, and Coastal Plain. The Potomac meanders over 383 miles from Fairfax Stone, West Virginia to Point Lookout, Maryland. The river’s distance will vary with map projection and location of measuring tool in the river (ie. middle of the river, Maryland shoreline, Virginia shoreline).
Based on information from the NLCD 2011 database, the majority of the basin’s land area is covered by forests at 54.6 percent of the land area. Developed land makes up 14.1 percent of the basin’s land area, while agriculture covers 26.0 percent. Water and wetlands make up 5.9 percent of the basin’s land area.
The Potomac's major tributaries include: the Anacostia River, Antietam Creek, the Cacapon River, Catoctin Creek, Conococheague Creek, the Monocacy River, the North Branch, the South Branch, the Occoquan River, the Savage River, the Seneca Creek, and the Shenandoah River. Visit our maps section to see these watersheds in detail.
;People
The population of the basin is approximately 6.11 million (2010 estimated census). The population has increased by about five percent since 2005. The following information is based on 2010 estimated census data.
=== Stratigraphy ===
[[File:NorthAmericanPlate.png|right|200px|thumb|The Potomac Basin is located entirely on the [[North American Plate]]]]
The Nanjemoy Formation belongs to two geologic groups; the [[Wilcox Group]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico Basin]] in the southernmost surface expression of the formation and the [[Pamunkey Group]] in the northern and central portions from [[Geology of Maryland|Maryland]] in the north through [[Virginia]] and [[the Carolinas]]. Both geologic groups have been dated to the early [[Paleogene]]; the [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]] periods, or in the commonly used [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]]; [[Wasatchian]], defined by the age-equivalent [[Wasatch Formation]] of Wyoming.
The third-oldest unit in the Pamunkey Group is the Nanjemoy Formation that overlies the [[Marlboro Clay]] and is partly overlain by the [[Piney Point Formation]] and in many areas covered by the [[Miocene]] [[Calvert Formation]], separated by an unconformity representing about 34 Ma.
The upper surface reaches an elevation of about {{convert|50|m|ft}} and is overlain in most places by the [[Calvert Formation]] (Tc). The unit is present only in the southeastern part of the map area of Washington D.C., and it reaches a maximum thickness of about {{convert|20|m|ft}}.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>
=== Petrology ===
The formation comprises [[glauconite|glauconitic]] [[quartz]] [[sandstone|sand]], dark-grayish-green to olive-black (tan to orange where [[weathering|weathered]]), fine to medium-grained; and dark-greenish-gray [[silt]]y [[claystone|clay]]. In places, the sand is very muddy or contains many small quartz pebbles, and the clay is silty or sandy. Both lithologies contain richly fossiliferous beds including abundant mollusk shells.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>
Robert E. Weems and Gary J. Grimsley (1999) described the geology of the [[Nanjemoy Formation#Fisher/Sullivan site, VA|Fisher/Sullivan site in Virginia]] as:<ref name=Weems1999_p5>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.5</ref>
{| class="wikitable" font-size:80%
! Formation !! Member !! Bed !! Lithology !! Thickness (ft)
|-
| rowspan=2 | Nanmejoy || rowspan=2 | Potomac || align=center rowspan=2 | B || Sand, dominantly quartz, fine-grained, well sorted, micaceous, glauconitic, medium-brown, spa$e wood fragments present and molds and casts of shells || align=center | 1
|-
| Sand, dominantly quartz, dominantly fine-grained but with abundant rounded grains of medium- to coarse-grained quartz and scattered rounded quartz granules and pebbles to {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, glauconitic, medium-brown, contains abundant shell casts of ''[[Venericardia potapacoensis]]'' and abundant teeth and bones || align=center | 2
|-
| colspan=5 bgcolor=lightgrey | '''[[Unconformity]]'''
|-
| Nanmejoy || Potomac || align=center | A || Sand, dominantly quartz, very fine- to fine-grained, bioturbated and massive, glauconitic, medium-brownish- gray, scattered wood fragments throughout and scattered molds and casts of shells, upper foot [[bioturbation|bioturbated]] and [[burrow]]s filled with matrix from above bed, basal foot contains abundant medium- to coarse-grains and is more glauconitic than sediments above || align=center | 15
|-
| [[Marlboro Clay]] || || align=center | || Clay, silty, finely [[micaceous]], greasy, sticky, lightgray, upper two feet intensely burrowed and burrows filled with matrix from bed above || align=center | 8
|-
| colspan=4 align=right | Total section exposed || align=center | 26
|-
|}
== Paleogeography ==
[[File:Ypresian Earth 50 mya.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Earth in the Ypresian (50 Ma)]]
=== Climate ===
[[File:Climate sensitivity sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Hansen et al 2013.png|right|300px|thumb|Global temperatures in the [[Ypresian]] were at an all-time high during the [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2]] (ETM-2), [[Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (MECO) and the [[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM)]]
{{see also|:Category:Ypresian insects}}
The climate of the Early Eocene and Late Paleocene was very hot and rich in CO<sub>2</sub>. Based on the fossils of the terrifyingly large ''[[Titanoboa|Titanoboa cerrejonensis]]'', dating to the latest Paleocene, a body mass of {{convert|1135|kg|oz}} for the snake was estimated. This enormous size could only have been possible under the most ideal conditions for such large species, around 6 to 8 Ma after the [[Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event|extinction of the previous megafauna]]; the [[dinosaur]]s. The climate of the [[Neotropical biome]] was estimated at {{convert|34|C|F}} average yearly temperatures and 2000 ppm atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=Head2009>Head et al., 2009</ref>
=== Depositional environment ===
The [[depositional environment]] of the Nanjemoy Formation is mostly shallow shelf. The more clayey beds suggest an area or time of quiet water, not affected by waves, tides, or current activity; intercalated sandier zones may reflect the higher energy of waves or currents during episodic storms. Its regional dip is eastward at 15-20 ft per mile (3-3.5 m/km).<ref name=McCartan1995_p17>McCartan et al., 1995, p.17</ref>
== Paleontology ==
The floral and faunal assemblage of the Nanjemoy Formation is very varied and provides an insight into the paleobiological and paleoclimatological environment of the early [[Eocene]]. Fossils of bivalves, sharks, rays, actinopterygian fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals, and of fruits and seeds are common in the Potapaco Member. More than 2000 vertebrate [[coprolite]]s from the Potapaco Member at the Fisher/Sullivan Site in Virginia were analyzed by Dentzien Dias et al. (2019). The chemical composition (phosphatic), inclusions and morphology suggest that only carnivorous scats were preserved.<ref name=Dentzien2019>Dentzien Dias et al., 2019</ref>
All Nanjemoy coprolites were produced by fishes; [[chondrichthyan]]s, [[Carcharhiniformes]], and [[lamniform]] sharks, probably the genus ''[[Carcharias]]''. Other morphotypes were produced by [[actinopterygian]] fishes. The surface marks and the lack of flatness on most coprolites suggests early lithification of the Potapaco Member.<ref name=Dentzien2019/>
Main fossil sites of the Nanjemoy Formation are
* Nanjemoy Creek; Charles County, MD<ref name=FWNanjemoy>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84052 Nanjemoy Creek] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
* Woodstock; King George County, VA<ref name=FWWoodstock>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=13187 Woodstock] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84047 Woodstock 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock3>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=127179 Woodstock 3] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
* Fisher/Sullivan; Stafford County, VA<ref name=FWFisher1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=22775 Fisher/Sullivan 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWFisher2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=15595 Fisher/Sullivan 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
* Evergreen Plantation; Prince Charles County, VA<ref name=FWEvergreen1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=91123 Evergreen Plantation 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*
=== Fisher/Sullivan site, VA ===
In October of 1990, Mr. Richard Brezina of the [[Maryland Geological Society]] discovered an important fossil site east of [[Fredericksburg]], in eastern [[Stafford County, Virginia]]. This locality, along an unnamed tributary of [[Muddy Creek, Virginia|Muddy Creek]], became known as the Fisher/Sullivan site in recognition of its principle landowners.<ref name=Weems1999_p3>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.3</ref>
Mr. Brezina immediately realized that the site was exceptional, because it yielded numerous shark teeth and other vertebrate remains from the sands and gravels in the unnamed tributary. Mr. Brezina notified other members of the Maryland Geological Society, and together members of the MGS began to screen stream sediments at the site for more shark teeth and other remains. It soon became apparent, from the types of teeth that were being found and from the color and texture of the sediments in the banks of the creek, that the fossils were being reworked from glauconitic ("greensand") horizons of the Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) Pamunkey Group.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>
Because the Pamunkey Group previously had yielded only sparse vertebrate remains, it seemed reasonable to suspect that this locality was scientifically important.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>
=== Fossil content ===
Among many invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, corals, bryozoans), the following fossils have been reported from the Nanjemoy Formation:
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Group !! Fossils !! Member !! Site !! Images !! Refs
|-
| rowspan=3 | Mammals || ''[[Peradectes|Peradectes guottai]]'', ''[[Pisodus|Pisodus oweni]]'', ''[[Esthonyx|cf. Esthonyx sp.]]'', ''[[Homogalax|aff. Homogalax sp.]]'', [[Miacidae|Miacidae indet.]], [[Nyctitheriidae|Nyctitheriidae indet.]], [[Ischyromyidae|?Ischyromyidae indet.]] || rowspan=6| Potapaco || rowspan=6 | Fisher/Sullivan, [[Prince Charles County|Prince Charles County, VA]] || || align=center rowspan=6 | <ref name=FWFisher2/>
|-
| ''[[Hyopsodus|cf. Hyopsodus sp.]]'' || [[File:Hyopsodus_NT.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Palaeosinopa|cf. Palaeosinopa sp.]]'' || [[File:Palaeosinopa_NT.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Birds || ''[[Odontopteryx|?Odontopteryx sp.]]'' || [[File:Odontopteryx.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
| [[Graculavidae|?Graculavidae indet.]], [[Scolopaci|Scolopaci indet.]], [[Steatornithidae|?Steatornithidae indet.]], [[Caprimulgidae|?Caprimulgidae indet.]], [[Aegialornithidae|Aegialornithidae indet.]], [[Phoenicopteridae|?Phoenicopteridae indet.]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Reptiles || ''[[Eosphargis gigas|cf. Eosphargis gigas]]'', ''[[Dollochelys|?Dollochelys sp.]]'', ''[[Puppigerus camperi]]'', ''[[Trionyx pennatus|cf. Trionyx pennatus]]'', ''[[Eosuchus lerichei]]'', ''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]'', ''[[Parophisaurus mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Palaeophis toliapicus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis virginianus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis casei]]''
|-
| ''[[Palaeophis grandis]]'', ''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis sp.]]'' || rowspan=3 | Woodstock || rowspan=3 | [[King George County|King George County, VA]] || [[File:Palaeophis maghrebianus life restoration.jpg|100px|center]] || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock/>
|-
| rowspan=6 | Fish || ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock2/>
|-
| ''[[Lamna cuspidata]]'', ''[[Galeocerdo latidens]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock3/>
|-
| ''[[Hypotodus verticalis]]'' || || [[Nanjemoy Creek]], MD || || align=center | <ref name=FWNanjemoy/>
|-
| ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'', ''[[Carcharodon|Carcharodon sp.]]'' || || Evergreen Plantation, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/>
|-
| ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' || Potapaco || Evergreen Plantation<br>Fisher/Sullivan, VA || [[File:Shark Tooth Macro 2.JPG|center|100px]] || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>
|-
| ''[[Isistius trituratus]]'', ''[[Squatina prima]]'', ''[[Squalus crenatidens]]'', ''[[Triakis wardi]]'', ''[[Rhinobatus bruxelliensis]]'', ''[[Pristis luthami]]'', ''[[Propristis schweinfurthi]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis macrodens]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis|Anoxypristis sp.]]'', ''[[Coupatezia woatersi]]'', ''[[Hypolophodon sylvestris]]'', ''[[Myliobatis latidens]]'', ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Myliobatis striatus]]'', ''[[Archaeomanta melenhorsti]]'', ''[[Burnhamia daviesi]]'', ''[[Aetomylaeus|Aetomylaeus sp.]]'', ''[[Aetobatis irregularis]]'', ''[[Rhinoptera sherboni]]'', ''[[Meridiania conyexa]]'', ''[[Heterotorpedo fowleri]]'', ''[[Jacquhermania duponti]]'', ''[[Echinorhinus priscus]]'', ''[[Striatolamia macrota]]'', ''[[Anomotodon novus]]'', ''[[Serratolamna aschersoni]]'', ''[[Serratolamna lerichei]]'', ''[[Cretolamna appendiculata]]'', ''[[Odontaspis winkleri]]'', ''[[Carcharias hopei]]'', ''[[Carcharias teretidens]]'', ''[[Palaeohypotodus ratoti]]'', ''[[Physogaleus secundas]]'', ''[[Abdounia recticona]]'', ''[[Abdounia minutissima]]'', ''[[Abdounia beaugei]]'', ''[[Eugaleus ypresiensis]]'', ''[[Pachygaleus lefevrei]]'', ''[[Palaeogaleus vincenti]]'', ''[[Heterodontus lerichei]]'', ''[[Scyliorhinus gilberti]]'', [[Orectolobidae indet.]], ''[[Ginglymostoma africanam]]'', ''[[Ginglymostoma subafricanum]]'', ''[[Nebrius thielensis]]'', ''[[Nebrius serra]]'', ''[[Palaeorhincodon wardi]]'', ''[[Hexanchus|Hexanchus sp.]]'', ''[[Acipenser|Acipenser sp.]]'', ''[[Cylindracanthus rectus]]'', ''[[Voltaconger latispinus]]'', ''[[Bolcyrus formosissimus|cf. Bolcyrus formosissimus]]'', ''[[Phyllodus toliapicus]]'', ''[[Paralbula marylandica]]'', ''[[Egertonia isodonta]]'', ''[[Albula eppsi]]'', ''[[Teratichthys antiquitatus]]'', ''[[Sphyraena bognorensis]]'', ''[[Acanthocybium proosti]]'', ''[[Sarda delheidi]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus|Scomberomorus sp.]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus bleekeri]]'', ''[[Scombrinus|Scombrinus sp.]]'', ''[[Aglyptorhynchus veneblesi]]'', ''[[Trichiurides sagittidens]]'', ''[[Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Fisherichthys folmeri]]'', ''[[Prolates dormaalensis]]'', ''[[Cyclopoma folmeri]]'', ''[[Sciaenurus bowerbanki|cf. Sciaenurus bowerbanki]]'', ''[[Arius (genus)|?Arius sp.]]'', ''[[Brychaetus muelleri]]'', ''[[Pycnodus|Pycnodus sp.]]'', ''[[Amia (genus)|Amia sp.]]'', ''[[Lepisosteus|Lepisosteus sp.]]'', [[Megalopidae|Megalopidae indet.]], [[Ostraciidae|Ostraciidae indet.]], [[Perciformes|?Perciformes indet.]] || rowspan=2 | Potapaco || rowspan=2 | Fisher/Sullivan, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher2/>
|-
| Flora || ''[[Canarium parksii]]'', ''[[Iodes multireticulata]]'', ''[[Nipa burtini]]'', ''[[Premontria degremonti]]'', ''[[Symplocos grimsleyi]]'', ''[[Tinospora folmerii]]'', ''[[Wetherellia marylandica]]'', ''[[Coturnipes cooperi|cf. Coturnipes cooperi]]'', ''[[Ampelopsis|Ampelopsis sp.]]'', ''[[Nyssa (genus)|Nyssa sp.]]'', ''[[Vitis (genus)|Vitis sp.]]'', ''[[Beckettia|?Beckettia sp.]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>
|-
|}
== Contemporaneous fossiliferous units ==
Ypresian, Wasatchian and Casamayoran formations:<ref>[http://fossilworks.org/ Fossilworks].org</ref>
;North America
* [[Manasquan Formation]], New Jersey
* [[Bashi Formation]], Alabama
* [[Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation|Hatchetigbee Bluff]] and [[Sabinetown Bluff Formation]]s, Southeastern United States
* [[Klondike Mountain Formation]], Republic & Curlew Basin, Washington State
* [[Crescent Formation]], Washington
* [[Allenby Formation|Allenby]] and [[Coldwater Beds Formation]]s and [[Ootsa Lake Group|Ootsa Lake]] and [[Kamloops Group]], British Columbia
* [[Lookingglass Formation|Lookingglass]] and [[Umpqua Formation]]s, Oregon
* [[Wasatch Formation]], and [[Tatman Formation|Tatman]], [[Willwood Formation|Willwood]], [[Wind River Formation|Wind River]], [[Pass Peak Formation|Pass Peak]] and [[Indian Meadows Formation]]s, Wyoming
* [[Challis Volcanics Formation]], Idaho
* [[Golden Valley Formation]], North Dakota
* [[Claron Formation]], Utah
* [[Green River Formation]], western United States
* [[Coalmont Formation|Coalmont]], [[Cuchara Formation|Cuchara]] and [[DeBeque Formation]]s, Colorado
* [[Sheep Pass Formation]], Nevada
* [[San Jose Formation, New Mexico|San Jose]] and [[Galisteo Formation]]s, New Mexico
* [[Capay Formation|Capay]], [[Juncal Formation|Juncal]], [[Llajas Formation|Llajas]], [[Maniobra Formation|Maniobra]], [[Matilija Formation|Matilija]], [[Meganos Formation|Meganos]] & [[Santa Susana Formation]]s, California
* [[Margaret Formation]], Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada
* [[Mokka Fiord Formation]], [[Remus Basin]], Northern Territories
* [[Bateque Formation|Bateque]] and [[Las Tetas de Cabra Formation]]s, Baja California
* [[Hannold Hill Formation|Hannold Hill]] and [[Pendleton Ferry Formation]]s, Gulf of Mexico
* [[Adjuntas Formation|Adjuntas]] and [[Indio Formation]]s and [[Lechería Limestone]], Mexico
* [[Descartes Formation, Costa Rica|Descartes Formation]], Costa Rica
* [[Stettin Formation]], Jamaica
* [[Scotland Formation]], Barbados
* [[Lizard Springs Formation]], Trinidad and Tobago
;South America
* [[Bogotá Formation]], [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]], Colombia
* [[Cerrejón Formation]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin]], Colombia
* [[Los Cuervos Formation]], [[Catatumbo Basin|Catatumbo]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin|Cesar-Ranchería]] and [[Llanos Basin]]s, Colombia
* [[Caballas Formation]], [[Pisco Basin]], Peru
* [[Chacras Formation|Chacras]] and [[Negritos Formation]]s, Peru
* [[Fonseca Formation]], Brazil
* [[Itaboraí Formation]], [[Itaboraí Basin]], Brazil
* [[Lumbrera Formation]], [[Salta Basin]], Argentina
* [[Laguna del Hunco Formation]], [[Cañadón Asfalto Basin]], Argentina
* [[Huitrera Formation]], [[Neuquén Basin]], Argentina
* [[Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento]] and [[Ventana Formation]]s, [[Golfo San Jorge Basin]], Argentina
* [[Las Flores Formation]], [[Magallanes Basin|Austral Basin]], Argentina
;Antarctica
* lower [[La Meseta Formation]]
;Europe
* [[Kortrijk Clay]], [[Bruxellian Formation]] and [[Tienen Formation|Dormaal Member of Tienen Formation]], Belgium
* [[Sables de Pierrefonds]], [[Calcares marins à alvéolines]], [[Lignites de Soissonais Formation|Lignites de Soissonais]], [[Marnes de Foncouverte]], [[Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais]], [[Marnes de Gan]] and [[Carcassonne Group]], France
* [[Moler Formation|Moler]], [[Ølst Formation|Ølst]] and [[Fur Formation]]s, southeastern [[North Sea Graben]], Denmark
* [[Balder Formation]], [[Faroe-Shetland Basin]], North Sea
* [[London Clay]], [[Bagshot Formation]], [[London Basin]], England
* [[Oldhaven Formation]], England
* [[Roterzschicht Formation]], Austria
* [[Lefkara Formation]], Cyprus
* [[Silveirinha Formation]], Portugal
* [[Armàncies Formation|Armàncies]], [[Corca Formation|Corca]] and [[Roda Formation]]s, Spain
* [[Pesciara Formation]], Italy
* {{ill|Monte Spilecco|it|Giacimenti fossiliferi di Bolca#Monte Spilecco}}, [[Monte Bolca]], Italy
;Asia
* [[Çeltek Formation|Çeltek]], [[Kirkkavak Formation|Kirkkavak]] and [[Yoncali Formation]]s, Turkey
* [[Umm al-Rua’us Formation]], Saudi Arabia
* [[Alai Beds]], Kyrgyzstan
* [[Ghazij Formation|Ghazij]], [[Mami Khel Formation|Mami Khel]] and [[Shekhan Formation]]s, Pakistan
* [[Cambay Shale]], [[Naredi Formation|Naredi]] and [[Subathu Formation]]s, [[Sylhet Limestone]] and [[Upper Ranikot Group]], India
* [[Dabu Formation|Dabu]], [[Qimugen Formation]] and [[Ulunguhe Formation]]s, [[Xinjiang]], China
* [[Arshanto Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], China
* [[Yangxi Formation]], [[Hubei]], China
* [[Lingcha Formation]], [[Hunan]], China
* [[Wutu Formation]], [[Shandong]], China
* [[Tadushi Formation]], [[Primorsky Krai]], Russia
* [[Takaradayskaya Formation]], [[Sakhalin]], Russia
* [[Ommai Formation]], [[Kamchatka]], Russia
* [[Akasaki Formation]], Japan
;Africa
* [[Esna Formation|Esna]], [[El Rufuf Formation]] and [[Thebes Formation]]s, Egypt
* [[Al Jir Formation|Al Jir]] and [[Jdeir Formation]]s, Libya
* [[Gafsa Phosphates Formation]], Tunisia
* [[Ait Ouarhitane Formation]], Morocco
* [[Tamaguélelt Formation]], Mali
* [[Thies Formation]], Senegal
* [[Auradu Formation]], Somalia
* [[Landana Formation]], [[Cabinda]], Angola
;Oceania
* [[Red Bluff Tuff Formation]], [[Tutuiri Greensand]] and [[Tumaio Limestone|Tumaio]] and [[Te Whanga Limestone]]s, New Zealand
* [[Macquarie Harbor Formation]], Tasmania, Australia
* [[Dilwyn Formation]], Victoria
* [[Redbank Plains Formation]], Queensland
* [[Cardabia Formation|Jubilee Member of Cardabia Formation]], Western Australia
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
;Regional geology
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Maryland]], [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia|Virginia]]
* [[Chesapeake_Bay#Geology_and_formation|Geology of Chesapeake Bay]], [[Geology of the Appalachians|Appalachians]]
* [[Chesapeake Bay impact crater]]
;Paleontology
* [[North American land mammal age]]s
** [[Bumbanian]], [[Casamayoran]], [[Mangaorapan]], [[Waipawan]]
* [[Paleontology in Maryland]], [[Paleontology in Virginia|Virginia]]
* [[Princeton Chert]]
* ''[[Barylambda]]''
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}
=== Bibliography ===
;Nanjemoy
* {{cite LSA |last=Norris |first=Joseph |year=2016 |title=Do you know the Indian name places in Maryland? |url=https://www.thebaynet.com/articles/1016/do-you-know-the-indian-name-places-in-maryland.html |publisher=TheBayNet.com |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Wilmarth |first=M. Grace |year=1938 |title=Lexicon of geologic names of the United States - Part 2 M-Z |url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=VXUeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1713&lpg=PA1713 |journal=USGS Bulletin |volume=896 |pages=1–2396 |accessdate=2020-03-08}}
;Potomac Basin
* {{cite LSA |last=Nardolilli |first=Mike |last2=Bolle |first2=Robert |last3=Park |first3=Bo |last4=Wang |first4=Wendy |last5=Hunter |first5=DeeDee |last6=Dalpra |first6=Curtis |last7=Bourassa |first7=Renee |year=2020 |title=Potomac Basin Facts |url=https://www.potomacriver.org/potomac-basin-facts/ |publisher=[[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] (ICPRB) |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
==== Geology publications ====
<!--Most recent first-->
* {{cite LSA |last=Lyttle |first=Peter T. |last2=Aleinikoff |first2=John N. |last3=Burton |first3=William C. |last4=Crider Jr. |first4=E. Allen |last5=Drake Jr. |first5=Avery A. |last6=Froelich |first6=Albert J. |last7=Wright Horton Jr. |first7=J. |last8=Kasselas |first8=Gregorios |last9=Mixon, Lucy McCartan, Arthur E. Nelson, Wayne L. Newell, Louis Pavlides, David S. Powars, C. Scott Southworth, and Robert E. Weems |first9=Robert B. |year=2017 |title=Geologic Map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C. |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0665/report.pdf |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Scott |first=Mitchell Louis |year=2005 |title=Mapping and Characterization of the Marlboro Clay formation (MSc. thesis) |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |pages=1–115 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}
==== Paleontology publications ====
<!--Most recent first-->
* {{cite LSA |last=Dentzien Dias |first=Paula |last2=Hunt |first2=Adrian P. |last3=Lucas |first3=Spencer G. |last4=Francischini |first4=Heitor |last5=Gulotta Sr. |first5=Marco N. |year=2019 |title=Fish coprolites from the Nanjemoy Formation, Lower Eocene, Virginia, USA |journal=[[Geological Society of America]] Abstracts with Programs |volume=51 |pages=1}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Head |first=J.J. |last2=Bloch |first2=J.I. |last3=Hastings |first3=A.K. |last4=Bourque |first4=J.R. |last5=[[Edwin Cadena|Cadena]] |first5=E.A. |last6=Herrera |first6=F.A. |last7=Polly |first7=P.D. |last8=[[Carlos Jaramillo (geologist)|Jaramillo]] |first8=C.A. |year=2009 |title=Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457 |pages=715–718 |accessdate=2017-05-22}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Weems |first=Robert E. |last2=Grimsley |first2=Gary J. |year=1999 |title=Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia |url=https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf |journal=[[Virginia Division of Mineral Resources]] |volume=Publication 152 |pages=1–201 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Leriche |first=M |year=1942 |title=Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la plaine cotiere Atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.phylonimbus.com/references/article/7951/contribution-a-letude-des-faunes-ichthyologiques-m/ |journal=[[Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France]] (Nouvelle Serie) |volume=45 |pages=1–111 |accessdate=1942-05-18}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite LSA |last=Tejedor |first=Marcelo F. |last2=Goin |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Gelfo |first3=Javier N. |last4=López |first4=Guillermo |last5=Bond |first5=Mariano |last6=Carlini |first6=Alfredo A. |last7=Scillato Yané |first7=Gustavo J. |last8=Woodburne |first8=Michael O. |last9=Chornogubsky, Eugenio Aragón, Marcelo A. Reguero, Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Sergio Vincon, Gabriel M. Martin, Martín Ciancio |first9=Laura |year=2009 |title=New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/20519/1/KPIM_CARL-AA_2009-2.pdf |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3638 |pages=1–43 |accessdate=2019-03-02}}
;Ancient publications
* R. E. Weems. 1985. Vertebrate biozones of the Pamunkey Group (Paleocene and Eocene, Maryland and Virginia). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the outcropping Tertiary beds in the Pamunkey River region, central Virginia Coastal Plain -- Guidebook for Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 1984 field Trip: Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 198-209
* R. Weems and S. Horman. 1983. Teleost fish remains (Osteoglossidae, Blochiidae, Scombridae, Triodontidae, Diodontidae) from the Lower Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Maryland. Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington 96(1):38-49
* K. V. Palmer and D. C. Brann. 1965. Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene molluscs of the southern and eastern United States. Part 1. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Peteropoda, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology 48:1-471
* S.F. Blake. 1941. Note on a vertebra of ''Palaeophis'' from the Eocene of Maryland. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 31(12):501-503
* W. B. Clark and G. C. Martin. 1901. Mollusca. Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene 122-203
* C. R. Eastman. 1901. Pisces. Maryland Geological Survey Eocene 98-115
* W. B. Clark. 1895. Contributions to the Eocene fauna of the Middle Atlantic slope. Johns Hopkins University Circulars 15(121):3-6
[[Category:Geologic formations of the United States]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Maryland]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Virginia]]
[[Category:Paleogene Maryland]]
[[Category:Paleogene geology of Virginia]]
[[Category:Ypresian Stage]]
[[Category:Wasatchian]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Shale formations]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
[[Category:Ypresian plants of North America|Formations]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Virginia]]
[[Category:Chesapeake Bay|Formations]]
[[Category:Potomac River|Formations]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,187 +1,402 @@
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Nanjemoy Formation
-| image = Otodus aksuaticus.jpg
-| caption = [[Otodus aksuaticus]] from the Nanjemoy Formation
+| image =
+| caption = Nanjemoy Creek, the namesake of the formation
| type = [[Formation (stratigraphy)|Formation]]
-| age = [[Ypresian]]
-| period = [[Paleogene]]
-| prilithology =
-| otherlithology =
-| namedfor =
-| namedby =
-| region = {{Flag|Virginia}}
-{{Flag|Maryland}}
+| age = [[Ypresian]] ([[Wasatchian]])<br>~{{fossil range|54.5|50.3}}
+| period = Ypresian
+| prilithology = [[Sandstone]], [[claystone]]
+| otherlithology = [[Marl]], [[limestone]]
+| namedfor = [[Nanjemoy Creek]]<br>[[Nanjemoy Formation#Etymology|Etymology]]
+| namedby = Clark & Martin
+| year_ts = 1901
+| region = {{Flag|Virginia}}<br>{{Flag|Maryland}}<br>{{Flag|District of Columbia}}
| country = {{Flag|United States}}
-| coordinates =
-| unitof =
-| subunits = Woodstock Member, Potapaco Member
-| underlies =
-| overlies = [[Aquia Formation]]
-| thickness =
-| extent =
-| area =
-| map =
-| map_caption =
+| coordinates = {{coord|38.8|N|76.7|W|display=inline,title}}
+| paleocoordinates = {{coord|39.1|N|60.8|W|display=inline}}
+| unitof = [[Pamunkey Group]]
+| subunits = Woodstock & Potapaco
+| underlies = [[Piney Point Formation|Piney Point]] & [[Calvert Formation|Calvert]]
+| overlies = [[Aquia Formation|Aquia]] & [[Marlboro Clay]]
+| thickness = About {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
+| extent = [[Nanjemoy Formation#Extent|Extent]]
+| area =
+| map = {{Location map+ | United States#Maryland
+| relief = 1
+| width = 250
+| float = center
+| places =
+ {{Location map~ | United States#Maryland
+ | lat_deg = 38.8
+ | lon_deg = -76.7
+ | mark = Orange pog.svg
+ | marksize = 10
+ }}
}}
+| map_caption =
+}}
+
+The '''Nanjemoy Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] pertaining to both the [[Wilcox Group]] and the [[Pamunkey Group]] of the eastern United States, stretching across the states of [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and [[District of Columbia]]. The formation [[outcrop|crops out]] east of the [[Appalachians]] and dates back to the [[Paleogene]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Specifically to the [[Ypresian]] stage of the Eocene epoch, about 55 to 50 Ma or [[Wasatchian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]], defined by the contemporaneous [[Wasatch Formation]] of the Pacific US coast.
+
+The about {{convert|20|m|ft}} thin formation crops out in a narrow irregular band and only in certain of the many creeks of the Maryland peninsula and on the southern side of the Potomac River in Virginia. The two members the formation was divided into by Clark and Martin in 1901; Potapaco and Woodstock, represent different phases in the basin history. The lower Potapaco Member is much more clayey, described as [[marl]], than the upper Woodstock Member, probably characteristic of less storm influences in the shallow shelf sediments.
+
+The formation has provided a wealth of fossils of mainly fish, but also mammals, reptiles, birds and flora. The presence of the sharks ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' and ''[[Carcharocles aksuaticus]]'', as well as various other shark and ray species are notable. Crocodylian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in the Nanjemoy Formation.<ref name=Weems1999>Weems & Grimsley, 1999</ref>
+
+== Etymology ==
+[[File:Algonquian language map with states and provinces.svg|right|thumb|250px|Algonquian languages; the Nanjemoy Formation crops out in the territories of the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]]]]
+Nanjemoy is probably an [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] word, meaning "one goes downward",<ref name=Norris2016>Joseph Norris, TheBayNet, 2016</ref> representing the many rivers and creeks in the wet watershed of [[Chesapeake Bay]], an area originally inhabited by the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquin]]-speaking [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]].<ref name=IndLangs>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701e.ct003648r/ Library of Congress - National atlas. Indian tribes, cultures & languages: United States]</ref> The formation is named after [[Nanjemoy Creek]], a left tributary of the [[Potomac River]].<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+[[Wicomico]], is the name of two separate rivers, one on Maryland's Eastern Shore; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], another in Southern Maryland; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], and is the name of a small thoroughfare in southeastern [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]].<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+The reason this term appears in three different places in the state simply means that the people living there when the English barged in were trying to tell them it was a nice place to live.<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+''Wigh'' or ''wik'', representing "pleasant" and ''accomico'' "dwelling, village" was the native's way of telling the Europeans they liked living there.<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+Geography is all-defining in these areas,<ref name=Kaplan_p>Robert Kaplan, 1991, p.</ref> Hills, valleys and rivers received their descriptive name in the local languages of the world. The global phenomenon of naming geographical features; our leading highways for millennia, as descriptive as possible. In the [[Algonquin languages|Algonquin]]-speaking area of the present-day [[Eastern United States]], for instance in western Charles County; ''Chicamuxen'' means "there lies the high ground."<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+Potapaco was an early name for [[Port Tobacco Creek]],<ref name=UoC1938_p1713>UoC, 1938, p.1713</ref> that was named after the people, also known as the [[Piscataway people|Piscataway]].
+
+Nanjemoy, which may contain elements of [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwa]], by contrast means "one goes downward."<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+Mattawoman, found in Charles, Prince George's and on the Eastern Shore, has remnants of not only Algonquin, but [[Fox language|Fox]] and [[Ojibwa language|Ojibwa]] as well, and translates to "where one goes pleasantly."<ref name=Norris2016/>
+
+The [[Urban Dictionary]] defines ''nanjemoy'' as follows:<ref name=UrbDicNanjemoy>[https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=nanjemoy Urban Dictionary - nanjemoy]</ref>
+
+{{quote|"The deepest part of southern Maryland you never know what you’re going to find all the way back in these swamps..."}}
+
+== Definition ==
+[[File:Maryland geological survey (1901) (14746338736).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Geologic map of Maryland (1901)]]
+The Nanjemoy Formation was defined by Clark and Martin in 1901, as part of the mapping by the [[Maryland Geological Survey]]. The Nanjemoy Formation was divided into two members, the lower or Potapaco, and the upper or Woodstock. The main lithologic distinction is that the lower part of the Nanjemoy is much clayey than the upper part. In the subsurface, the distinction between the members is less evident than in outcrops, especially in Maryland, so the formation has been left undivided.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>
+
+In the outcrops along the Potomac River near [[Popes Creek]], the contact between the Woodstock and Potapaco at about {{convert|10|ft|m}} above the water level.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>
+
+== Extent ==
+{| class="wikitable"
+| {{Location map+ | USA Virginia
+| relief = 1
+| width = 330
+| float = center
+| position = right
+| places =
+ {{Location map~ | USA Virginia
+ | lat_deg = 38.8
+ | lon_deg = -77.4
+ | mark = Orange pog.svg
+ | marksize = 7
+ | label = '''FS'''
+ | position = left
+ }}
+ {{Location map~ | USA Virginia
+ | lat_deg = 37.5
+ | lon_deg = -76.5
+ | mark = Orange pog.svg
+ | marksize = 7
+ | label = '''Ws'''
+ | position = left
+ }}
+}}
+| {{Location map+ | USA Maryland
+| relief = 1
+| width = 330
+| float = center
+| position = right
+| places =
+ {{Location map~ | USA Maryland
+ | lat_deg = 38.4
+ | lon_deg = -77.2
+ | mark = Orange pog.svg
+ | marksize = 7
+ | label = '''NC'''
+ | position = top
+ }}
+}}
+| [[File:Chesapeakewatershedmap.png|205px|center]]
+|-
+| colspan=3 align=center | Notable sites of the Nanjemoy Formation in the Potomac River basin in northeastern Virginia and western Maryland<br>NC - [[Nanjemoy Creek]], Ws - Woodstock, FS - Fisher/Sullivan site
+|}
+
+The Nanjemoy Formation, represented as Tn on the geologic map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C., restricted to the southeastern side of the [[Potomac Basin]] represented in the quadrangle.<ref name=Lyttle2017>Geologic Map MD; VA; D.C., USGS, 2017</ref> Scott (2005) in his thesis included a map showing the thin bands of outcrops of both the underlying [[Marlboro Clay]] and the Nanjemoy Formation, restricted to the many creeks feeding the Chesapeake Bay.<ref name=Scott2005_p67>Scott, 2005, p.67</ref>
+
+The Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene), the Marlboro Clay (Paleocene), and the Aquia Formation (Paleocene) are present in the westernmost part of the Potomac channel.<ref name=McCartan1995_p7>McCartan et al., 1995, p.7</ref>
+
+The outcrop area of the formation is designated [[Nanjemoy Wildlife Management Area]].
-The '''Nanjemoy Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] in [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and [[Delaware]]. It preserves [[fossils]] dating back to the [[Paleogene]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Specifically, it dates back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene epoch. It's known for containing [[Otodus obliquus]] and [[Carcharocles aksuaticus]], as well as various other shark and ray species. Crocodilian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in this formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson |display-authors=etal|date=1999|title=Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia |url=https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf|journal=Virginia Division of Mineral Resources|volume=Publication 152|pages=|via=}}</ref> It is one of the best studied formations of its age in Eastern North America.
+== Geology ==
+[[File:L008.png|right|400px|thumb|The Nanjemoy Formation is represented by the orange Paleo-Eocene surrounding the [[Potomac River]]<br>Learn more [[Geology of the Appalachians]] under that article.]]
+Geologically, the area of deposition of the Nanjemoy Formation is part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain|Atlantic coastal plain province]].
+=== Potomac Basin ===
+[[File:DC-DE-MD-PA-VA-WV Level IV ecoregions.pdf|thumb|left|200px|Ecoregions northeastern US]]
+The [[Potomac Basin]] represents the central part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]] that stretches along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the United States. The basin stretches across parts of four states (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia), as well as the District of Columbia. This area is also called the Potomac watershed. It includes all of the land area where water drains towards the mouth of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] – the point where the river spills into the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The Potomac River basin is the 2nd largest watershed in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.<ref name=ICPRB>Nardolilli et al., 2020</ref>
+The land of the Potomac Basin varies a great deal from its sources to its mouth, and so do its people. It is difficult to fully describe the Potomac and its people because of their variety and because they are both constantly changing. With that in mind, here is a current snapshot of the basin’s land, its people, and its water.
-==[[Chondrichthyes|Chondrichthyians]]<ref name=":0">Weems, R. E., & Grimsley, G. J. (1999). ''Early Eocene vertebrates and plants from the Fisher/Sullivan site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia'' (Vol. 152). Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources.</ref>==
-A diverse cartilaginous fish fauna is known from this formation. This includes the following:
-===Sharks===
-*''[[Hexanchus]] sp.''
-*''[[Echinorhinus|Echinorhinus priscus]]''
-*''[[Squalus|Squalus crenatidens]]''
-*''[[Isistius|Isistius trituratus]]''
-*''[[Angelshark|Squatina prima]]''
-*''[[Bullhead shark|Heterodontus lerichei]]''
-*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma africanum]]''
-*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma subafricanum]]''
-*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma serra]]''
-*''[[Nebrius|Nebrius thielensis]]''
-*''[[Palaeorhincodon|Paleorhincodon wardi]]''
-*''[[Orectolobidae]] indet.''
-*''[[Odontaspis|Odantaspis winkleri]]''
-*''[[Carcharias|Carcharias hopei]]''
-*''[[Carcharias|Carcharias teretidens]]''
-*''[[Palaeohypotodus rutoti]]''
-*''[[Striatolamia|Striatolamia macrota]]''
-*''[[Anomotodon|Anomotodon novus]]''
-*''[[Cretolamna appendiculata|Cretalamna appendiculata]]''
-*''[[Serratolamna lerichei]]''
-*''[[Otodus obliquus]]''
-*''[[Otodus obliquus]] var. mugodzharicus''
-*''[[Otodus aksuaticus]]''
-*''[[Scyliorhinus|Scyliorhinus gilberti]]''
-*''[[Premontria|Premontria degremonti]]''
-*''[[Pachygaleus lefevrei]]''
-*''[[Galeorhinus|Galeorhinus ypresiensis]]''
-*''[[Triakis|Triakis wardi]]''
-*''[[Palaeogaleus vincenti]]''
-*''[[Abdounia beaugei]]''
-*''[[Abdounia minutissima]]''
-*''[[Abdunia recticona]]''
-*’’[[Physogaleus|Physogaleus secundus]]’’
-===Rays and other Chondrichthyians===
-*[[Rhinobatos|''Rhinobatos bruxelliensis'']]
-*[[Pristis lathami|''Pristis lathami'']]
-*[[Anoxypristis|''Anoxypristis mucrodens'']]
-*''[[Anoxypristis]] sp.''
-*[[Propristis schweinfurthi|''Propristis schweinfurthi'']]
-*[[Hypolophodon sylvestris|''Hypolophodon sylvestris'']]
-*[[Meridiania convexa|''Meridiania convexa'']]
-*[[Jacquhermania duponti|''Jacquhermania duponti'']]
-*[[Coupatezia|''Coupatezia woutersi'']]
-*[[Heterotorpedo fowleri|''Heterotorpedo fowleri'']]
-*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis dixoni'']]
-*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis striatus'']]
-*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis latidens'']]
-*[[Aetobatus|''Aetobatus irregularis'']]
-*''[[Aetomylaeus]] sp.''
-*[[Rhinoptera|''Rhinoptera sherboni'']]
-*[[Archaeomanta|''Archaeomanta melenhorsti'']]
-*[[Brunhamia daviesi|''Burnhamia daviesi'']]
+;Land
+The drainage area of the Potomac includes 14,670 square miles in four states: Virginia (5,723 sq. mi.), Maryland (3,818 sq. mi.), West Virginia (3,490 sq. mi.), Pennsylvania (1,570 sq. mi.), and the District of Columbia (69 sq. mi.). The basin’s total area varies depending on map projection used. The basin lies in five geological provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont Plateau, and Coastal Plain. The Potomac meanders over 383 miles from Fairfax Stone, West Virginia to Point Lookout, Maryland. The river’s distance will vary with map projection and location of measuring tool in the river (ie. middle of the river, Maryland shoreline, Virginia shoreline).
-==Fossil Bony Fish<ref name=":0" />==
-Dr. Robert Weems’ extensive report on the vertebrates of the now defunct Nanjemoy formation Fisher/Sullivan site included many fish:
-*''[[Acipenser]] sp.''
-*''[[Lepisosteus]] sp.''
-*''[[Pycnodus]] sp.''
-*''[[Amia (fish)|Amia]] sp.''
-*[[Brychaetus|''Brychaetus muelleri'']]
-*''[[Megalopidae]] indet.''
-*[[Albula (fish)|''Albula oweni'']]
-*[[Albula (fish)|''Albula eppsi'']]
-*[[Egertonia|''Egertonia isodonta'']]
-*[[Phyllodus|''Phyllodus toliapicus'']]
-*[[Paralbula|''Paralbula marylandica'']]
-*[[Voltaconger|''Voltaconger latispinus'']]
-*[[Bolcyrus|''Bolcyrus formosissimus'']]
-*''[[Arius]] sp.''
-*[[Cylindracanthus|''Cylindracanthus rectus'']]
-*[[Cyclopoma|''Cyclopoma folmeri'']]
-*[[Prolates|''Prolates dormaalensis'']]
-*[[Sciaenurus|''Sciaenurus bowerbanki'']]
-*[[Fisherichthys folmeri|''Fisherichthys folmeri'']]
-*[[Barracuda|''Sphyraena bognorensis'']]
-*[[Trichurides|''Trichiurides sagittidens'']]
-*[[Teratichthys antiquitatus|''Teratichthys antiquitatus'']]
-*[[Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi|''Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi'']]
-*[[Wahoo|''Acanthocybium proosti'']]
-*[[Sarda (fish)|''Sarda delheidi'']]
-*[[Scomberomorus|''Scomberomorus bleekeri'']]
-*''[[Scomberomorus]] sp.''
-*[[Aglyptorhynchus|''Aglyptorhynchus veneblesi'']]
-*''[[Ostraciidae]] indet.''
-==Fossil Reptiles<ref name=":0" />==
-Reptiles found in this formation include the following:
-===[[Chelonians]]===
-*''cf. [[Trionyx|Trionyx pennatus]]''
-*''?[[Dollochelys]] sp.''
-*[[Puppigerus|''Puppigerus camperi'']]
-*[[Eosphargis|''Eosphargis gigas'']]
-===[[Squamates]]===
-*[[Parophisaurus mccloskeyi|''Parophisaurus mccloskeyi'']]
-*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis toliapicus]]''
-*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis casei]]''
-*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis virginianus]]''
-*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis grandis]]''
-===[[Crocodilians]]===
-*[[Eosuchus lerichei|''Eosuchus lerichei'']]
-*''[[Thoracosaurus|Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]''
-*''[[Diplocynodon|Diplocynodon hantoniensis]]''
-==Fossil Mammals<ref name=":0" />==
-Though more research is being done, only seven different mammals are known from the formation. They are mostly known from fragmentary remains.
-*''[[Nyctitheriidae]] sp.''
-*''cf. [[Palaeosinopa]] sp.''
-*''[[Miacidae]] indet.''
-*''cf. [[Esthonyx]] sp.''
-* ''cf.[[Hyopsodus]] sp.''
-* ''aff. [[Homogalax]] sp.''
-*''[[Ischyromyidae]] indet.''
-==Fossil Birds<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayr|first=Gerald|date=2016-10-14|title=The world’s smallest owl, the earliest unambiguous charadriiform bird, and other avian remains from the early Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia (USA)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-016-0330-8|journal=PalZ|volume=90|issue=4|pages=747–763|doi=10.1007/s12542-016-0330-8|issn=0031-0220}}</ref>==
-A number of fossil birds have been described from this formation, though most are not identified to genus or species.
-*''[[Procellariiformes]] indet.''
-*''cf. [[Limnofregata] sp.]''
-*''[[Charadriiformes]] indet.''
-*''[[Messelornithidae] indet.]''
-*''[[Trogoniformes]] indet.''
-*''[[Eocypselidae]] indet’''
-*[[Eostrix|''Eostrix gulottai'']]
-*''[[Pulchrapollia]] indet.''
-*''[[Aves]] indet.''
-*''[[Pelagornithidae]] indet.''
-*''[[Phoenicopteriformes]] indet.''
-*''[[Steatornithidae]] indet.''
-*''[[Parvicuculidae]] indet.''
-==Fossil Plants<ref name=":0" />==
-A diverse plant fauna is known from the formation.
-*''[[Canarium|Canarum parksii]]''
-*''?[[Becketta]] sp.''
+Based on information from the NLCD 2011 database, the majority of the basin’s land area is covered by forests at 54.6 percent of the land area. Developed land makes up 14.1 percent of the basin’s land area, while agriculture covers 26.0 percent. Water and wetlands make up 5.9 percent of the basin’s land area.
-* ''’[[Wetherellia marylandica]]''
+The Potomac's major tributaries include: the Anacostia River, Antietam Creek, the Cacapon River, Catoctin Creek, Conococheague Creek, the Monocacy River, the North Branch, the South Branch, the Occoquan River, the Savage River, the Seneca Creek, and the Shenandoah River. Visit our maps section to see these watersheds in detail.
-*[[Iodes multireticulata|''Iodes multireticulata'']]
-*''[[Tinospora|Tinospora folmerii]]''
-*''[[Nyssa]] sp.''
-*''[[Symplocos|Symplocos grimsleyi]]''
-*''[[Vitas]] sp.(at least 2 distinct species)''
-*''[[Ampelopsis]]''
-*''[[Nypa]] cf. burtini''
+;People
+The population of the basin is approximately 6.11 million (2010 estimated census). The population has increased by about five percent since 2005. The following information is based on 2010 estimated census data.
-==See also==
-{{Portal|Earth sciences|Virginia|Paleontology}}
-* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia]]
-* [[Paleontology in Virginia]]
+=== Stratigraphy ===
+[[File:NorthAmericanPlate.png|right|200px|thumb|The Potomac Basin is located entirely on the [[North American Plate]]]]
+The Nanjemoy Formation belongs to two geologic groups; the [[Wilcox Group]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico Basin]] in the southernmost surface expression of the formation and the [[Pamunkey Group]] in the northern and central portions from [[Geology of Maryland|Maryland]] in the north through [[Virginia]] and [[the Carolinas]]. Both geologic groups have been dated to the early [[Paleogene]]; the [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]] periods, or in the commonly used [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]]; [[Wasatchian]], defined by the age-equivalent [[Wasatch Formation]] of Wyoming.
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-* {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database|url= http://www.fossilworks.org/|accessdate= 22 June 2014|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140731140924/http://fossilworks.org/|archivedate= 31 July 2014}}
+The third-oldest unit in the Pamunkey Group is the Nanjemoy Formation that overlies the [[Marlboro Clay]] and is partly overlain by the [[Piney Point Formation]] and in many areas covered by the [[Miocene]] [[Calvert Formation]], separated by an unconformity representing about 34 Ma.
+The upper surface reaches an elevation of about {{convert|50|m|ft}} and is overlain in most places by the [[Calvert Formation]] (Tc). The unit is present only in the southeastern part of the map area of Washington D.C., and it reaches a maximum thickness of about {{convert|20|m|ft}}.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>
+
+=== Petrology ===
+The formation comprises [[glauconite|glauconitic]] [[quartz]] [[sandstone|sand]], dark-grayish-green to olive-black (tan to orange where [[weathering|weathered]]), fine to medium-grained; and dark-greenish-gray [[silt]]y [[claystone|clay]]. In places, the sand is very muddy or contains many small quartz pebbles, and the clay is silty or sandy. Both lithologies contain richly fossiliferous beds including abundant mollusk shells.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>
+
+Robert E. Weems and Gary J. Grimsley (1999) described the geology of the [[Nanjemoy Formation#Fisher/Sullivan site, VA|Fisher/Sullivan site in Virginia]] as:<ref name=Weems1999_p5>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.5</ref>
+
+{| class="wikitable" font-size:80%
+! Formation !! Member !! Bed !! Lithology !! Thickness (ft)
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | Nanmejoy || rowspan=2 | Potomac || align=center rowspan=2 | B || Sand, dominantly quartz, fine-grained, well sorted, micaceous, glauconitic, medium-brown, spa$e wood fragments present and molds and casts of shells || align=center | 1
+|-
+| Sand, dominantly quartz, dominantly fine-grained but with abundant rounded grains of medium- to coarse-grained quartz and scattered rounded quartz granules and pebbles to {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, glauconitic, medium-brown, contains abundant shell casts of ''[[Venericardia potapacoensis]]'' and abundant teeth and bones || align=center | 2
+|-
+| colspan=5 bgcolor=lightgrey | '''[[Unconformity]]'''
+|-
+| Nanmejoy || Potomac || align=center | A || Sand, dominantly quartz, very fine- to fine-grained, bioturbated and massive, glauconitic, medium-brownish- gray, scattered wood fragments throughout and scattered molds and casts of shells, upper foot [[bioturbation|bioturbated]] and [[burrow]]s filled with matrix from above bed, basal foot contains abundant medium- to coarse-grains and is more glauconitic than sediments above || align=center | 15
+|-
+| [[Marlboro Clay]] || || align=center | || Clay, silty, finely [[micaceous]], greasy, sticky, lightgray, upper two feet intensely burrowed and burrows filled with matrix from bed above || align=center | 8
+|-
+| colspan=4 align=right | Total section exposed || align=center | 26
+|-
+|}
+
+== Paleogeography ==
+[[File:Ypresian Earth 50 mya.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Earth in the Ypresian (50 Ma)]]
+
+
+
+=== Climate ===
+[[File:Climate sensitivity sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Hansen et al 2013.png|right|300px|thumb|Global temperatures in the [[Ypresian]] were at an all-time high during the [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2]] (ETM-2), [[Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (MECO) and the [[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM)]]
+
+{{see also|:Category:Ypresian insects}}
+The climate of the Early Eocene and Late Paleocene was very hot and rich in CO<sub>2</sub>. Based on the fossils of the terrifyingly large ''[[Titanoboa|Titanoboa cerrejonensis]]'', dating to the latest Paleocene, a body mass of {{convert|1135|kg|oz}} for the snake was estimated. This enormous size could only have been possible under the most ideal conditions for such large species, around 6 to 8 Ma after the [[Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event|extinction of the previous megafauna]]; the [[dinosaur]]s. The climate of the [[Neotropical biome]] was estimated at {{convert|34|C|F}} average yearly temperatures and 2000 ppm atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=Head2009>Head et al., 2009</ref>
+
+=== Depositional environment ===
+The [[depositional environment]] of the Nanjemoy Formation is mostly shallow shelf. The more clayey beds suggest an area or time of quiet water, not affected by waves, tides, or current activity; intercalated sandier zones may reflect the higher energy of waves or currents during episodic storms. Its regional dip is eastward at 15-20 ft per mile (3-3.5 m/km).<ref name=McCartan1995_p17>McCartan et al., 1995, p.17</ref>
+
+== Paleontology ==
+The floral and faunal assemblage of the Nanjemoy Formation is very varied and provides an insight into the paleobiological and paleoclimatological environment of the early [[Eocene]]. Fossils of bivalves, sharks, rays, actinopterygian fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals, and of fruits and seeds are common in the Potapaco Member. More than 2000 vertebrate [[coprolite]]s from the Potapaco Member at the Fisher/Sullivan Site in Virginia were analyzed by Dentzien Dias et al. (2019). The chemical composition (phosphatic), inclusions and morphology suggest that only carnivorous scats were preserved.<ref name=Dentzien2019>Dentzien Dias et al., 2019</ref>
+
+All Nanjemoy coprolites were produced by fishes; [[chondrichthyan]]s, [[Carcharhiniformes]], and [[lamniform]] sharks, probably the genus ''[[Carcharias]]''. Other morphotypes were produced by [[actinopterygian]] fishes. The surface marks and the lack of flatness on most coprolites suggests early lithification of the Potapaco Member.<ref name=Dentzien2019/>
+
+Main fossil sites of the Nanjemoy Formation are
+* Nanjemoy Creek; Charles County, MD<ref name=FWNanjemoy>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84052 Nanjemoy Creek] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
+* Woodstock; King George County, VA<ref name=FWWoodstock>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=13187 Woodstock] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84047 Woodstock 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock3>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=127179 Woodstock 3] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
+* Fisher/Sullivan; Stafford County, VA<ref name=FWFisher1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=22775 Fisher/Sullivan 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWFisher2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=15595 Fisher/Sullivan 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
+* Evergreen Plantation; Prince Charles County, VA<ref name=FWEvergreen1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=91123 Evergreen Plantation 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
+*
+
+=== Fisher/Sullivan site, VA ===
+In October of 1990, Mr. Richard Brezina of the [[Maryland Geological Society]] discovered an important fossil site east of [[Fredericksburg]], in eastern [[Stafford County, Virginia]]. This locality, along an unnamed tributary of [[Muddy Creek, Virginia|Muddy Creek]], became known as the Fisher/Sullivan site in recognition of its principle landowners.<ref name=Weems1999_p3>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.3</ref>
+
+Mr. Brezina immediately realized that the site was exceptional, because it yielded numerous shark teeth and other vertebrate remains from the sands and gravels in the unnamed tributary. Mr. Brezina notified other members of the Maryland Geological Society, and together members of the MGS began to screen stream sediments at the site for more shark teeth and other remains. It soon became apparent, from the types of teeth that were being found and from the color and texture of the sediments in the banks of the creek, that the fossils were being reworked from glauconitic ("greensand") horizons of the Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) Pamunkey Group.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>
+
+Because the Pamunkey Group previously had yielded only sparse vertebrate remains, it seemed reasonable to suspect that this locality was scientifically important.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>
+
+=== Fossil content ===
+Among many invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, corals, bryozoans), the following fossils have been reported from the Nanjemoy Formation:
+
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
+! Group !! Fossils !! Member !! Site !! Images !! Refs
+|-
+| rowspan=3 | Mammals || ''[[Peradectes|Peradectes guottai]]'', ''[[Pisodus|Pisodus oweni]]'', ''[[Esthonyx|cf. Esthonyx sp.]]'', ''[[Homogalax|aff. Homogalax sp.]]'', [[Miacidae|Miacidae indet.]], [[Nyctitheriidae|Nyctitheriidae indet.]], [[Ischyromyidae|?Ischyromyidae indet.]] || rowspan=6| Potapaco || rowspan=6 | Fisher/Sullivan, [[Prince Charles County|Prince Charles County, VA]] || || align=center rowspan=6 | <ref name=FWFisher2/>
+|-
+| ''[[Hyopsodus|cf. Hyopsodus sp.]]'' || [[File:Hyopsodus_NT.jpg|100px|center]]
+|-
+| ''[[Palaeosinopa|cf. Palaeosinopa sp.]]'' || [[File:Palaeosinopa_NT.jpg|100px|center]]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | Birds || ''[[Odontopteryx|?Odontopteryx sp.]]'' || [[File:Odontopteryx.jpg|100px|center]]
+|-
+| [[Graculavidae|?Graculavidae indet.]], [[Scolopaci|Scolopaci indet.]], [[Steatornithidae|?Steatornithidae indet.]], [[Caprimulgidae|?Caprimulgidae indet.]], [[Aegialornithidae|Aegialornithidae indet.]], [[Phoenicopteridae|?Phoenicopteridae indet.]]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | Reptiles || ''[[Eosphargis gigas|cf. Eosphargis gigas]]'', ''[[Dollochelys|?Dollochelys sp.]]'', ''[[Puppigerus camperi]]'', ''[[Trionyx pennatus|cf. Trionyx pennatus]]'', ''[[Eosuchus lerichei]]'', ''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]'', ''[[Parophisaurus mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Palaeophis toliapicus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis virginianus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis casei]]''
+|-
+| ''[[Palaeophis grandis]]'', ''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis sp.]]'' || rowspan=3 | Woodstock || rowspan=3 | [[King George County|King George County, VA]] || [[File:Palaeophis maghrebianus life restoration.jpg|100px|center]] || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock/>
+|-
+| rowspan=6 | Fish || ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock2/>
+|-
+| ''[[Lamna cuspidata]]'', ''[[Galeocerdo latidens]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock3/>
+|-
+| ''[[Hypotodus verticalis]]'' || || [[Nanjemoy Creek]], MD || || align=center | <ref name=FWNanjemoy/>
+|-
+| ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'', ''[[Carcharodon|Carcharodon sp.]]'' || || Evergreen Plantation, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/>
+|-
+| ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' || Potapaco || Evergreen Plantation<br>Fisher/Sullivan, VA || [[File:Shark Tooth Macro 2.JPG|center|100px]] || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>
+|-
+| ''[[Isistius trituratus]]'', ''[[Squatina prima]]'', ''[[Squalus crenatidens]]'', ''[[Triakis wardi]]'', ''[[Rhinobatus bruxelliensis]]'', ''[[Pristis luthami]]'', ''[[Propristis schweinfurthi]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis macrodens]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis|Anoxypristis sp.]]'', ''[[Coupatezia woatersi]]'', ''[[Hypolophodon sylvestris]]'', ''[[Myliobatis latidens]]'', ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Myliobatis striatus]]'', ''[[Archaeomanta melenhorsti]]'', ''[[Burnhamia daviesi]]'', ''[[Aetomylaeus|Aetomylaeus sp.]]'', ''[[Aetobatis irregularis]]'', ''[[Rhinoptera sherboni]]'', ''[[Meridiania conyexa]]'', ''[[Heterotorpedo fowleri]]'', ''[[Jacquhermania duponti]]'', ''[[Echinorhinus priscus]]'', ''[[Striatolamia macrota]]'', ''[[Anomotodon novus]]'', ''[[Serratolamna aschersoni]]'', ''[[Serratolamna lerichei]]'', ''[[Cretolamna appendiculata]]'', ''[[Odontaspis winkleri]]'', ''[[Carcharias hopei]]'', ''[[Carcharias teretidens]]'', ''[[Palaeohypotodus ratoti]]'', ''[[Physogaleus secundas]]'', ''[[Abdounia recticona]]'', ''[[Abdounia minutissima]]'', ''[[Abdounia beaugei]]'', ''[[Eugaleus ypresiensis]]'', ''[[Pachygaleus lefevrei]]'', ''[[Palaeogaleus vincenti]]'', ''[[Heterodontus lerichei]]'', ''[[Scyliorhinus gilberti]]'', [[Orectolobidae indet.]], ''[[Ginglymostoma africanam]]'', ''[[Ginglymostoma subafricanum]]'', ''[[Nebrius thielensis]]'', ''[[Nebrius serra]]'', ''[[Palaeorhincodon wardi]]'', ''[[Hexanchus|Hexanchus sp.]]'', ''[[Acipenser|Acipenser sp.]]'', ''[[Cylindracanthus rectus]]'', ''[[Voltaconger latispinus]]'', ''[[Bolcyrus formosissimus|cf. Bolcyrus formosissimus]]'', ''[[Phyllodus toliapicus]]'', ''[[Paralbula marylandica]]'', ''[[Egertonia isodonta]]'', ''[[Albula eppsi]]'', ''[[Teratichthys antiquitatus]]'', ''[[Sphyraena bognorensis]]'', ''[[Acanthocybium proosti]]'', ''[[Sarda delheidi]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus|Scomberomorus sp.]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus bleekeri]]'', ''[[Scombrinus|Scombrinus sp.]]'', ''[[Aglyptorhynchus veneblesi]]'', ''[[Trichiurides sagittidens]]'', ''[[Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Fisherichthys folmeri]]'', ''[[Prolates dormaalensis]]'', ''[[Cyclopoma folmeri]]'', ''[[Sciaenurus bowerbanki|cf. Sciaenurus bowerbanki]]'', ''[[Arius (genus)|?Arius sp.]]'', ''[[Brychaetus muelleri]]'', ''[[Pycnodus|Pycnodus sp.]]'', ''[[Amia (genus)|Amia sp.]]'', ''[[Lepisosteus|Lepisosteus sp.]]'', [[Megalopidae|Megalopidae indet.]], [[Ostraciidae|Ostraciidae indet.]], [[Perciformes|?Perciformes indet.]] || rowspan=2 | Potapaco || rowspan=2 | Fisher/Sullivan, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher2/>
+|-
+| Flora || ''[[Canarium parksii]]'', ''[[Iodes multireticulata]]'', ''[[Nipa burtini]]'', ''[[Premontria degremonti]]'', ''[[Symplocos grimsleyi]]'', ''[[Tinospora folmerii]]'', ''[[Wetherellia marylandica]]'', ''[[Coturnipes cooperi|cf. Coturnipes cooperi]]'', ''[[Ampelopsis|Ampelopsis sp.]]'', ''[[Nyssa (genus)|Nyssa sp.]]'', ''[[Vitis (genus)|Vitis sp.]]'', ''[[Beckettia|?Beckettia sp.]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>
+|-
+|}
+
+== Contemporaneous fossiliferous units ==
+Ypresian, Wasatchian and Casamayoran formations:<ref>[http://fossilworks.org/ Fossilworks].org</ref>
+
+;North America
+* [[Manasquan Formation]], New Jersey
+* [[Bashi Formation]], Alabama
+* [[Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation|Hatchetigbee Bluff]] and [[Sabinetown Bluff Formation]]s, Southeastern United States
+* [[Klondike Mountain Formation]], Republic & Curlew Basin, Washington State
+* [[Crescent Formation]], Washington
+* [[Allenby Formation|Allenby]] and [[Coldwater Beds Formation]]s and [[Ootsa Lake Group|Ootsa Lake]] and [[Kamloops Group]], British Columbia
+* [[Lookingglass Formation|Lookingglass]] and [[Umpqua Formation]]s, Oregon
+* [[Wasatch Formation]], and [[Tatman Formation|Tatman]], [[Willwood Formation|Willwood]], [[Wind River Formation|Wind River]], [[Pass Peak Formation|Pass Peak]] and [[Indian Meadows Formation]]s, Wyoming
+* [[Challis Volcanics Formation]], Idaho
+* [[Golden Valley Formation]], North Dakota
+* [[Claron Formation]], Utah
+* [[Green River Formation]], western United States
+* [[Coalmont Formation|Coalmont]], [[Cuchara Formation|Cuchara]] and [[DeBeque Formation]]s, Colorado
+* [[Sheep Pass Formation]], Nevada
+* [[San Jose Formation, New Mexico|San Jose]] and [[Galisteo Formation]]s, New Mexico
+* [[Capay Formation|Capay]], [[Juncal Formation|Juncal]], [[Llajas Formation|Llajas]], [[Maniobra Formation|Maniobra]], [[Matilija Formation|Matilija]], [[Meganos Formation|Meganos]] & [[Santa Susana Formation]]s, California
+* [[Margaret Formation]], Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada
+* [[Mokka Fiord Formation]], [[Remus Basin]], Northern Territories
+* [[Bateque Formation|Bateque]] and [[Las Tetas de Cabra Formation]]s, Baja California
+* [[Hannold Hill Formation|Hannold Hill]] and [[Pendleton Ferry Formation]]s, Gulf of Mexico
+* [[Adjuntas Formation|Adjuntas]] and [[Indio Formation]]s and [[Lechería Limestone]], Mexico
+* [[Descartes Formation, Costa Rica|Descartes Formation]], Costa Rica
+* [[Stettin Formation]], Jamaica
+* [[Scotland Formation]], Barbados
+* [[Lizard Springs Formation]], Trinidad and Tobago
+
+;South America
+* [[Bogotá Formation]], [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]], Colombia
+* [[Cerrejón Formation]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin]], Colombia
+* [[Los Cuervos Formation]], [[Catatumbo Basin|Catatumbo]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin|Cesar-Ranchería]] and [[Llanos Basin]]s, Colombia
+* [[Caballas Formation]], [[Pisco Basin]], Peru
+* [[Chacras Formation|Chacras]] and [[Negritos Formation]]s, Peru
+* [[Fonseca Formation]], Brazil
+* [[Itaboraí Formation]], [[Itaboraí Basin]], Brazil
+* [[Lumbrera Formation]], [[Salta Basin]], Argentina
+* [[Laguna del Hunco Formation]], [[Cañadón Asfalto Basin]], Argentina
+* [[Huitrera Formation]], [[Neuquén Basin]], Argentina
+* [[Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento]] and [[Ventana Formation]]s, [[Golfo San Jorge Basin]], Argentina
+* [[Las Flores Formation]], [[Magallanes Basin|Austral Basin]], Argentina
+
+;Antarctica
+* lower [[La Meseta Formation]]
+
+;Europe
+* [[Kortrijk Clay]], [[Bruxellian Formation]] and [[Tienen Formation|Dormaal Member of Tienen Formation]], Belgium
+* [[Sables de Pierrefonds]], [[Calcares marins à alvéolines]], [[Lignites de Soissonais Formation|Lignites de Soissonais]], [[Marnes de Foncouverte]], [[Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais]], [[Marnes de Gan]] and [[Carcassonne Group]], France
+* [[Moler Formation|Moler]], [[Ølst Formation|Ølst]] and [[Fur Formation]]s, southeastern [[North Sea Graben]], Denmark
+* [[Balder Formation]], [[Faroe-Shetland Basin]], North Sea
+* [[London Clay]], [[Bagshot Formation]], [[London Basin]], England
+* [[Oldhaven Formation]], England
+* [[Roterzschicht Formation]], Austria
+* [[Lefkara Formation]], Cyprus
+* [[Silveirinha Formation]], Portugal
+* [[Armàncies Formation|Armàncies]], [[Corca Formation|Corca]] and [[Roda Formation]]s, Spain
+* [[Pesciara Formation]], Italy
+* {{ill|Monte Spilecco|it|Giacimenti fossiliferi di Bolca#Monte Spilecco}}, [[Monte Bolca]], Italy
+
+;Asia
+* [[Çeltek Formation|Çeltek]], [[Kirkkavak Formation|Kirkkavak]] and [[Yoncali Formation]]s, Turkey
+* [[Umm al-Rua’us Formation]], Saudi Arabia
+* [[Alai Beds]], Kyrgyzstan
+* [[Ghazij Formation|Ghazij]], [[Mami Khel Formation|Mami Khel]] and [[Shekhan Formation]]s, Pakistan
+* [[Cambay Shale]], [[Naredi Formation|Naredi]] and [[Subathu Formation]]s, [[Sylhet Limestone]] and [[Upper Ranikot Group]], India
+* [[Dabu Formation|Dabu]], [[Qimugen Formation]] and [[Ulunguhe Formation]]s, [[Xinjiang]], China
+* [[Arshanto Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], China
+* [[Yangxi Formation]], [[Hubei]], China
+* [[Lingcha Formation]], [[Hunan]], China
+* [[Wutu Formation]], [[Shandong]], China
+* [[Tadushi Formation]], [[Primorsky Krai]], Russia
+* [[Takaradayskaya Formation]], [[Sakhalin]], Russia
+* [[Ommai Formation]], [[Kamchatka]], Russia
+* [[Akasaki Formation]], Japan
+
+;Africa
+* [[Esna Formation|Esna]], [[El Rufuf Formation]] and [[Thebes Formation]]s, Egypt
+* [[Al Jir Formation|Al Jir]] and [[Jdeir Formation]]s, Libya
+* [[Gafsa Phosphates Formation]], Tunisia
+* [[Ait Ouarhitane Formation]], Morocco
+* [[Tamaguélelt Formation]], Mali
+* [[Thies Formation]], Senegal
+* [[Auradu Formation]], Somalia
+* [[Landana Formation]], [[Cabinda]], Angola
+
+;Oceania
+* [[Red Bluff Tuff Formation]], [[Tutuiri Greensand]] and [[Tumaio Limestone|Tumaio]] and [[Te Whanga Limestone]]s, New Zealand
+* [[Macquarie Harbor Formation]], Tasmania, Australia
+* [[Dilwyn Formation]], Victoria
+* [[Redbank Plains Formation]], Queensland
+* [[Cardabia Formation|Jubilee Member of Cardabia Formation]], Western Australia
+
+== See also ==
+{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
+;Regional geology
+* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Maryland]], [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia|Virginia]]
+* [[Chesapeake_Bay#Geology_and_formation|Geology of Chesapeake Bay]], [[Geology of the Appalachians|Appalachians]]
+* [[Chesapeake Bay impact crater]]
+
+;Paleontology
+* [[North American land mammal age]]s
+** [[Bumbanian]], [[Casamayoran]], [[Mangaorapan]], [[Waipawan]]
+* [[Paleontology in Maryland]], [[Paleontology in Virginia|Virginia]]
+* [[Princeton Chert]]
+* ''[[Barylambda]]''
+{{div col end}}
+
+== References ==
+{{reflist|20em}}
+
+=== Bibliography ===
+;Nanjemoy
+* {{cite LSA |last=Norris |first=Joseph |year=2016 |title=Do you know the Indian name places in Maryland? |url=https://www.thebaynet.com/articles/1016/do-you-know-the-indian-name-places-in-maryland.html |publisher=TheBayNet.com |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
+* {{cite LSA |last=Wilmarth |first=M. Grace |year=1938 |title=Lexicon of geologic names of the United States - Part 2 M-Z |url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=VXUeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1713&lpg=PA1713 |journal=USGS Bulletin |volume=896 |pages=1–2396 |accessdate=2020-03-08}}
+
+;Potomac Basin
+* {{cite LSA |last=Nardolilli |first=Mike |last2=Bolle |first2=Robert |last3=Park |first3=Bo |last4=Wang |first4=Wendy |last5=Hunter |first5=DeeDee |last6=Dalpra |first6=Curtis |last7=Bourassa |first7=Renee |year=2020 |title=Potomac Basin Facts |url=https://www.potomacriver.org/potomac-basin-facts/ |publisher=[[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] (ICPRB) |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
+
+==== Geology publications ====
+<!--Most recent first-->
+* {{cite LSA |last=Lyttle |first=Peter T. |last2=Aleinikoff |first2=John N. |last3=Burton |first3=William C. |last4=Crider Jr. |first4=E. Allen |last5=Drake Jr. |first5=Avery A. |last6=Froelich |first6=Albert J. |last7=Wright Horton Jr. |first7=J. |last8=Kasselas |first8=Gregorios |last9=Mixon, Lucy McCartan, Arthur E. Nelson, Wayne L. Newell, Louis Pavlides, David S. Powars, C. Scott Southworth, and Robert E. Weems |first9=Robert B. |year=2017 |title=Geologic Map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C. |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0665/report.pdf |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}
+* {{cite LSA |last=Scott |first=Mitchell Louis |year=2005 |title=Mapping and Characterization of the Marlboro Clay formation (MSc. thesis) |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |pages=1–115 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}
+
+==== Paleontology publications ====
+<!--Most recent first-->
+* {{cite LSA |last=Dentzien Dias |first=Paula |last2=Hunt |first2=Adrian P. |last3=Lucas |first3=Spencer G. |last4=Francischini |first4=Heitor |last5=Gulotta Sr. |first5=Marco N. |year=2019 |title=Fish coprolites from the Nanjemoy Formation, Lower Eocene, Virginia, USA |journal=[[Geological Society of America]] Abstracts with Programs |volume=51 |pages=1}}
+* {{cite LSA |last=Head |first=J.J. |last2=Bloch |first2=J.I. |last3=Hastings |first3=A.K. |last4=Bourque |first4=J.R. |last5=[[Edwin Cadena|Cadena]] |first5=E.A. |last6=Herrera |first6=F.A. |last7=Polly |first7=P.D. |last8=[[Carlos Jaramillo (geologist)|Jaramillo]] |first8=C.A. |year=2009 |title=Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457 |pages=715–718 |accessdate=2017-05-22}}
+* {{cite LSA |last=Weems |first=Robert E. |last2=Grimsley |first2=Gary J. |year=1999 |title=Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia |url=https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf |journal=[[Virginia Division of Mineral Resources]] |volume=Publication 152 |pages=1–201 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}
+* {{cite LSA |last=Leriche |first=M |year=1942 |title=Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la plaine cotiere Atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.phylonimbus.com/references/article/7951/contribution-a-letude-des-faunes-ichthyologiques-m/ |journal=[[Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France]] (Nouvelle Serie) |volume=45 |pages=1–111 |accessdate=1942-05-18}}
+
+== Further reading ==
+* {{cite LSA |last=Tejedor |first=Marcelo F. |last2=Goin |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Gelfo |first3=Javier N. |last4=López |first4=Guillermo |last5=Bond |first5=Mariano |last6=Carlini |first6=Alfredo A. |last7=Scillato Yané |first7=Gustavo J. |last8=Woodburne |first8=Michael O. |last9=Chornogubsky, Eugenio Aragón, Marcelo A. Reguero, Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Sergio Vincon, Gabriel M. Martin, Martín Ciancio |first9=Laura |year=2009 |title=New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/20519/1/KPIM_CARL-AA_2009-2.pdf |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3638 |pages=1–43 |accessdate=2019-03-02}}
+
+;Ancient publications
+* R. E. Weems. 1985. Vertebrate biozones of the Pamunkey Group (Paleocene and Eocene, Maryland and Virginia). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the outcropping Tertiary beds in the Pamunkey River region, central Virginia Coastal Plain -- Guidebook for Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 1984 field Trip: Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 198-209
+* R. Weems and S. Horman. 1983. Teleost fish remains (Osteoglossidae, Blochiidae, Scombridae, Triodontidae, Diodontidae) from the Lower Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Maryland. Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington 96(1):38-49
+* K. V. Palmer and D. C. Brann. 1965. Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene molluscs of the southern and eastern United States. Part 1. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Peteropoda, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology 48:1-471
+* S.F. Blake. 1941. Note on a vertebra of ''Palaeophis'' from the Eocene of Maryland. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 31(12):501-503
+* W. B. Clark and G. C. Martin. 1901. Mollusca. Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene 122-203
+* C. R. Eastman. 1901. Pisces. Maryland Geological Survey Eocene 98-115
+* W. B. Clark. 1895. Contributions to the Eocene fauna of the Middle Atlantic slope. Johns Hopkins University Circulars 15(121):3-6
+
+[[Category:Geologic formations of the United States]]
+[[Category:Geologic formations of Maryland]]
+[[Category:Geologic formations of Virginia]]
[[Category:Paleogene Maryland]]
[[Category:Paleogene geology of Virginia]]
-
-
-{{Virginia-geologic-formation-stub}}
+[[Category:Ypresian Stage]]
+[[Category:Wasatchian]]
+[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
+[[Category:Shale formations]]
+[[Category:Limestone formations]]
+[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
+[[Category:Ypresian plants of North America|Formations]]
+[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
+[[Category:Paleontology in Virginia]]
+[[Category:Chesapeake Bay|Formations]]
+[[Category:Potomac River|Formations]]
' |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '| image = ',
1 => '| caption = Nanjemoy Creek, the namesake of the formation',
2 => '| age = [[Ypresian]] ([[Wasatchian]])<br>~{{fossil range|54.5|50.3}}',
3 => '| period = Ypresian',
4 => '| prilithology = [[Sandstone]], [[claystone]]',
5 => '| otherlithology = [[Marl]], [[limestone]]',
6 => '| namedfor = [[Nanjemoy Creek]]<br>[[Nanjemoy Formation#Etymology|Etymology]]',
7 => '| namedby = Clark & Martin',
8 => '| year_ts = 1901',
9 => '| region = {{Flag|Virginia}}<br>{{Flag|Maryland}}<br>{{Flag|District of Columbia}}',
10 => '| coordinates = {{coord|38.8|N|76.7|W|display=inline,title}} ',
11 => '| paleocoordinates = {{coord|39.1|N|60.8|W|display=inline}}',
12 => '| unitof = [[Pamunkey Group]]',
13 => '| subunits = Woodstock & Potapaco',
14 => '| underlies = [[Piney Point Formation|Piney Point]] & [[Calvert Formation|Calvert]]',
15 => '| overlies = [[Aquia Formation|Aquia]] & [[Marlboro Clay]]',
16 => '| thickness = About {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}',
17 => '| extent = [[Nanjemoy Formation#Extent|Extent]]',
18 => '| area = ',
19 => '| map = {{Location map+ | United States#Maryland',
20 => '| relief = 1',
21 => '| width = 250',
22 => '| float = center',
23 => '| places =',
24 => ' {{Location map~ | United States#Maryland',
25 => ' | lat_deg = 38.8',
26 => ' | lon_deg = -76.7',
27 => ' | mark = Orange pog.svg',
28 => ' | marksize = 10',
29 => ' }}',
30 => '| map_caption = ',
31 => '}}',
32 => '',
33 => 'The '''Nanjemoy Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] pertaining to both the [[Wilcox Group]] and the [[Pamunkey Group]] of the eastern United States, stretching across the states of [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and [[District of Columbia]]. The formation [[outcrop|crops out]] east of the [[Appalachians]] and dates back to the [[Paleogene]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Specifically to the [[Ypresian]] stage of the Eocene epoch, about 55 to 50 Ma or [[Wasatchian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]], defined by the contemporaneous [[Wasatch Formation]] of the Pacific US coast.',
34 => '',
35 => 'The about {{convert|20|m|ft}} thin formation crops out in a narrow irregular band and only in certain of the many creeks of the Maryland peninsula and on the southern side of the Potomac River in Virginia. The two members the formation was divided into by Clark and Martin in 1901; Potapaco and Woodstock, represent different phases in the basin history. The lower Potapaco Member is much more clayey, described as [[marl]], than the upper Woodstock Member, probably characteristic of less storm influences in the shallow shelf sediments.',
36 => '',
37 => 'The formation has provided a wealth of fossils of mainly fish, but also mammals, reptiles, birds and flora. The presence of the sharks ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' and ''[[Carcharocles aksuaticus]]'', as well as various other shark and ray species are notable. Crocodylian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in the Nanjemoy Formation.<ref name=Weems1999>Weems & Grimsley, 1999</ref>',
38 => '',
39 => '== Etymology ==',
40 => '[[File:Algonquian language map with states and provinces.svg|right|thumb|250px|Algonquian languages; the Nanjemoy Formation crops out in the territories of the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]]]]',
41 => 'Nanjemoy is probably an [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] word, meaning "one goes downward",<ref name=Norris2016>Joseph Norris, TheBayNet, 2016</ref> representing the many rivers and creeks in the wet watershed of [[Chesapeake Bay]], an area originally inhabited by the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquin]]-speaking [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] and [[Powhatan]].<ref name=IndLangs>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701e.ct003648r/ Library of Congress - National atlas. Indian tribes, cultures & languages: United States]</ref> The formation is named after [[Nanjemoy Creek]], a left tributary of the [[Potomac River]].<ref name=Norris2016/>',
42 => '',
43 => '[[Wicomico]], is the name of two separate rivers, one on Maryland's Eastern Shore; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], another in Southern Maryland; [[Wicomico River, east Maryland]], and is the name of a small thoroughfare in southeastern [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]].<ref name=Norris2016/>',
44 => '',
45 => 'The reason this term appears in three different places in the state simply means that the people living there when the English barged in were trying to tell them it was a nice place to live.<ref name=Norris2016/>',
46 => '',
47 => '''Wigh'' or ''wik'', representing "pleasant" and ''accomico'' "dwelling, village" was the native's way of telling the Europeans they liked living there.<ref name=Norris2016/>',
48 => '',
49 => 'Geography is all-defining in these areas,<ref name=Kaplan_p>Robert Kaplan, 1991, p.</ref> Hills, valleys and rivers received their descriptive name in the local languages of the world. The global phenomenon of naming geographical features; our leading highways for millennia, as descriptive as possible. In the [[Algonquin languages|Algonquin]]-speaking area of the present-day [[Eastern United States]], for instance in western Charles County; ''Chicamuxen'' means "there lies the high ground."<ref name=Norris2016/>',
50 => '',
51 => 'Potapaco was an early name for [[Port Tobacco Creek]],<ref name=UoC1938_p1713>UoC, 1938, p.1713</ref> that was named after the people, also known as the [[Piscataway people|Piscataway]].',
52 => '',
53 => 'Nanjemoy, which may contain elements of [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwa]], by contrast means "one goes downward."<ref name=Norris2016/>',
54 => '',
55 => 'Mattawoman, found in Charles, Prince George's and on the Eastern Shore, has remnants of not only Algonquin, but [[Fox language|Fox]] and [[Ojibwa language|Ojibwa]] as well, and translates to "where one goes pleasantly."<ref name=Norris2016/>',
56 => '',
57 => 'The [[Urban Dictionary]] defines ''nanjemoy'' as follows:<ref name=UrbDicNanjemoy>[https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=nanjemoy Urban Dictionary - nanjemoy]</ref>',
58 => '',
59 => '{{quote|"The deepest part of southern Maryland you never know what you’re going to find all the way back in these swamps..."}}',
60 => '',
61 => '== Definition ==',
62 => '[[File:Maryland geological survey (1901) (14746338736).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Geologic map of Maryland (1901)]]',
63 => 'The Nanjemoy Formation was defined by Clark and Martin in 1901, as part of the mapping by the [[Maryland Geological Survey]]. The Nanjemoy Formation was divided into two members, the lower or Potapaco, and the upper or Woodstock. The main lithologic distinction is that the lower part of the Nanjemoy is much clayey than the upper part. In the subsurface, the distinction between the members is less evident than in outcrops, especially in Maryland, so the formation has been left undivided.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>',
64 => '',
65 => 'In the outcrops along the Potomac River near [[Popes Creek]], the contact between the Woodstock and Potapaco at about {{convert|10|ft|m}} above the water level.<ref name=McCartan1995_p17/>',
66 => '',
67 => '== Extent ==',
68 => '{| class="wikitable"',
69 => '| {{Location map+ | USA Virginia',
70 => '| relief = 1',
71 => '| width = 330',
72 => '| float = center',
73 => '| position = right',
74 => '| places =',
75 => ' {{Location map~ | USA Virginia',
76 => ' | lat_deg = 38.8',
77 => ' | lon_deg = -77.4',
78 => ' | mark = Orange pog.svg',
79 => ' | marksize = 7',
80 => ' | label = '''FS'''',
81 => ' | position = left',
82 => ' }}',
83 => ' {{Location map~ | USA Virginia',
84 => ' | lat_deg = 37.5',
85 => ' | lon_deg = -76.5',
86 => ' | mark = Orange pog.svg',
87 => ' | marksize = 7',
88 => ' | label = '''Ws'''',
89 => ' | position = left',
90 => ' }}',
91 => '}}',
92 => '| {{Location map+ | USA Maryland',
93 => '| relief = 1',
94 => '| width = 330',
95 => '| float = center',
96 => '| position = right',
97 => '| places =',
98 => ' {{Location map~ | USA Maryland',
99 => ' | lat_deg = 38.4',
100 => ' | lon_deg = -77.2',
101 => ' | mark = Orange pog.svg',
102 => ' | marksize = 7',
103 => ' | label = '''NC'''',
104 => ' | position = top',
105 => ' }}',
106 => '}}',
107 => '| [[File:Chesapeakewatershedmap.png|205px|center]]',
108 => '|-',
109 => '| colspan=3 align=center | Notable sites of the Nanjemoy Formation in the Potomac River basin in northeastern Virginia and western Maryland<br>NC - [[Nanjemoy Creek]], Ws - Woodstock, FS - Fisher/Sullivan site',
110 => '|}',
111 => '',
112 => 'The Nanjemoy Formation, represented as Tn on the geologic map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C., restricted to the southeastern side of the [[Potomac Basin]] represented in the quadrangle.<ref name=Lyttle2017>Geologic Map MD; VA; D.C., USGS, 2017</ref> Scott (2005) in his thesis included a map showing the thin bands of outcrops of both the underlying [[Marlboro Clay]] and the Nanjemoy Formation, restricted to the many creeks feeding the Chesapeake Bay.<ref name=Scott2005_p67>Scott, 2005, p.67</ref>',
113 => '',
114 => 'The Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene), the Marlboro Clay (Paleocene), and the Aquia Formation (Paleocene) are present in the westernmost part of the Potomac channel.<ref name=McCartan1995_p7>McCartan et al., 1995, p.7</ref>',
115 => '',
116 => 'The outcrop area of the formation is designated [[Nanjemoy Wildlife Management Area]].',
117 => '== Geology ==',
118 => '[[File:L008.png|right|400px|thumb|The Nanjemoy Formation is represented by the orange Paleo-Eocene surrounding the [[Potomac River]]<br>Learn more [[Geology of the Appalachians]] under that article.]]',
119 => 'Geologically, the area of deposition of the Nanjemoy Formation is part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain|Atlantic coastal plain province]].',
120 => '=== Potomac Basin ===',
121 => '[[File:DC-DE-MD-PA-VA-WV Level IV ecoregions.pdf|thumb|left|200px|Ecoregions northeastern US]]',
122 => 'The [[Potomac Basin]] represents the central part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]] that stretches along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the United States. The basin stretches across parts of four states (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia), as well as the District of Columbia. This area is also called the Potomac watershed. It includes all of the land area where water drains towards the mouth of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] – the point where the river spills into the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The Potomac River basin is the 2nd largest watershed in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.<ref name=ICPRB>Nardolilli et al., 2020</ref>',
123 => 'The land of the Potomac Basin varies a great deal from its sources to its mouth, and so do its people. It is difficult to fully describe the Potomac and its people because of their variety and because they are both constantly changing. With that in mind, here is a current snapshot of the basin’s land, its people, and its water.',
124 => ';Land',
125 => 'The drainage area of the Potomac includes 14,670 square miles in four states: Virginia (5,723 sq. mi.), Maryland (3,818 sq. mi.), West Virginia (3,490 sq. mi.), Pennsylvania (1,570 sq. mi.), and the District of Columbia (69 sq. mi.). The basin’s total area varies depending on map projection used. The basin lies in five geological provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont Plateau, and Coastal Plain. The Potomac meanders over 383 miles from Fairfax Stone, West Virginia to Point Lookout, Maryland. The river’s distance will vary with map projection and location of measuring tool in the river (ie. middle of the river, Maryland shoreline, Virginia shoreline).',
126 => 'Based on information from the NLCD 2011 database, the majority of the basin’s land area is covered by forests at 54.6 percent of the land area. Developed land makes up 14.1 percent of the basin’s land area, while agriculture covers 26.0 percent. Water and wetlands make up 5.9 percent of the basin’s land area.',
127 => 'The Potomac's major tributaries include: the Anacostia River, Antietam Creek, the Cacapon River, Catoctin Creek, Conococheague Creek, the Monocacy River, the North Branch, the South Branch, the Occoquan River, the Savage River, the Seneca Creek, and the Shenandoah River. Visit our maps section to see these watersheds in detail.',
128 => ';People',
129 => 'The population of the basin is approximately 6.11 million (2010 estimated census). The population has increased by about five percent since 2005. The following information is based on 2010 estimated census data.',
130 => '=== Stratigraphy ===',
131 => '[[File:NorthAmericanPlate.png|right|200px|thumb|The Potomac Basin is located entirely on the [[North American Plate]]]]',
132 => 'The Nanjemoy Formation belongs to two geologic groups; the [[Wilcox Group]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico Basin]] in the southernmost surface expression of the formation and the [[Pamunkey Group]] in the northern and central portions from [[Geology of Maryland|Maryland]] in the north through [[Virginia]] and [[the Carolinas]]. Both geologic groups have been dated to the early [[Paleogene]]; the [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]] periods, or in the commonly used [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]]; [[Wasatchian]], defined by the age-equivalent [[Wasatch Formation]] of Wyoming.',
133 => 'The third-oldest unit in the Pamunkey Group is the Nanjemoy Formation that overlies the [[Marlboro Clay]] and is partly overlain by the [[Piney Point Formation]] and in many areas covered by the [[Miocene]] [[Calvert Formation]], separated by an unconformity representing about 34 Ma.',
134 => 'The upper surface reaches an elevation of about {{convert|50|m|ft}} and is overlain in most places by the [[Calvert Formation]] (Tc). The unit is present only in the southeastern part of the map area of Washington D.C., and it reaches a maximum thickness of about {{convert|20|m|ft}}.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>',
135 => '',
136 => '=== Petrology ===',
137 => 'The formation comprises [[glauconite|glauconitic]] [[quartz]] [[sandstone|sand]], dark-grayish-green to olive-black (tan to orange where [[weathering|weathered]]), fine to medium-grained; and dark-greenish-gray [[silt]]y [[claystone|clay]]. In places, the sand is very muddy or contains many small quartz pebbles, and the clay is silty or sandy. Both lithologies contain richly fossiliferous beds including abundant mollusk shells.<ref name=Lyttle2017/>',
138 => '',
139 => 'Robert E. Weems and Gary J. Grimsley (1999) described the geology of the [[Nanjemoy Formation#Fisher/Sullivan site, VA|Fisher/Sullivan site in Virginia]] as:<ref name=Weems1999_p5>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.5</ref>',
140 => '',
141 => '{| class="wikitable" font-size:80%',
142 => '! Formation !! Member !! Bed !! Lithology !! Thickness (ft)',
143 => '|-',
144 => '| rowspan=2 | Nanmejoy || rowspan=2 | Potomac || align=center rowspan=2 | B || Sand, dominantly quartz, fine-grained, well sorted, micaceous, glauconitic, medium-brown, spa$e wood fragments present and molds and casts of shells || align=center | 1',
145 => '|-',
146 => '| Sand, dominantly quartz, dominantly fine-grained but with abundant rounded grains of medium- to coarse-grained quartz and scattered rounded quartz granules and pebbles to {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, glauconitic, medium-brown, contains abundant shell casts of ''[[Venericardia potapacoensis]]'' and abundant teeth and bones || align=center | 2',
147 => '|-',
148 => '| colspan=5 bgcolor=lightgrey | '''[[Unconformity]]'''',
149 => '|-',
150 => '| Nanmejoy || Potomac || align=center | A || Sand, dominantly quartz, very fine- to fine-grained, bioturbated and massive, glauconitic, medium-brownish- gray, scattered wood fragments throughout and scattered molds and casts of shells, upper foot [[bioturbation|bioturbated]] and [[burrow]]s filled with matrix from above bed, basal foot contains abundant medium- to coarse-grains and is more glauconitic than sediments above || align=center | 15',
151 => '|-',
152 => '| [[Marlboro Clay]] || || align=center | || Clay, silty, finely [[micaceous]], greasy, sticky, lightgray, upper two feet intensely burrowed and burrows filled with matrix from bed above || align=center | 8',
153 => '|-',
154 => '| colspan=4 align=right | Total section exposed || align=center | 26',
155 => '|-',
156 => '|}',
157 => '',
158 => '== Paleogeography ==',
159 => '[[File:Ypresian Earth 50 mya.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Earth in the Ypresian (50 Ma)]]',
160 => '',
161 => '',
162 => '',
163 => '=== Climate ===',
164 => '[[File:Climate sensitivity sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Hansen et al 2013.png|right|300px|thumb|Global temperatures in the [[Ypresian]] were at an all-time high during the [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2]] (ETM-2), [[Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (MECO) and the [[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM)]]',
165 => '',
166 => '{{see also|:Category:Ypresian insects}}',
167 => 'The climate of the Early Eocene and Late Paleocene was very hot and rich in CO<sub>2</sub>. Based on the fossils of the terrifyingly large ''[[Titanoboa|Titanoboa cerrejonensis]]'', dating to the latest Paleocene, a body mass of {{convert|1135|kg|oz}} for the snake was estimated. This enormous size could only have been possible under the most ideal conditions for such large species, around 6 to 8 Ma after the [[Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event|extinction of the previous megafauna]]; the [[dinosaur]]s. The climate of the [[Neotropical biome]] was estimated at {{convert|34|C|F}} average yearly temperatures and 2000 ppm atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=Head2009>Head et al., 2009</ref>',
168 => '',
169 => '=== Depositional environment ===',
170 => 'The [[depositional environment]] of the Nanjemoy Formation is mostly shallow shelf. The more clayey beds suggest an area or time of quiet water, not affected by waves, tides, or current activity; intercalated sandier zones may reflect the higher energy of waves or currents during episodic storms. Its regional dip is eastward at 15-20 ft per mile (3-3.5 m/km).<ref name=McCartan1995_p17>McCartan et al., 1995, p.17</ref>',
171 => '',
172 => '== Paleontology ==',
173 => 'The floral and faunal assemblage of the Nanjemoy Formation is very varied and provides an insight into the paleobiological and paleoclimatological environment of the early [[Eocene]]. Fossils of bivalves, sharks, rays, actinopterygian fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals, and of fruits and seeds are common in the Potapaco Member. More than 2000 vertebrate [[coprolite]]s from the Potapaco Member at the Fisher/Sullivan Site in Virginia were analyzed by Dentzien Dias et al. (2019). The chemical composition (phosphatic), inclusions and morphology suggest that only carnivorous scats were preserved.<ref name=Dentzien2019>Dentzien Dias et al., 2019</ref>',
174 => '',
175 => 'All Nanjemoy coprolites were produced by fishes; [[chondrichthyan]]s, [[Carcharhiniformes]], and [[lamniform]] sharks, probably the genus ''[[Carcharias]]''. Other morphotypes were produced by [[actinopterygian]] fishes. The surface marks and the lack of flatness on most coprolites suggests early lithification of the Potapaco Member.<ref name=Dentzien2019/>',
176 => '',
177 => 'Main fossil sites of the Nanjemoy Formation are',
178 => '* Nanjemoy Creek; Charles County, MD<ref name=FWNanjemoy>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84052 Nanjemoy Creek] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>',
179 => '* Woodstock; King George County, VA<ref name=FWWoodstock>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=13187 Woodstock] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=84047 Woodstock 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWWoodstock3>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=127179 Woodstock 3] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>',
180 => '* Fisher/Sullivan; Stafford County, VA<ref name=FWFisher1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=22775 Fisher/Sullivan 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWFisher2>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=15595 Fisher/Sullivan 2] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>',
181 => '* Evergreen Plantation; Prince Charles County, VA<ref name=FWEvergreen1>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=91123 Evergreen Plantation 1] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>',
182 => '* ',
183 => '',
184 => '=== Fisher/Sullivan site, VA ===',
185 => 'In October of 1990, Mr. Richard Brezina of the [[Maryland Geological Society]] discovered an important fossil site east of [[Fredericksburg]], in eastern [[Stafford County, Virginia]]. This locality, along an unnamed tributary of [[Muddy Creek, Virginia|Muddy Creek]], became known as the Fisher/Sullivan site in recognition of its principle landowners.<ref name=Weems1999_p3>Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.3</ref>',
186 => '',
187 => 'Mr. Brezina immediately realized that the site was exceptional, because it yielded numerous shark teeth and other vertebrate remains from the sands and gravels in the unnamed tributary. Mr. Brezina notified other members of the Maryland Geological Society, and together members of the MGS began to screen stream sediments at the site for more shark teeth and other remains. It soon became apparent, from the types of teeth that were being found and from the color and texture of the sediments in the banks of the creek, that the fossils were being reworked from glauconitic ("greensand") horizons of the Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) Pamunkey Group.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>',
188 => '',
189 => 'Because the Pamunkey Group previously had yielded only sparse vertebrate remains, it seemed reasonable to suspect that this locality was scientifically important.<ref name=Weems1999_p3/>',
190 => '',
191 => '=== Fossil content ===',
192 => 'Among many invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, corals, bryozoans), the following fossils have been reported from the Nanjemoy Formation:',
193 => '',
194 => '{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"',
195 => '! Group !! Fossils !! Member !! Site !! Images !! Refs',
196 => '|-',
197 => '| rowspan=3 | Mammals || ''[[Peradectes|Peradectes guottai]]'', ''[[Pisodus|Pisodus oweni]]'', ''[[Esthonyx|cf. Esthonyx sp.]]'', ''[[Homogalax|aff. Homogalax sp.]]'', [[Miacidae|Miacidae indet.]], [[Nyctitheriidae|Nyctitheriidae indet.]], [[Ischyromyidae|?Ischyromyidae indet.]] || rowspan=6| Potapaco || rowspan=6 | Fisher/Sullivan, [[Prince Charles County|Prince Charles County, VA]] || || align=center rowspan=6 | <ref name=FWFisher2/>',
198 => '|-',
199 => '| ''[[Hyopsodus|cf. Hyopsodus sp.]]'' || [[File:Hyopsodus_NT.jpg|100px|center]]',
200 => '|-',
201 => '| ''[[Palaeosinopa|cf. Palaeosinopa sp.]]'' || [[File:Palaeosinopa_NT.jpg|100px|center]]',
202 => '|-',
203 => '| rowspan=2 | Birds || ''[[Odontopteryx|?Odontopteryx sp.]]'' || [[File:Odontopteryx.jpg|100px|center]]',
204 => '|-',
205 => '| [[Graculavidae|?Graculavidae indet.]], [[Scolopaci|Scolopaci indet.]], [[Steatornithidae|?Steatornithidae indet.]], [[Caprimulgidae|?Caprimulgidae indet.]], [[Aegialornithidae|Aegialornithidae indet.]], [[Phoenicopteridae|?Phoenicopteridae indet.]]',
206 => '|-',
207 => '| rowspan=2 | Reptiles || ''[[Eosphargis gigas|cf. Eosphargis gigas]]'', ''[[Dollochelys|?Dollochelys sp.]]'', ''[[Puppigerus camperi]]'', ''[[Trionyx pennatus|cf. Trionyx pennatus]]'', ''[[Eosuchus lerichei]]'', ''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]'', ''[[Parophisaurus mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Palaeophis toliapicus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis virginianus]]'', ''[[Palaeophis casei]]''',
208 => '|-',
209 => '| ''[[Palaeophis grandis]]'', ''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis sp.]]'' || rowspan=3 | Woodstock || rowspan=3 | [[King George County|King George County, VA]] || [[File:Palaeophis maghrebianus life restoration.jpg|100px|center]] || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock/>',
210 => '|-',
211 => '| rowspan=6 | Fish || ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock2/>',
212 => '|-',
213 => '| ''[[Lamna cuspidata]]'', ''[[Galeocerdo latidens]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWWoodstock3/>',
214 => '|-',
215 => '| ''[[Hypotodus verticalis]]'' || || [[Nanjemoy Creek]], MD || || align=center | <ref name=FWNanjemoy/>',
216 => '|-',
217 => '| ''[[Odontaspis macrota]]'', ''[[Carcharodon|Carcharodon sp.]]'' || || Evergreen Plantation, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/>',
218 => '|-',
219 => '| ''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' || Potapaco || Evergreen Plantation<br>Fisher/Sullivan, VA || [[File:Shark Tooth Macro 2.JPG|center|100px]] || align=center | <ref name=FWEvergreen1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>',
220 => '|-',
221 => '| ''[[Isistius trituratus]]'', ''[[Squatina prima]]'', ''[[Squalus crenatidens]]'', ''[[Triakis wardi]]'', ''[[Rhinobatus bruxelliensis]]'', ''[[Pristis luthami]]'', ''[[Propristis schweinfurthi]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis macrodens]]'', ''[[Anoxypristis|Anoxypristis sp.]]'', ''[[Coupatezia woatersi]]'', ''[[Hypolophodon sylvestris]]'', ''[[Myliobatis latidens]]'', ''[[Myliobatis dixoni]]'', ''[[Myliobatis striatus]]'', ''[[Archaeomanta melenhorsti]]'', ''[[Burnhamia daviesi]]'', ''[[Aetomylaeus|Aetomylaeus sp.]]'', ''[[Aetobatis irregularis]]'', ''[[Rhinoptera sherboni]]'', ''[[Meridiania conyexa]]'', ''[[Heterotorpedo fowleri]]'', ''[[Jacquhermania duponti]]'', ''[[Echinorhinus priscus]]'', ''[[Striatolamia macrota]]'', ''[[Anomotodon novus]]'', ''[[Serratolamna aschersoni]]'', ''[[Serratolamna lerichei]]'', ''[[Cretolamna appendiculata]]'', ''[[Odontaspis winkleri]]'', ''[[Carcharias hopei]]'', ''[[Carcharias teretidens]]'', ''[[Palaeohypotodus ratoti]]'', ''[[Physogaleus secundas]]'', ''[[Abdounia recticona]]'', ''[[Abdounia minutissima]]'', ''[[Abdounia beaugei]]'', ''[[Eugaleus ypresiensis]]'', ''[[Pachygaleus lefevrei]]'', ''[[Palaeogaleus vincenti]]'', ''[[Heterodontus lerichei]]'', ''[[Scyliorhinus gilberti]]'', [[Orectolobidae indet.]], ''[[Ginglymostoma africanam]]'', ''[[Ginglymostoma subafricanum]]'', ''[[Nebrius thielensis]]'', ''[[Nebrius serra]]'', ''[[Palaeorhincodon wardi]]'', ''[[Hexanchus|Hexanchus sp.]]'', ''[[Acipenser|Acipenser sp.]]'', ''[[Cylindracanthus rectus]]'', ''[[Voltaconger latispinus]]'', ''[[Bolcyrus formosissimus|cf. Bolcyrus formosissimus]]'', ''[[Phyllodus toliapicus]]'', ''[[Paralbula marylandica]]'', ''[[Egertonia isodonta]]'', ''[[Albula eppsi]]'', ''[[Teratichthys antiquitatus]]'', ''[[Sphyraena bognorensis]]'', ''[[Acanthocybium proosti]]'', ''[[Sarda delheidi]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus|Scomberomorus sp.]]'', ''[[Scomberomorus bleekeri]]'', ''[[Scombrinus|Scombrinus sp.]]'', ''[[Aglyptorhynchus veneblesi]]'', ''[[Trichiurides sagittidens]]'', ''[[Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi]]'', ''[[Fisherichthys folmeri]]'', ''[[Prolates dormaalensis]]'', ''[[Cyclopoma folmeri]]'', ''[[Sciaenurus bowerbanki|cf. Sciaenurus bowerbanki]]'', ''[[Arius (genus)|?Arius sp.]]'', ''[[Brychaetus muelleri]]'', ''[[Pycnodus|Pycnodus sp.]]'', ''[[Amia (genus)|Amia sp.]]'', ''[[Lepisosteus|Lepisosteus sp.]]'', [[Megalopidae|Megalopidae indet.]], [[Ostraciidae|Ostraciidae indet.]], [[Perciformes|?Perciformes indet.]] || rowspan=2 | Potapaco || rowspan=2 | Fisher/Sullivan, VA || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher2/>',
222 => '|-',
223 => '| Flora || ''[[Canarium parksii]]'', ''[[Iodes multireticulata]]'', ''[[Nipa burtini]]'', ''[[Premontria degremonti]]'', ''[[Symplocos grimsleyi]]'', ''[[Tinospora folmerii]]'', ''[[Wetherellia marylandica]]'', ''[[Coturnipes cooperi|cf. Coturnipes cooperi]]'', ''[[Ampelopsis|Ampelopsis sp.]]'', ''[[Nyssa (genus)|Nyssa sp.]]'', ''[[Vitis (genus)|Vitis sp.]]'', ''[[Beckettia|?Beckettia sp.]]'' || || align=center | <ref name=FWFisher1/><ref name=FWFisher2/>',
224 => '|-',
225 => '|}',
226 => '',
227 => '== Contemporaneous fossiliferous units ==',
228 => 'Ypresian, Wasatchian and Casamayoran formations:<ref>[http://fossilworks.org/ Fossilworks].org</ref>',
229 => '',
230 => ';North America',
231 => '* [[Manasquan Formation]], New Jersey',
232 => '* [[Bashi Formation]], Alabama',
233 => '* [[Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation|Hatchetigbee Bluff]] and [[Sabinetown Bluff Formation]]s, Southeastern United States',
234 => '* [[Klondike Mountain Formation]], Republic & Curlew Basin, Washington State',
235 => '* [[Crescent Formation]], Washington',
236 => '* [[Allenby Formation|Allenby]] and [[Coldwater Beds Formation]]s and [[Ootsa Lake Group|Ootsa Lake]] and [[Kamloops Group]], British Columbia',
237 => '* [[Lookingglass Formation|Lookingglass]] and [[Umpqua Formation]]s, Oregon',
238 => '* [[Wasatch Formation]], and [[Tatman Formation|Tatman]], [[Willwood Formation|Willwood]], [[Wind River Formation|Wind River]], [[Pass Peak Formation|Pass Peak]] and [[Indian Meadows Formation]]s, Wyoming',
239 => '* [[Challis Volcanics Formation]], Idaho',
240 => '* [[Golden Valley Formation]], North Dakota',
241 => '* [[Claron Formation]], Utah',
242 => '* [[Green River Formation]], western United States',
243 => '* [[Coalmont Formation|Coalmont]], [[Cuchara Formation|Cuchara]] and [[DeBeque Formation]]s, Colorado',
244 => '* [[Sheep Pass Formation]], Nevada',
245 => '* [[San Jose Formation, New Mexico|San Jose]] and [[Galisteo Formation]]s, New Mexico',
246 => '* [[Capay Formation|Capay]], [[Juncal Formation|Juncal]], [[Llajas Formation|Llajas]], [[Maniobra Formation|Maniobra]], [[Matilija Formation|Matilija]], [[Meganos Formation|Meganos]] & [[Santa Susana Formation]]s, California',
247 => '* [[Margaret Formation]], Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada',
248 => '* [[Mokka Fiord Formation]], [[Remus Basin]], Northern Territories',
249 => '* [[Bateque Formation|Bateque]] and [[Las Tetas de Cabra Formation]]s, Baja California',
250 => '* [[Hannold Hill Formation|Hannold Hill]] and [[Pendleton Ferry Formation]]s, Gulf of Mexico',
251 => '* [[Adjuntas Formation|Adjuntas]] and [[Indio Formation]]s and [[Lechería Limestone]], Mexico',
252 => '* [[Descartes Formation, Costa Rica|Descartes Formation]], Costa Rica',
253 => '* [[Stettin Formation]], Jamaica',
254 => '* [[Scotland Formation]], Barbados',
255 => '* [[Lizard Springs Formation]], Trinidad and Tobago',
256 => '',
257 => ';South America',
258 => '* [[Bogotá Formation]], [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]], Colombia',
259 => '* [[Cerrejón Formation]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin]], Colombia',
260 => '* [[Los Cuervos Formation]], [[Catatumbo Basin|Catatumbo]], [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin|Cesar-Ranchería]] and [[Llanos Basin]]s, Colombia',
261 => '* [[Caballas Formation]], [[Pisco Basin]], Peru',
262 => '* [[Chacras Formation|Chacras]] and [[Negritos Formation]]s, Peru',
263 => '* [[Fonseca Formation]], Brazil',
264 => '* [[Itaboraí Formation]], [[Itaboraí Basin]], Brazil',
265 => '* [[Lumbrera Formation]], [[Salta Basin]], Argentina',
266 => '* [[Laguna del Hunco Formation]], [[Cañadón Asfalto Basin]], Argentina',
267 => '* [[Huitrera Formation]], [[Neuquén Basin]], Argentina',
268 => '* [[Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento]] and [[Ventana Formation]]s, [[Golfo San Jorge Basin]], Argentina',
269 => '* [[Las Flores Formation]], [[Magallanes Basin|Austral Basin]], Argentina',
270 => '',
271 => ';Antarctica',
272 => '* lower [[La Meseta Formation]]',
273 => '',
274 => ';Europe',
275 => '* [[Kortrijk Clay]], [[Bruxellian Formation]] and [[Tienen Formation|Dormaal Member of Tienen Formation]], Belgium',
276 => '* [[Sables de Pierrefonds]], [[Calcares marins à alvéolines]], [[Lignites de Soissonais Formation|Lignites de Soissonais]], [[Marnes de Foncouverte]], [[Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais]], [[Marnes de Gan]] and [[Carcassonne Group]], France',
277 => '* [[Moler Formation|Moler]], [[Ølst Formation|Ølst]] and [[Fur Formation]]s, southeastern [[North Sea Graben]], Denmark',
278 => '* [[Balder Formation]], [[Faroe-Shetland Basin]], North Sea',
279 => '* [[London Clay]], [[Bagshot Formation]], [[London Basin]], England',
280 => '* [[Oldhaven Formation]], England',
281 => '* [[Roterzschicht Formation]], Austria',
282 => '* [[Lefkara Formation]], Cyprus',
283 => '* [[Silveirinha Formation]], Portugal',
284 => '* [[Armàncies Formation|Armàncies]], [[Corca Formation|Corca]] and [[Roda Formation]]s, Spain',
285 => '* [[Pesciara Formation]], Italy',
286 => '* {{ill|Monte Spilecco|it|Giacimenti fossiliferi di Bolca#Monte Spilecco}}, [[Monte Bolca]], Italy',
287 => '',
288 => ';Asia',
289 => '* [[Çeltek Formation|Çeltek]], [[Kirkkavak Formation|Kirkkavak]] and [[Yoncali Formation]]s, Turkey',
290 => '* [[Umm al-Rua’us Formation]], Saudi Arabia',
291 => '* [[Alai Beds]], Kyrgyzstan',
292 => '* [[Ghazij Formation|Ghazij]], [[Mami Khel Formation|Mami Khel]] and [[Shekhan Formation]]s, Pakistan',
293 => '* [[Cambay Shale]], [[Naredi Formation|Naredi]] and [[Subathu Formation]]s, [[Sylhet Limestone]] and [[Upper Ranikot Group]], India',
294 => '* [[Dabu Formation|Dabu]], [[Qimugen Formation]] and [[Ulunguhe Formation]]s, [[Xinjiang]], China',
295 => '* [[Arshanto Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], China',
296 => '* [[Yangxi Formation]], [[Hubei]], China',
297 => '* [[Lingcha Formation]], [[Hunan]], China',
298 => '* [[Wutu Formation]], [[Shandong]], China',
299 => '* [[Tadushi Formation]], [[Primorsky Krai]], Russia',
300 => '* [[Takaradayskaya Formation]], [[Sakhalin]], Russia',
301 => '* [[Ommai Formation]], [[Kamchatka]], Russia',
302 => '* [[Akasaki Formation]], Japan',
303 => '',
304 => ';Africa',
305 => '* [[Esna Formation|Esna]], [[El Rufuf Formation]] and [[Thebes Formation]]s, Egypt',
306 => '* [[Al Jir Formation|Al Jir]] and [[Jdeir Formation]]s, Libya',
307 => '* [[Gafsa Phosphates Formation]], Tunisia',
308 => '* [[Ait Ouarhitane Formation]], Morocco',
309 => '* [[Tamaguélelt Formation]], Mali',
310 => '* [[Thies Formation]], Senegal',
311 => '* [[Auradu Formation]], Somalia',
312 => '* [[Landana Formation]], [[Cabinda]], Angola',
313 => '',
314 => ';Oceania',
315 => '* [[Red Bluff Tuff Formation]], [[Tutuiri Greensand]] and [[Tumaio Limestone|Tumaio]] and [[Te Whanga Limestone]]s, New Zealand',
316 => '* [[Macquarie Harbor Formation]], Tasmania, Australia',
317 => '* [[Dilwyn Formation]], Victoria',
318 => '* [[Redbank Plains Formation]], Queensland',
319 => '* [[Cardabia Formation|Jubilee Member of Cardabia Formation]], Western Australia',
320 => '',
321 => '== See also ==',
322 => '{{div col|colwidth=25em}}',
323 => ';Regional geology',
324 => '* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Maryland]], [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia|Virginia]]',
325 => '* [[Chesapeake_Bay#Geology_and_formation|Geology of Chesapeake Bay]], [[Geology of the Appalachians|Appalachians]]',
326 => '* [[Chesapeake Bay impact crater]]',
327 => '',
328 => ';Paleontology',
329 => '* [[North American land mammal age]]s',
330 => '** [[Bumbanian]], [[Casamayoran]], [[Mangaorapan]], [[Waipawan]]',
331 => '* [[Paleontology in Maryland]], [[Paleontology in Virginia|Virginia]]',
332 => '* [[Princeton Chert]]',
333 => '* ''[[Barylambda]]''',
334 => '{{div col end}}',
335 => '',
336 => '== References ==',
337 => '{{reflist|20em}}',
338 => '',
339 => '=== Bibliography ===',
340 => ';Nanjemoy',
341 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Norris |first=Joseph |year=2016 |title=Do you know the Indian name places in Maryland? |url=https://www.thebaynet.com/articles/1016/do-you-know-the-indian-name-places-in-maryland.html |publisher=TheBayNet.com |accessdate=2020-03-06}}',
342 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Wilmarth |first=M. Grace |year=1938 |title=Lexicon of geologic names of the United States - Part 2 M-Z |url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=VXUeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1713&lpg=PA1713 |journal=USGS Bulletin |volume=896 |pages=1–2396 |accessdate=2020-03-08}}',
343 => '',
344 => ';Potomac Basin',
345 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Nardolilli |first=Mike |last2=Bolle |first2=Robert |last3=Park |first3=Bo |last4=Wang |first4=Wendy |last5=Hunter |first5=DeeDee |last6=Dalpra |first6=Curtis |last7=Bourassa |first7=Renee |year=2020 |title=Potomac Basin Facts |url=https://www.potomacriver.org/potomac-basin-facts/ |publisher=[[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] (ICPRB) |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}',
346 => '',
347 => '==== Geology publications ====',
348 => '<!--Most recent first-->',
349 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Lyttle |first=Peter T. |last2=Aleinikoff |first2=John N. |last3=Burton |first3=William C. |last4=Crider Jr. |first4=E. Allen |last5=Drake Jr. |first5=Avery A. |last6=Froelich |first6=Albert J. |last7=Wright Horton Jr. |first7=J. |last8=Kasselas |first8=Gregorios |last9=Mixon, Lucy McCartan, Arthur E. Nelson, Wayne L. Newell, Louis Pavlides, David S. Powars, C. Scott Southworth, and Robert E. Weems |first9=Robert B. |year=2017 |title=Geologic Map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C. |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0665/report.pdf |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}',
350 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Scott |first=Mitchell Louis |year=2005 |title=Mapping and Characterization of the Marlboro Clay formation (MSc. thesis) |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |pages=1–115 |accessdate=2020-03-07}}',
351 => '',
352 => '==== Paleontology publications ====',
353 => '<!--Most recent first-->',
354 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Dentzien Dias |first=Paula |last2=Hunt |first2=Adrian P. |last3=Lucas |first3=Spencer G. |last4=Francischini |first4=Heitor |last5=Gulotta Sr. |first5=Marco N. |year=2019 |title=Fish coprolites from the Nanjemoy Formation, Lower Eocene, Virginia, USA |journal=[[Geological Society of America]] Abstracts with Programs |volume=51 |pages=1}}',
355 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Head |first=J.J. |last2=Bloch |first2=J.I. |last3=Hastings |first3=A.K. |last4=Bourque |first4=J.R. |last5=[[Edwin Cadena|Cadena]] |first5=E.A. |last6=Herrera |first6=F.A. |last7=Polly |first7=P.D. |last8=[[Carlos Jaramillo (geologist)|Jaramillo]] |first8=C.A. |year=2009 |title=Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457 |pages=715–718 |accessdate=2017-05-22}}',
356 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Weems |first=Robert E. |last2=Grimsley |first2=Gary J. |year=1999 |title=Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia |url=https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf |journal=[[Virginia Division of Mineral Resources]] |volume=Publication 152 |pages=1–201 |accessdate=2020-03-06}}',
357 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Leriche |first=M |year=1942 |title=Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la plaine cotiere Atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.phylonimbus.com/references/article/7951/contribution-a-letude-des-faunes-ichthyologiques-m/ |journal=[[Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France]] (Nouvelle Serie) |volume=45 |pages=1–111 |accessdate=1942-05-18}}',
358 => '',
359 => '== Further reading ==',
360 => '* {{cite LSA |last=Tejedor |first=Marcelo F. |last2=Goin |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Gelfo |first3=Javier N. |last4=López |first4=Guillermo |last5=Bond |first5=Mariano |last6=Carlini |first6=Alfredo A. |last7=Scillato Yané |first7=Gustavo J. |last8=Woodburne |first8=Michael O. |last9=Chornogubsky, Eugenio Aragón, Marcelo A. Reguero, Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Sergio Vincon, Gabriel M. Martin, Martín Ciancio |first9=Laura |year=2009 |title=New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/20519/1/KPIM_CARL-AA_2009-2.pdf |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3638 |pages=1–43 |accessdate=2019-03-02}}',
361 => '',
362 => ';Ancient publications',
363 => '* R. E. Weems. 1985. Vertebrate biozones of the Pamunkey Group (Paleocene and Eocene, Maryland and Virginia). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the outcropping Tertiary beds in the Pamunkey River region, central Virginia Coastal Plain -- Guidebook for Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 1984 field Trip: Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association 198-209',
364 => '* R. Weems and S. Horman. 1983. Teleost fish remains (Osteoglossidae, Blochiidae, Scombridae, Triodontidae, Diodontidae) from the Lower Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Maryland. Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington 96(1):38-49',
365 => '* K. V. Palmer and D. C. Brann. 1965. Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene molluscs of the southern and eastern United States. Part 1. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Peteropoda, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology 48:1-471',
366 => '* S.F. Blake. 1941. Note on a vertebra of ''Palaeophis'' from the Eocene of Maryland. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 31(12):501-503',
367 => '* W. B. Clark and G. C. Martin. 1901. Mollusca. Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene 122-203',
368 => '* C. R. Eastman. 1901. Pisces. Maryland Geological Survey Eocene 98-115',
369 => '* W. B. Clark. 1895. Contributions to the Eocene fauna of the Middle Atlantic slope. Johns Hopkins University Circulars 15(121):3-6',
370 => '',
371 => '[[Category:Geologic formations of the United States]]',
372 => '[[Category:Geologic formations of Maryland]]',
373 => '[[Category:Geologic formations of Virginia]]',
374 => '[[Category:Ypresian Stage]]',
375 => '[[Category:Wasatchian]]',
376 => '[[Category:Sandstone formations]]',
377 => '[[Category:Shale formations]]',
378 => '[[Category:Limestone formations]]',
379 => '[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]',
380 => '[[Category:Ypresian plants of North America|Formations]]',
381 => '[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]',
382 => '[[Category:Paleontology in Virginia]]',
383 => '[[Category:Chesapeake Bay|Formations]]',
384 => '[[Category:Potomac River|Formations]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '| image = Otodus aksuaticus.jpg',
1 => '| caption = [[Otodus aksuaticus]] from the Nanjemoy Formation',
2 => '| age = [[Ypresian]]',
3 => '| period = [[Paleogene]]',
4 => '| prilithology =',
5 => '| otherlithology =',
6 => '| namedfor =',
7 => '| namedby =',
8 => '| region = {{Flag|Virginia}}',
9 => '{{Flag|Maryland}}',
10 => '| coordinates =',
11 => '| unitof =',
12 => '| subunits = Woodstock Member, Potapaco Member',
13 => '| underlies =',
14 => '| overlies = [[Aquia Formation]]',
15 => '| thickness =',
16 => '| extent =',
17 => '| area =',
18 => '| map =',
19 => '| map_caption =',
20 => 'The '''Nanjemoy Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] in [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and [[Delaware]]. It preserves [[fossils]] dating back to the [[Paleogene]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Specifically, it dates back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene epoch. It's known for containing [[Otodus obliquus]] and [[Carcharocles aksuaticus]], as well as various other shark and ray species. Crocodilian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in this formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson |display-authors=etal|date=1999|title=Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia |url=https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf|journal=Virginia Division of Mineral Resources|volume=Publication 152|pages=|via=}}</ref> It is one of the best studied formations of its age in Eastern North America.',
21 => '==[[Chondrichthyes|Chondrichthyians]]<ref name=":0">Weems, R. E., & Grimsley, G. J. (1999). ''Early Eocene vertebrates and plants from the Fisher/Sullivan site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia'' (Vol. 152). Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources.</ref>==',
22 => 'A diverse cartilaginous fish fauna is known from this formation. This includes the following:',
23 => '===Sharks===',
24 => '*''[[Hexanchus]] sp.''',
25 => '*''[[Echinorhinus|Echinorhinus priscus]]''',
26 => '*''[[Squalus|Squalus crenatidens]]''',
27 => '*''[[Isistius|Isistius trituratus]]''',
28 => '*''[[Angelshark|Squatina prima]]''',
29 => '*''[[Bullhead shark|Heterodontus lerichei]]''',
30 => '*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma africanum]]''',
31 => '*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma subafricanum]]''',
32 => '*''[[Ginglymostoma|Ginglymostoma serra]]''',
33 => '*''[[Nebrius|Nebrius thielensis]]''',
34 => '*''[[Palaeorhincodon|Paleorhincodon wardi]]''',
35 => '*''[[Orectolobidae]] indet.''',
36 => '*''[[Odontaspis|Odantaspis winkleri]]''',
37 => '*''[[Carcharias|Carcharias hopei]]''',
38 => '*''[[Carcharias|Carcharias teretidens]]''',
39 => '*''[[Palaeohypotodus rutoti]]''',
40 => '*''[[Striatolamia|Striatolamia macrota]]''',
41 => '*''[[Anomotodon|Anomotodon novus]]''',
42 => '*''[[Cretolamna appendiculata|Cretalamna appendiculata]]''',
43 => '*''[[Serratolamna lerichei]]''',
44 => '*''[[Otodus obliquus]]''',
45 => '*''[[Otodus obliquus]] var. mugodzharicus''',
46 => '*''[[Otodus aksuaticus]]''',
47 => '*''[[Scyliorhinus|Scyliorhinus gilberti]]''',
48 => '*''[[Premontria|Premontria degremonti]]''',
49 => '*''[[Pachygaleus lefevrei]]''',
50 => '*''[[Galeorhinus|Galeorhinus ypresiensis]]''',
51 => '*''[[Triakis|Triakis wardi]]''',
52 => '*''[[Palaeogaleus vincenti]]''',
53 => '*''[[Abdounia beaugei]]''',
54 => '*''[[Abdounia minutissima]]''',
55 => '*''[[Abdunia recticona]]''',
56 => '*’’[[Physogaleus|Physogaleus secundus]]’’',
57 => '===Rays and other Chondrichthyians===',
58 => '*[[Rhinobatos|''Rhinobatos bruxelliensis'']]',
59 => '*[[Pristis lathami|''Pristis lathami'']]',
60 => '*[[Anoxypristis|''Anoxypristis mucrodens'']]',
61 => '*''[[Anoxypristis]] sp.''',
62 => '*[[Propristis schweinfurthi|''Propristis schweinfurthi'']]',
63 => '*[[Hypolophodon sylvestris|''Hypolophodon sylvestris'']]',
64 => '*[[Meridiania convexa|''Meridiania convexa'']]',
65 => '*[[Jacquhermania duponti|''Jacquhermania duponti'']]',
66 => '*[[Coupatezia|''Coupatezia woutersi'']]',
67 => '*[[Heterotorpedo fowleri|''Heterotorpedo fowleri'']]',
68 => '*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis dixoni'']]',
69 => '*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis striatus'']]',
70 => '*[[Myliobatis|''Myliobatis latidens'']]',
71 => '*[[Aetobatus|''Aetobatus irregularis'']]',
72 => '*''[[Aetomylaeus]] sp.''',
73 => '*[[Rhinoptera|''Rhinoptera sherboni'']]',
74 => '*[[Archaeomanta|''Archaeomanta melenhorsti'']]',
75 => '*[[Brunhamia daviesi|''Burnhamia daviesi'']]',
76 => '==Fossil Bony Fish<ref name=":0" />==',
77 => 'Dr. Robert Weems’ extensive report on the vertebrates of the now defunct Nanjemoy formation Fisher/Sullivan site included many fish:',
78 => '*''[[Acipenser]] sp.''',
79 => '*''[[Lepisosteus]] sp.''',
80 => '*''[[Pycnodus]] sp.''',
81 => '*''[[Amia (fish)|Amia]] sp.''',
82 => '*[[Brychaetus|''Brychaetus muelleri'']]',
83 => '*''[[Megalopidae]] indet.''',
84 => '*[[Albula (fish)|''Albula oweni'']]',
85 => '*[[Albula (fish)|''Albula eppsi'']]',
86 => '*[[Egertonia|''Egertonia isodonta'']]',
87 => '*[[Phyllodus|''Phyllodus toliapicus'']]',
88 => '*[[Paralbula|''Paralbula marylandica'']]',
89 => '*[[Voltaconger|''Voltaconger latispinus'']]',
90 => '*[[Bolcyrus|''Bolcyrus formosissimus'']]',
91 => '*''[[Arius]] sp.''',
92 => '*[[Cylindracanthus|''Cylindracanthus rectus'']]',
93 => '*[[Cyclopoma|''Cyclopoma folmeri'']]',
94 => '*[[Prolates|''Prolates dormaalensis'']]',
95 => '*[[Sciaenurus|''Sciaenurus bowerbanki'']]',
96 => '*[[Fisherichthys folmeri|''Fisherichthys folmeri'']]',
97 => '*[[Barracuda|''Sphyraena bognorensis'']]',
98 => '*[[Trichurides|''Trichiurides sagittidens'']]',
99 => '*[[Teratichthys antiquitatus|''Teratichthys antiquitatus'']]',
100 => '*[[Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi|''Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi'']]',
101 => '*[[Wahoo|''Acanthocybium proosti'']]',
102 => '*[[Sarda (fish)|''Sarda delheidi'']]',
103 => '*[[Scomberomorus|''Scomberomorus bleekeri'']]',
104 => '*''[[Scomberomorus]] sp.''',
105 => '*[[Aglyptorhynchus|''Aglyptorhynchus veneblesi'']]',
106 => '*''[[Ostraciidae]] indet.''',
107 => '==Fossil Reptiles<ref name=":0" />==',
108 => 'Reptiles found in this formation include the following:',
109 => '===[[Chelonians]]===',
110 => '*''cf. [[Trionyx|Trionyx pennatus]]''',
111 => '*''?[[Dollochelys]] sp.''',
112 => '*[[Puppigerus|''Puppigerus camperi'']]',
113 => '*[[Eosphargis|''Eosphargis gigas'']]',
114 => '===[[Squamates]]===',
115 => '*[[Parophisaurus mccloskeyi|''Parophisaurus mccloskeyi'']]',
116 => '*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis toliapicus]]''',
117 => '*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis casei]]''',
118 => '*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis virginianus]]''',
119 => '*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis grandis]]''',
120 => '===[[Crocodilians]]===',
121 => '*[[Eosuchus lerichei|''Eosuchus lerichei'']]',
122 => '*''[[Thoracosaurus|Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]''',
123 => '*''[[Diplocynodon|Diplocynodon hantoniensis]]''',
124 => '==Fossil Mammals<ref name=":0" />==',
125 => 'Though more research is being done, only seven different mammals are known from the formation. They are mostly known from fragmentary remains.',
126 => '*''[[Nyctitheriidae]] sp.''',
127 => '*''cf. [[Palaeosinopa]] sp.''',
128 => '*''[[Miacidae]] indet.''',
129 => '*''cf. [[Esthonyx]] sp.''',
130 => '* ''cf.[[Hyopsodus]] sp.''',
131 => '* ''aff. [[Homogalax]] sp.''',
132 => '*''[[Ischyromyidae]] indet.''',
133 => '==Fossil Birds<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayr|first=Gerald|date=2016-10-14|title=The world’s smallest owl, the earliest unambiguous charadriiform bird, and other avian remains from the early Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia (USA)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-016-0330-8|journal=PalZ|volume=90|issue=4|pages=747–763|doi=10.1007/s12542-016-0330-8|issn=0031-0220}}</ref>==',
134 => 'A number of fossil birds have been described from this formation, though most are not identified to genus or species.',
135 => '*''[[Procellariiformes]] indet.''',
136 => '*''cf. [[Limnofregata] sp.]''',
137 => '*''[[Charadriiformes]] indet.''',
138 => '*''[[Messelornithidae] indet.]''',
139 => '*''[[Trogoniformes]] indet.''',
140 => '*''[[Eocypselidae]] indet’''',
141 => '*[[Eostrix|''Eostrix gulottai'']]',
142 => '*''[[Pulchrapollia]] indet.''',
143 => '*''[[Aves]] indet.''',
144 => '*''[[Pelagornithidae]] indet.''',
145 => '*''[[Phoenicopteriformes]] indet.''',
146 => '*''[[Steatornithidae]] indet.''',
147 => '*''[[Parvicuculidae]] indet.''',
148 => '==Fossil Plants<ref name=":0" />==',
149 => 'A diverse plant fauna is known from the formation.',
150 => '*''[[Canarium|Canarum parksii]]''',
151 => '*''?[[Becketta]] sp.''',
152 => '* ''’[[Wetherellia marylandica]]''',
153 => '*[[Iodes multireticulata|''Iodes multireticulata'']]',
154 => '*''[[Tinospora|Tinospora folmerii]]''',
155 => '*''[[Nyssa]] sp.''',
156 => '*''[[Symplocos|Symplocos grimsleyi]]''',
157 => '*''[[Vitas]] sp.(at least 2 distinct species)''',
158 => '*''[[Ampelopsis]]''',
159 => '*''[[Nypa]] cf. burtini''',
160 => '==See also==',
161 => '{{Portal|Earth sciences|Virginia|Paleontology}}',
162 => '* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia]]',
163 => '* [[Paleontology in Virginia]]',
164 => '==References==',
165 => '{{reflist}}',
166 => '* {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database|url= http://www.fossilworks.org/|accessdate= 22 June 2014|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140731140924/http://fossilworks.org/|archivedate= 31 July 2014}}',
167 => '',
168 => '',
169 => '{{Virginia-geologic-formation-stub}}'
] |
