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'@@ -1,105 +1,51 @@ -{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}{{Use Australian English|date=June 2021}} -{{short description|Plant of the family Proteaceae native in Australia}} -{{Featured article}} -{{Speciesbox -|image = Grevillea juniperina.JPG -|image_alt = Red flowers in green prickly foliage -| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 -| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Makinson, R. |year=2020 |title=''Grevillea juniperina'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T113022436A113309445 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T113022436A113309445.en |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> -|genus = Grevillea -|species = juniperina -|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name=APNI>{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Grevillea+juniperina|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' |access-date=17 July 2012 |work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), IBIS database|publisher = Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra}}</ref> -}} - -'''''Grevillea juniperina''''', commonly known as '''juniper-''' or '''juniper-leaf grevillea''' or '''prickly spider-flower''', is a [[plant|plant]] of the family [[Proteaceae]] native to eastern [[New South Wales]] and southeastern [[Queensland]] in Australia. Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] described the species in 1810, and seven [[subspecies]] are recognised. One subspecies, ''G. j. juniperina'', is restricted to [[Western Sydney]] and environs and is threatened by [[loss of habitat|loss of habitat]] and housing development. - -A small, prickly-leaved [[shrub]] between 0.2 and 3&nbsp;m (8 in to 10&nbsp;ft) high, ''G. juniperina'' generally grows on [[clay]]-based or [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils in [[eucalypt]] [[woodland]]. The flower heads, known as [[inflorescence]]s, appear from winter to early summer and are red, orange or yellow. Birds visit and pollinate the flowers. ''Grevillea juniperina'' plants are killed by [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]], regenerating afterwards from seed. ''Grevillea juniperina'' adapts readily to cultivation and has been important in horticulture as it is the parent of many popular garden [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. - -==Description== -''Grevillea juniperina'' has a spreading or erect [[habit (biology)|habit]] (growth form) and it grows to between 0.2 and 3&nbsp;m (8 in to 10&nbsp;ft) in height. The branchlets are thick and sturdy. The prickly leaves are generally stiff and are {{convert|0.5-3.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and {{convert|0.5-6|mm|abbr=on|frac=32}} wide. They are crowded along the stems. Flowering occurs throughout the year, peaking between midwinter and early summer, though it varies between the different subspecies. Subspecies ''allojohnsonii'' flowers from September to February,<ref name=sspalloj/> subspecies ''trinervis'' flowers from August to December,<ref name=trinervis/> and subspecies ''juniperina'', ''amphitricha'', ''sulphurea'', ''villosa'' and ''fortis'' flower in August and September.<ref name=sspjun/><ref name=sspsulf/><ref name=sspamp/><ref name=fortis/><ref name=villosa/> The spider-flower arrangement of the [[inflorescence]] has several individual flowers emerging from a central rounded flower head—reminiscent of the legs of a spider.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anpsa.org.au/grev1a.html|title=Grevillea – Background|last=Walters|first=Brian|date=September 2013|work=ANPSA Plant Guide|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)|access-date=28 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027114930/http://anpsa.org.au/grev1a.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> The flowers are red, pink, orange, yellow or greenish, and are mostly terminal—arising on the ends of stems—though they occasionally arise from [[axillary bud]]s. They are {{convert|2.5-3.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long.<ref name=NSW>{{cite web|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Grevillea~juniperina|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' R.Br.|access-date=18 July 2012|author=Makinson, R.O.|author-link=Robert Owen Makinson|work=PlantNET – New South Wales Flora Online|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160521/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Grevillea~juniperina|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=FOA>{{Flora of Australia Online|name=''Grevillea juniperina''|id=45498}}</ref> The [[perianth]] is finely furred on the outside, while the [[Gynoecium#Pistils|pistil]] is smooth; it is {{convert|1.5-2.7|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long. Flowering is followed by the development of seed pods, each capsule is {{convert|10-18|mm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long, and releases one or two seeds when ripe.<ref name=Benson2000/> The narrow oval seed is {{convert|7.5-12|mm|abbr=on|frac=8}} and {{convert|2.2-3.3|mm|abbr=on|frac=16}} wide, with a swelling at the apex and a short wing. Both surfaces are covered with tiny hairs.<ref name=olde95/> - -Similar species include the Wingello grevillea (''[[Grevillea molyneuxii]]''), which can be distinguished by its prominent midvein on the leaf undersurface, and the red spider-flower (''[[Grevillea speciosa|G. speciosa]]''), which has wider leaves with lateral veins and longer pistil.<ref name=olde95/> - -==Taxonomy== -[[File:GrevjunMorongCk1.JPG|thumb|right|Low spreading habit of a form growing in [[Kanangra-Boyd National Park]]|alt=Low spreading shrub]] -The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] for this species was collected from the [[Port Jackson]] area (Sydney district) and was described by botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in 1810, who gave it the specific epithet ''juniperina'' that alludes to its [[juniper|juniper-like]] foliage.<ref name=olde95>{{cite book |author1=Olde, Peter |author2=Marriott, Neil | year = 1995 | title = The Grevillea Book | volume= 2 | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Sydney, New South Wales | isbn = 0-86417-325-3|page = 40}}</ref> Likewise, it is commonly known as juniper- or juniper-leaf grevillea, as well as prickly spider-flower.<ref name=Fairley>{{cite book |author1=Fairley, Alan |author2=Moore, Philip |title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide |year=2000 |edition= 2nd|publisher=Kangaroo Press |page=168|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> The [[Type (biology)#Lectotype|lectotype]] was selected by [[Donald McGillivray|Don MacGillivray]] in 1993 from a collection by [[George Caley]] in 1803 11&nbsp;km (7&nbsp;mi) northwest of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]] in what is now Sydney's outer western suburbs. Brown placed it in the series ''Lissostylis'' in his 1810 work ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name="Brown 1810">{{cite book | last = Brown | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | year = 1810 | title = Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen | publisher = Richard Taylor and Company | location = London, United Kingdom | language = la | pages = 376–77 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2954533 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160921204950/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2954533 | archive-date = 2016-09-21 }}</ref> - -English botanist and explorer [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] collected what he called ''Grevillea sulphurea'' in 1822 near [[Coxs River]] in the [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]] area, where it grew alongside ''[[Grevillea rosmarinifolia|G.&nbsp;rosmarinifolia]]'' and ''[[Grevillea arenaria|G.&nbsp;arenaria]]'' subspecies ''canescens''.<ref name=olde95a>{{cite book |author1=Olde, Peter |author2=Marriott, Neil | year = 1995 | title = The Grevillea Book | volume= 1 | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Sydney, New South Wales | isbn = 0-86417-326-1|pages = 221–22}}</ref> This was later synonymised with ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'',<ref name=olde95a/> before being recognised as a distinct subspecies.<ref name=sulphurea>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45505|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''sulphurea'' Makinson, Fl. Australia 17A: 498 (2000)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=1 July 2017|location=Canberra, ACT|archive-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723220152/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45505|url-status=live}}</ref> - -[[George Bentham]] placed ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' in Section ''Lissostylis'' in his 1870 ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''. This section has become the ''Linearifolia'' group of 45 species of shrub in southeastern Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45492|title=''Linearifolia'' Group (Grevillea)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=25 September 2014|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171148/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45492|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Within this group, ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' is classified in the ''Speciosa'' subgroup, five species of bird-pollinated grevilleas found in eastern Australia. The others are ''G.&nbsp;molyneuxii'', ''[[Grevillea dimorpha|G.&nbsp;dimorpha]]'', ''[[Grevillea oleoides|G.&nbsp;oleoides]]'' and ''G.&nbsp;speciosa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45493|title=''Speciosa'' Subgroup (Grevillea)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=23 September 2014|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023044121/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45493|archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> - -There are seven subspecies of ''Grevillea juniperina'', six of which have been recognised or described by [[Robert Owen Makinson|Bob Makinson]] of the New South Wales Herbarium in 2000:<ref name=FOA/> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''allojohnsonii'' <small>Makinson</small> – is found on the [[Northern Tablelands]] and [[North West Slopes]] in northern New South Wales, from [[Walcha, New South Wales|Walcha]] north to [[Tenterfield, New South Wales|Tenterfield]] and Stanhope and [[Girraween National Park]] in southern Queensland. It is a [[prostrate shrub]] to 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) high with red flowers.<ref name=sspalloj>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''allojohnsonii''|work=Plantnet: New South Wales Flora Online|publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service NSW|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+allojohnsonii|access-date=23 September 2014|author=Makinson, R.O.|author-link=Robert Owen Makinson|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625031906/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+allojohnsonii|url-status=live}}</ref> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''amphitricha'' <small>Makinson</small> – is a prostrate or spreading shrub with yellow or orange flowers that grows to {{convert|0.2-1.2|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=8}} tall and 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) wide. It is found between [[Braidwood, New South Wales|Braidwood]] and [[Nerriga, New South Wales|Nerriga]] in the [[Shoalhaven River]] catchment on the [[Southern Tablelands]].<ref name=sspamp>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''amphitricha''|work=Plantnet: New South Wales Flora Online|publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service NSW|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+amphitricha|access-date=23 September 2014|author=Makinson, R.O.|author-link=Robert Owen Makinson|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625031914/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+amphitricha|url-status=live}}</ref> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''fortis'' <small>Makinson</small> – is a vigorous red-flowered shrub growing to 1–3&nbsp;m (3–10&nbsp;ft) tall that is found on rocky hills and slopes near watercourses—specifically along [[Ginninderra Creek]], the lower reaches of the [[Molonglo River|Molonglo]] and [[Cotter River]]s, and the [[Murrumbidgee River]] from Pine Island downstream to where it is joined by the Molonglo River—mostly within the [[Australian Capital Territory]].<ref name=fortis>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45503|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''fortis'' Makinson, Fl. Australia 17A: 498 (2000)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=25 September 2014|location=Canberra, ACT|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091904/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45503|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''juniperina'' – is endemic to [[Western Sydney]], restricted to [[clay]] soils from [[Blacktown, New South Wales|Blacktown]] west to [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] and [[Marsden Park]] and north to [[Pitt Town]]. It is listed as a ''vulnerable'' species on Schedule&nbsp;2 of the [[Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995]] in New South Wales.<ref name=sspjun/> Its habitat is threatened by housing development,<ref name=Fairley/> road upgrading, inappropriate [[fire regime]]s, weed invasion, rubbish dumping and trampling either by people or cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/GrevilleaJuniperinaVulSpListing.htm|title=Grevillea juniperina subsp. juniperina (a shrub) – vulnerable species listing|author=NSW Scientific Committee|date=27 February 2011|work=Nature Conservation|publisher=Department of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales Government|access-date=24 September 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402013326/http://www3.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/GrevilleaJuniperinaVulSpListing.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It grows as a spreading shrub that is 0.5–1.5&nbsp;m (1.5–5&nbsp;ft) high.<ref name=sspjun>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''juniperina''|work=Plantnet: New South Wales Flora Online|publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service NSW|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+juniperina|access-date=23 September 2014|author=Makinson, R.O.|author-link=Robert Owen Makinson|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027133130/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+juniperina|url-status=live}}</ref> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''sulphurea'' <small>(A.Cunn.) Makinson</small> (formerly var. ''trinervata'') – is a shrub up to 2&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft) high that grows on [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils and along riverbanks. It is found in the catchments of the Coxs, [[Kowmung River|Kowmung]], [[Wollondilly River|Wollondilly]] and [[Shoalhaven River]]s in the Central and Southern Tablelands, from [[Tallong]] to [[Berrima, New South Wales|Berrima]], as well as Lidsdale to Jenolan State Forest in the southwestern [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]].<ref name=sspsulf>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''sulphurea''|work=Plantnet: New South Wales Flora Online|publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service NSW|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+sulphurea|access-date=23 September 2014|author=Makinson, R.O.|author-link=Robert Owen Makinson|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027130832/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Grevillea~juniperina~subsp.+sulphurea|url-status=live}}</ref> It [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridises]] with ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''trinervis'' in the southern and western Blue Mountains.<ref name=Benson2000/> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''trinervis'' <small>(R.Br.) Makinson</small> (formerly ''Grevillea trinervis'') – is a prickly shrub with a spreading or prostrate habit ranging from 0.5 to 1.2, or rarely 2,&nbsp;m (20&nbsp;in–7&nbsp;ft) high and yellow, orange or red flowers.<ref name=Benson2000/> It is found in the western Blue Mountains.<ref name=trinervis>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45500|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''trinervis'' Makinson, Fl. Australia 17A: 498 (2000)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=25 September 2014|location=Canberra, ACT|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095953/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45500|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> -* ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''villosa'' <small>Makinson</small> – is an upright red- or yellow-flowered shrub up to 2&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft) high found along watercourses in eucalypt forest east and northeast of [[Braidwood, New South Wales|Braidwood]], as well as Currockbilly in southeastern New South Wales.<ref name=villosa>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45504|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''villosa'' Makinson, Fl. Australia 17A: 498 (2000)|last=Makinson|first=R.O.|date=2000|work=Flora of Australia Online|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=25 September 2014|location=Canberra, ACT|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173203/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45504|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> - -==Distribution and habitat== -Unlike other Proteaceae generally not found on clay soils,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Myerscough, P.J.|author2=Whelan, R.J.|author3=Bradstock, R.A.|date=2001|title=Ecology of Proteaceae with Special Reference to the Sydney Region|journal=Cunninghamia|volume=6|issue=4|pages=951–1015 [960]|url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6(4)-2000-Cun64951Mye-1015.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316232634/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6%284%29-2000-Cun64951Mye-1015.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-16}}</ref> ''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''juniperina'' is found in [[Cumberland Plain]] and Castlereagh Woodland communities on clay-loam soils, growing alongside such species as forest redgum (''[[Eucalyptus tereticornis]]''), mugga ironbark (''[[Eucalyptus sideroxylon|E.&nbsp;sideroxylon]]''), thin-leaved stringybark (''[[Eucalyptus eugenioides|E.&nbsp;eugenioides]]''), broad-leaved red ironbark (''[[Eucalyptus fibrosa|E.&nbsp;fibrosa]]''), grey box (''[[Eucalyptus moluccana|E.&nbsp;moluccana]]''), white feather honeymyrtle (''[[Melaleuca decora]]''), boxthorn (''[[Bursaria spinosa]]''), sickle wattle (''[[Acacia falcata]]'') and ''[[Dillwynia tenuifolia]]''. ''Grevillea juniperina'' subsp. ''sulphurea'' is found on gravelly alluvial soil alongside ''[[Leptospermum]]'' species, and ''G. juniperina'' subsp. ''trinervis'' is found on alluvial soil with poor drainage in [[woodland]] or along riverbanks in association with snow gum (''[[Eucalyptus pauciflora]]''), mountain gum (''[[Eucalyptus dalrympleana|E. dalrympleana]]''), ''[[Dillwynia retorta]]'' and river lomatia (''[[Lomatia myricoides]]'').<ref name=Benson2000>{{cite journal|author1=Benson, Doug |author2=McDougall, Lyn |year=2000 |title=Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae |journal=Cunninghamia |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1017–1202 [1058–59] |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/58220/Cun6Ben1016.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090627040701/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/58220/Cun6Ben1016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-27 }}</ref> The annual rainfall in regions where ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' grows is 600 to 800&nbsp;mm (24–32&nbsp;in).<ref name=olde95/> - -==Ecology== -Killed by [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]], ''Grevillea juniperina'' regenerates afterwards by seeds that germinate after lying dormant in the soil,<ref name=Benson2000/> stimulated by exposure to heat and smoke. Plants over 1&nbsp;m (3&nbsp;ft) high produce more seed. Intervals of 10 to 15 years between fires are thought to be most beneficial for the species' survival, as this allows seed numbers to build up in the soil over time.<ref name=nswts>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10367|title=Juniper-leaved Grevillea – profile|author=NSW Scientific Committee|date=7 September 2012|work=Nature Conservation|publisher=Department of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales Government|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094513/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10367|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- cites previous 3 sentences --> ''Grevillea juniperina'' can also colonise disturbed areas, though overgrowth of ''Bursaria spinosa'' can negatively impact its spread.<ref name=nswts/> - -''Grevillea juniperina'' is pollinated by birds,<ref name=Benson2000/> with bees also recorded visiting flowers.<ref name=nswts/> The leaves are food for caterpillars of the cyprotus blue butterfly (''[[Candalides cyprotus]]'').<ref name="Edwards01">{{cite book|author1=Edwards, E. D.|author2=Newland, J.|author3=Regan, L.|title=Lepidoptera|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Collingwood, Victoria|date=2001|volume=31: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea|pages=136|isbn=978-0643067004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVHDuVVelGMC&q=%22Grevillea+juniperina%22&pg=PA136}}</ref> A [[springtail]] species of Australian origin—''Calvatomina superba''—was found on ''Grevillea juniperina'' cultivated at the [[Lost Gardens of Heligan]] in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ardron|first=Paul A.|title=Exotic and Invasive Plants and Animals|editor=Rotherham, Ian|publisher=Wildtrack Publishing|location=Sheffield, United Kingdom|date=2009|series=International Urban Ecology Review|volume=4|pages=13|isbn=978-1-904098-16-4}}</ref> - -==Cultivation== -[[File:Grevilleajuniperinamolonglo.jpg|thumb|right|'Molonglo'|alt=orange-yellow flower closeup]] -[[File:Grevillea New Blood W155919.jpg|thumb|right|'New Blood'|alt=red flower closeup]] -[[File:Grevillea Poorinda Queen.jpg|thumb|right| 'Poorinda Queen'|alt=pink flower closeup]] -[[File:Grevillea x semperflorens.jpg|thumb|right|''Grevillea'' × ''semperflorens''|alt=pink flower closeup]] -Allan Cunningham sent seed of ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' to England in 1820; it was grown there the following year. Baron [[Charles von Hügel]] grew the species in Vienna in 1831. It has been grown outdoors in southern England, particularly ''G. juniperina'' subspecies ''sulphurea''.<ref name=olde95/> ''Grevillea juniperina'' adapts easily to cultivation and grows in a wide range of soils and aspects in locations with good drainage.<ref name=Greig>{{cite book|author=Greig, Denise| title=The Australian Gardener's Wildflower Catalogue| publisher=Angus & Robertson|location= Australia | year=1987 |page=200| isbn=0207154600}}</ref> Long-flowering, it attracts birds such as [[honeyeater]]s with its nectar. The prickly dense foliage is also a good nesting site and shelter,{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|pp=269–70}} particularly for smaller birds, such as finches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/give-your-garden-over-to-the-birds-expert-tips/3056414/ |work=The Northern Star |title=Give your garden over to the birds: Expert tips |first=Dirk |last=Hagl |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706174935/http://www.northernstar.com.au/news/give-your-garden-over-to-the-birds-expert-tips/3056414/ |archive-date=6 July 2016 }}</ref> Many forms and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been commercially [[Plant propagation|propagated]] and sold, some having more horticultural appeal than others. Low winter temperatures promote more prolific flowering and pruning promotes dense foliage.<ref name=olde95/> Plants are readily propagated by cuttings or seed,<ref name=Williams>{{cite book | last = Williams | first = Loretto | title = Your Australian Garden: No.4 Grevilleas | year = 1974 | publisher = David G. Stead Memorial Research Foundation of Australia | location = Sydney, New South Wales|pages = 14}}</ref> although propagation by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] is required to ensure the new plants have the same characteristics of the parent.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|pp=269–70}}<!-- cites previous three sentences --> Direct contact with the plant may cause a [[urticaria|skin rash]].<ref name="Apted1988">{{cite journal|last1=Apted|first1=John|title=Acute contact urticaria from ''Grevillea juniperina''|journal=Contact Dermatitis|volume=18|issue=2|year=1988|pages=126|issn=0105-1873|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02768.x|s2cid=40798925}}</ref> - -Many [[cultivar]]s have been selected for horticultural use, either selected forms or hybrids with other ''Grevillea'' species. One prominent early breeder was [[W Tree, Victoria#Hodge family|Leo Hodge]] of [[W Tree, Victoria]]. Hodge became interested in breeding grevilleas after finding seedlings in his garden. His first trials involved crossing ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' with ''G.&nbsp;victoriae'', producing [[Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen'|''G.''&nbsp;'Poorinda Queen']], which was the first to flower, followed by ''G.''&nbsp;'Poorinda Constance', ''G.''&nbsp;'Poorinda Leane' and ''G.''&nbsp;'Poorinda Pink Coral' respectively, all in 1952.<ref name="tully 1977">{{cite journal|last=Tully|first=Pauline|date=1977|title=The Poorinda Grevilleas|journal=Australian Plants|volume=9|issue=73|pages=213–15}}</ref> - -Cultivars include: -* 'Allyn Radiance' – derived from a prostrate orange and prostrate red forms of ''G.&nbsp;juniperina''.<ref name=PBR>{{cite web|title=Plant Breeders Rights – Database|publisher=IP Australia|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm|access-date=26 September 2014|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821111007/http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> -* 'Audrey' – ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' crossed with ''[[Grevillea victoriae|G.&nbsp;victoriae]]''. Bred in 1957 by [[George Althofer]], who named it after his wife. It grows to 2&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft) high and wide and produces orange-red flowers over many months. It is popular in South Africa and the USA.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=209}} -* 'Canberra Gem' – ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' crossed with ''[[Grevillea rosmarinifolia|G.&nbsp;rosmarinifolia]]''. Registered with the [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] in 1976.<ref name=ACRA092>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Canberra Gem'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc092.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329045311/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc092.html|archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Canterbury Gold' – prostrate yellow form of ''G.&nbsp;juniperina'' crossed with ''[[Grevillea parvula]]''.<ref name=ACRA156>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Canterbury Gold'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc156.html|access-date=1 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205175249/http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc156.html|archive-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> -* 'Goldfever' – ''G. juniperina'' crossed with ''[[Grevillea rhyolitica]]''.<ref name=PBR/> -* 'H22' (Gold Cluster<ref name=hortipedia>{{Cite web|title=Gold Cluster™ ''Grevillea juniperina'' 'H22' PBR|work=Hortipedia|url=http://www.hortipedia.net.au/print.php?p_id=554|access-date=27 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215635/http://www.hortipedia.net.au/print.php?p_id=554|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>) – a dense growing prostrate selection with yellow flowers.<ref name=patent>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea juniperina'' plant named 'H22'|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US20140101809|access-date=27 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416140637/http://www.google.com/patents/US20140101809|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> -* 'Lunar Light' – a low-growing form with variegated leaves and orange-pink flowers.<ref name="Lunar Light">{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Lunar Light'|work=Description of Registered Cultivars|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc232.html|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720220554/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc232.html|archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> It is suitable for rockeries.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=269}} -* 'Molonglo' – a form with a low–spreading habit and larger orange flowers with red styles. It was bred by Rudolph Willing of Australian National University in 1964,{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=269}} from two disparate forms of ''juniperina'', an erect red-flowered form from around Canberra and a yellow-flowered spreading prostrate form from the western slopes of the [[Budawang Range]] in 1964.<ref name=Molonglo>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Molonglo'|work=Description of Registered Cultivars|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc002.html|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719195039/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc002.html|archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> It is named after the Molonglo River.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=269}} -* 'New Blood' – a compact red-flowered shrub resulting from a cross of 'Molonglo' cultivar with ''G. rhyolitica''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bushlandflora.com.au/individual_plant.php?p=Grevillea%20(G.juniperina%20%27Molonglo%27%20x%20rhyolitica)&uid=1424|title=Genus Species: Grevillea (G.juniperina 'Molonglo' x rhyolitica) Common / Product Name: New Blood|date=2014|work=Bushland Flora Wholesale Nursery|access-date=12 October 2014|location=Mt Evelyn, Victoria|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621040034/http://bushlandflora.com.au/individual_plant.php?p=Grevillea%20%28G.juniperina%20%27Molonglo%27%20x%20rhyolitica%29&uid=1424|archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> -* 'Old Gold' – a low spreading shrub with yellow new growth, lobed leaves and greyish-yellow flowers with pink styles. It is derived from ''G. juniperina'' crossed with ''[[Grevillea ilicifolia]]''.<ref name=ACRA286>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Old Gold'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc286.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330054732/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc286.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Orange Box' – ''G. juniperina'' crossed with ''G.&nbsp;victoriae''.<ref name=PBR/> -* 'Pink Lady' – ''G. juniperina'' crossed with ''G.&nbsp;rosmarinifolia''. Bred by Stan Kirby of [[Queanbeyan]], it was grown widely in the early 1970s.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|pp=297-98}} A shrub to 60&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;ft) high and 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) wide with pale pink flowers.<ref name="TurnerWasson2001">{{cite book|author1=Turner, R.G|author2=Wasson, Ernie|title=Botanica: The Illustrated A-Z of Over 10,000 Garden Plants|year=2001|publisher=Barnes and Noble|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/botanicaillustra0000unse/page/413 413]|isbn=0760716420|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/botanicaillustra0000unse/page/413}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Adorning' – a seedling that grew in Hodge's garden, registered in 1978.<ref name=ACRA066>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Adorning'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc066.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831205405/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc066.html|archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref> The original plant grew in 1965.{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=301}} -* 'Poorinda Annette' – a cross with the small-flowered form of ''[[Grevillea alpina]]''.<ref name=ACRA067>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Annette'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc067.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330055002/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc067.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Beauty' – a cross with ''Grevillea alpina''.<ref name=ACRA063>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Beauty'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc063.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330055020/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc063.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Belinda' – a cross with a hybrid of the yellow flower form of ''[[Grevillea obtusiflora]]'' and ''Grevillea alpina''.<ref name=ACRA010>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Belinda'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc010.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330055037/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc010.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Constance' – a cross with ''Grevillea victoriae''.<ref name=ACRA040>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Constance'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc040.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330055141/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc040.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Jeanie' – a red-flowering shrub that grows up to 2&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft) high. It is derived from a cross with ''Grevillea alpina''.<ref name=ACRA089>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Jeanie'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc089.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173428/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc089.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Leane' – a cross with ''G.&nbsp;victoriae''. It is a spreading shrub to 4&nbsp;m (13&nbsp;ft) high with buff or apricot flowers.<ref name=ACRA037>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Leane'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc037.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173509/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc037.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Pink Coral' – a cross with ''G.&nbsp;victoriae'', named for the colour of its flowers.<ref name=ACRA056>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Pink Coral'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc056.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173557/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc056.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* '[[Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen'|Poorinda Queen]]' – derived from a cross with a yellow-flowered form of ''Grevillea victoriae''. It has apricot-pink flowers.<ref name=ACRA036>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc036.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173607/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc036.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Refrain' – a cross with ''[[Grevillea floribunda]]''.<ref name=ACRA046>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Refrain'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc046.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173642/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc046.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* 'Poorinda Rachel' – a 1&nbsp;m (3&nbsp;ft) high hybrid cross with ''Grevillea alpina'', which has buff-cerise flowers, and was developed in 1965–66.<ref name="tully 1977"/> -* 'Poorinda Rosalie' – a taller rose-red flowered hybrid with ''G. victoriae'', developed in 1967–68.<ref name="tully 1977"/> -* 'Poorinda Signet' – a cross with ''[[Grevillea lanigera]]''.<ref name=ACRA099>{{cite web|title=''Grevillea'' 'Poorinda Signet'|work=List of Registered Cultivars derived from Australian native flora|publisher=[[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc009.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330173834/http://anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc009.html|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> -* ''[[Grevillea × semperflorens|× semperflorens]]'' – a hybrid of English origin derived from a cross of ''Grevillea juniperina'' var. ''sulphurea'' with ''[[Grevillea thelemanniana]]''.<ref name=Cavanagh>{{cite web|author=Cavanagh, Tony|title=A Short History of the Cultivation of ''Grevillea'' in England|work=Australian Plants online|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)|url=http://anpsa.org.au/APOL9/mar98-5.html|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133245/http://anpsa.org.au/APOL9/mar98-5.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> -{{clear}} - -==References== -{{Reflist|30em}} - -===Cited text=== -* {{cite book|last1=Wrigley|first1=John|last2=Fagg|first2=Murray|title=Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas|year=1991|publisher=[[Angus & Robertson]]|location=Sydney|isbn=0-207-17277-3}} - -==External links== -* {{Commons category-inline|Grevillea juniperina|''Grevillea juniperina''}} - -{{Proteaceae|grev}} -{{Taxonbar|from=Q2712018}} - -[[Category:Grevillea|juniperina]] -[[Category:Endemic flora of Australia]] -[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]] -[[Category:Flora of Queensland]] -[[Category:Proteales of Australia]] -[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]] -[[Category:Plants described in 1810]] -[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]] +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAPNIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP +NIKI MINJA IS THE QUEEN OF RAP '