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'==Early history== * 1270 – Battle of Ansata, a war between Solomonic dynasty led by Emperor Yekuno Amlak and Zagwe dynasty led by [[Yetbarak]]. * 1270 – Ascension of Yekuno Amlak as Emperor of Ethiopia, inaugurating the Solomonic dynasty and the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia). * 1279 – the deposed Sultan of Shewa Dil Marrah successfully appealed to Yekuno Amlak to restore his rule. ==Under Amda Seyon== * 1314 – Amda Seyon reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia. * 1316/17 – Amda Seyon made campaign to the south. The Tigray Enderta Province gained independence since Yekuno Amlak. * 1328 – Amda Seyon appointed Bahr Seged as governor and given to control maritime provinces under the title Ma'ikele Bahr ("Between the Rivers/Seas"). * 1321–1322 – Amda Seyon threatened to retaliate Muslims in his kingdom after persecution of Copts by Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluk Sultanate. * 1329 – Amda Seyon campaigned vast provinces in northern region, including Semien, Wegera, Tselemt, and Tsegede, in which many have been converting to Judaism and where the Beta Israel had been gaining prominence. *1332 – Sabr ad-Din rebel against the Christian kingdom and seen as an act of jihad than attempt to independence. ==Conflicts with Muslim states== *1376 – Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din Abdul Muhammad succeeded his brother and came to power, attacked Abyssinian Christian army. *1403 – Ifat troops were defeated in 1403 on the Harar plateau. *1415 – Adal Sultanate was established. *1428 – Yeshaq I sent two emissaries to Alfonso V of Aragon. *1508 – Continuous foreign relations began under the reign of Dawit II. ==Ethiopian–Adal War== *1529 – Beginning of Ethiopian–Adal War, Battle of Shimbra Kure. *1531 – Adal Sultanate led by general Ahmed Gran penetrated the Ethiopian Empire at Antukyah. *28 October 1531 – Battle of Amba Sel, the Adal troops overwhelmed the Ethiopian soldiers, entering the Ethiopian Highlands and subsequent sack began. *2 September 1540 – Dawit II death and his son Menas became Emperor. *21 February 1543 – Abyssinians led by Emperor Gelawdewos defeated the Adal Sultanate and killed Imam Ahmed. *1555 – the Jesuits influence to Ethiopia began. *1557 – the Ottoman Empire took Massawa and established Habesh Eyalet from province of Abyssinia. *1573 – the Sultanate of Harar attempe4to invaded Ethiopia again despite Sarsa Dengel defended the Ethiopian frontier. *1589 – the Ottomans sacked Arqiqo in Eritrea, thus containing them on narrow strip. ==Early modern period== *16th century – Oromo migration began to northern region of Ethiopia. *1622 – Roman Catholicism became state religion to the Empire under Emperor Susenyos I by pressure of Jesuits. *1632 – Orthodox Tewahedo reinstated to state religion by the order of Emperor Fasilides, beginning with Gondarine period. *1636 – Founding of Gondar as capital of the Empire and subsequent Ethiopian Renaissance flourished. *1706 – Gondar's power was decayed following the death of Emperor Iyasu I due to most emperors preferred to enjoy luxurious life rather than spending in politics. *1755 – after the death of Iyasu II, Empress Mentewab brought her brother, Ras Wolde Leul, to Gondar made him Ras Bitwaded. It was asserted that this time was Zemene Mesafint (Era of Prince). *1769 – Iyoas was killed by Ras Mikael Sehul and installed Yohannes II as Emperor of Ethiopia. It is widely considered the beginning of Zemene Mesafint. ==Modern period== *12 April 1853 – Battle of Takusa, a war between the forces of Kassa Hailu, future Emperor of Ethiopia and several rival warlords of the era. *11 February 1855 – Ascension of Emperor Tewodros II, ending the Zemene Mesafint. *13 April 1868 – Tewedros committed suicide at Magdala following the British Expedition of Abyssinia. *1874 – Ethiopian–Egyptian War began between the Ethiopian Empire and Khedivate of Egypt, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. * 1878 – [[Menelik's Expansions]] began. * 5 July 1882 – the Italian enterprises led by Giuseppe Sapeto took Assab. * 3 June 1884 – [[Hewett Treaty]] signed between Ethiopia, Egypt and Britain. * 1887–1889 – [[Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889|Italo-Ethiopian War]] began. * 2 March 1889 – Menelik reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia. * 2 May 1889 – [[Treaty of Wuchale]] signed between Ethiopia and Italy over [[Italian Eritrea|Italian occupation of Eritrea]]. * 1895–1896 – [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] began originated from disputed Treaty of Wuchale. ** 1 March 1896 – [[Battle of Adwa]], the Kingdom of Italy defeated as Ethiopians were numerically superior, better equiped by Russia and France. ===20th century=== * 10 July 1900 – Italy signed treaty with Ethiopia to demarcate the border between Ethiopia and Italian colony of Eritrea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=chapter vi – 1908 treaty (eastern sector) - Cases |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/794}}</ref> * 1907–1908 – Formation of modern border of Ethiopia completed with demarcation of [[British Somaliland]], [[British Kenya]] and [[Italian Eritrea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berhe |first=Mulugeta Gebrehiwot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Td7QDwAAQBAJ |title=Laying the Past to Rest: The EPRDF and the Challenges of Ethiopian State-building |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-291-6 |language=en}}</ref> * 27 October 1916 – [[Battle of Segale]] began between Loyalists of [[Zewditu]], Empress of Ethiopia, and [[Lij Iyasu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Battle of Segale - October 27, 1916 {{!}} Important Events on October 27th in History - CalendarZ |url=https://www.calendarz.com/on-this-day/october/27/battle-of-segale |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.calendarz.com |language=en}}</ref> * 1916 – [[Modernization under Haile Selassie]] * 2 April 1930 – Haile Selassie reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apr 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org}}</ref> * 16 July 1931 – the first [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|Constitution]] was promulgated with an emulation from 1890 Imperial Japan 1890 Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Ethiopian Constitution of 1931 |url=https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ethiopian-constitution-of-1931.pdf}}</ref> * 3 October 1935 – [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] began with Italy's invasion of Ethiopia commanded by Marshal [[Emilio De Bono]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-08 |title=The Second Italo-Abyssinian War (1935–1936) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/second-italo-abyssinian-war-1935-1936/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Haile Selassie Historical Background of the Italian-Ethiopia |url=https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/IB-%20The%20Italian%20Ethiopian%20Conflict%20(2)2.ppt}}</ref> * 1935 – Haile Selassie exiled to England in [[Fairfield House, Bath]], made him 1935 [[Person of the Year|''Time'' Man of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Ethiopian Diaspora Gather at British Home of Former Emperor |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_members-ethiopian-diaspora-gather-british-home-former-emperor/6182584.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=An Emperor in Bath: The Story of Fairfield House With Ras Benji |url=https://visitbath.co.uk/blog/read/2022/07/an-emperor-in-bath-the-story-of-fairfield-house-with-ras-benji-b179 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Visit Bath |language=en-GB}}</ref> * 9 May 1936 – Mussolini able proclaim [[Italian Ethiopia]] with assumption of imperial title by Italian King [[Vittorio Emanuele III]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=the italian-ethiopian crisis of 1934-1936 |url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/20829/31295018922657.pdf}}</ref> * 9 June 1936 – Ethiopia was annexed as [[Italian East Africa]] * 19 February 1937 – [[Yekatit 12|Yekatit 12 massacre]] took place in Addis Ababa, resulted in 1,400 and 30,000 civilians" deaths and many other imprisonments.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Ian|title=The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame|year=2017|isbn=978-1-84904-692-3|location=London|oclc=999629248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. J.|title=The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6|publisher=Cassell|year=1968|isbn=978-0-304-93201-6|location=London|pages=292–293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Martel|first=Gordon|title=The origins of the Second World War reconsidered : A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-203-01024-8|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=188|oclc=252806536}}</ref> This massacre was a reprisal for the attempted assassination of [[Rodolfo Graziani]], the viceroy of [[Italian East Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=David|first=Forgacs|date=September 2016|title=Italian Massacres in Occupied Ethiopia|url=https://arb.crasc.dz/index.php/fr/37-volume-12-n%C2%B0-02-septembre-2016/313-italian-massacres-in-occupied-ethiopia1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202132955/http://arb.crasc.dz/index.php/fr/37-volume-12-n%C2%B0-02-septembre-2016/313-italian-massacres-in-occupied-ethiopia1|archive-date=2 December 2017|website=Revue Africaine des Livres – Centre de Recherche en Antropologie Sociale et Culturelle}}</ref> * 20 January 1940 – the British launched [[East African campaign (World War II)|invasion]] to East Africa and subsequent [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)|military occupation of Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sbacchi |first=Alberto |date=1979 |title=Haile Selassie and the Italians 1941-1943 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523424 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.2307/523424 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref> * 5 May 1941 – Haile Selassie returned to the throne to Ethiopia to help rally resistance. * 19 May 1941 – British military occupation of Eritrea began.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forgotten Fights: The Battle of Amba Alagi 1941 by Author Andrew Stewart, PhD |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-amba-alagi-1941 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellingson |first=Lloyd |date=1977 |title=The Emergence of Political Parties in Eritrea, 1941-1950 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180519 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> * 31 January 1942 – 1st [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1947 |title=Accordo anglo-etiopico del 19 dicembre 1944 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25811521 |journal=Oriente Moderno |volume=27 |issue=1/3 |pages=24–32 |issn=0030-5472}}</ref> * 19 December 1944 – 2nd Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement. * 10 February 1947 – Italy recognized Ethiopian sovereignty. * 15 September 1952 – End of British occupation, and [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|with Eritrea federated to Ethiopia]]. * 13–17 December 1960 – the [[1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt]] took place against Haile Selassie. * 1 September 1961 – [[Eritrean War of Independence]] began. * 15 November 1962 – Eritrea withdrew from [[Provinces of Ethiopia|provincial division]] of Ethiopia. * 1973 – [[1973 oil crisis]] and Wollo famine began.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vestal |first=Theodore M. |date=1985 |title=Famine in Ethiopia: Crisis of Many Dimensions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4186321 |journal=Africa Today |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=7–28 |issn=0001-9887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeWaal |first=Alex |date=2021-10-04 |title=Feast and Famine in Ethiopia |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2021/10/04/feast-and-famine-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Reinventing Peace |language=en-US}}</ref> * 12 September 1974 – the [[Derg]] deposed and imprisoned Haile Selassie and chose General [[Aman Andom]] to be head of state. * 21 March 1975 – Monarchy abolished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> * 27 August 1975 – Death of Haile Selassie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-27 |title=Lion of Judah or pro-Western dictator? Haile Selasse still debated 40 years after his death |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20150827-lion-judah-dictator-haile-selasse-ethiopia-death-40-years |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie, deposed Ethiopian emperor, dies {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/haile-selassie-deposed-ethiopian-emperor-dies |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}'