Edit filter log

'{{See also|Achomi people}}{{short description|Iranian language spoken in the south of Iran}} {{Infobox language | name = Achomi | altname = Achomi, Khodmooni | image = Achomi.svg | states = [[Iran]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Israel]] | region = [[Fars Province|Fars]], [[Hormozgan]], [[Bushehr]], [[Kerman]] | speakers = {{sigfig|1,718,000|2}} | date = 2023 | ref = e25 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]] | fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]] | script = [[Persian alphabet]] ([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<ref name=e25/> | iso3 = lrl | glotto = lari1253 | glottorefname = Larestani | ethnicity = [[Persians]] ([[Achomi people|Achomi]]), ''[[Ajam]]'' }} '''Achomi''' ({{lang-fa|اچُمی}}), also known as ''''''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The copy is not equal to the original|url=http://www.jamejamdaily.ir/?nid=5707&pid=16&type=0|journal=[[Jam-e Jam (newspaper)|Jam-e Jam]]}}</ref> and '''Khodmooni''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5G0GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics|last1=Halkias|first1=Daphne|last2=Adendorff|first2=Christian|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317125952|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> is a Persian and [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] language spoken by [[Achomi people|people]] in southern [[Fars Province|Fars]] and western [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] and by significant numbers of immigrant groups in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and other [[Persian Gulf]] Arab countries. It is the predominant language of [[Gerash County|Gerash]] [[Larestan County|Larestan]], [[Khonj County|Khonj]],, [[Lamerd County|Lamerd]], and [[Evaz County|Evaz]] counties in Fars and [[Bastak County]] in Hormozgan Province. It is also spoken by some [[Huwala]]s in the Gulf countries. Moreover, many cities, towns, and villages in [[Iran]] have their own particular dialect, such as [[Larestan County|Larestan]], [[Khonj County|Khonj]], [[Gerash County|Gerash]], and [[Banaruiyeh]]. The majority of Achomi speakers are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref name="lari">{{cite web |url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12996/IR|title=Larestani, Lari in Iran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-people-of-Iran/|title=Larestani people of Iran|quote=The Larestani people are predominantly Sunni Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-People/|title=Larestani|quote=While most people in Iran are Shi’ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&q=laristan+sunni+fars&pg=PA225|title=Islamic Desk Reference|pages=225|isbn=9004097384|editor-last1=Van Donzel|editor-first1=E. J.|date=January 1994|publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Information of the people of Bushehr province|url=http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034336/http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Governor's Website|url=http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055709/http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Province Justice Website|url=https://dadgostari-bs.eadl.ir/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-2/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyrus The Great International Open Academy|url=https://cgio.academy/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Etymology and name of the language == There are different ways to refer to this language. *Achomi: Native speakers often refer to [[Endonym|their language]] as Achomi.<ref name=":22" /> There are different reasons for this name. One of them is the language's frequent usage of the [tʃ] consonant.<ref name=":3" /> The second reason originates from when Arabs began trading with Achomis.<ref name=":3" /> This because Arabs called Achomis 'Ajam', which means non-Arab.<ref name=":3" /> Therefore, Achomi is a variation of Ajam.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, Achomi can be linked to Achom, which means 'I go' in the language.<ref name=":22" /> *Khodmooni: In Arab states surrounding the Persian Gulf, Achomis are referred to as Khodmooni'.<ref name=":0" /> This translates to "of our own kind".<ref name=":0" /> *Larestani: UNESCO mentions Larestani as a name for Achomi.<ref name=":02" /> This name comes from Larestan, where the language's speakers reside.<ref name=":0" /> Etymologically, 'Lar' comes from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title=ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management|url=http://icehm.org/siteadmin/upload/4853ED0115115.pdf|access-date=2020-12-10|website=icehm.org|doi=10.15242/icehm.ed0115115}}</ref> * Lari: This language is sometimes called Lari.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=e25/> To reiterate, 'Lar' originates from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".<ref name=":12" />It is also important to note that Lari can be used to refer to a dialect or a language.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Moridi|first=Behzad|date=2009|title=The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703812|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=13|issue=2|pages=335–340|doi=10.1163/157338410X12625876281389|jstor=25703812|issn=1609-8498}}</ref> == History == The Achomi language can be considered a descendant of the Sassanid Persian language or [[Middle Persian]].<ref>گويش مردم اوز. نسرين انصاف پور و محمد رفيع ضيايى 1396</ref> Achomi language and its various local dialects such as Lari, Evazi, Khonji, Gerashi, Bastaki, etc., is the branch of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language of the Sassanid Empire.<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|title=Southwestern Iranian Languages: Persian Dialects and Varieties, Persian Language, Tajik Language, Dari, Persianate Society, Tajik Alphabet, Old Persia|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Southwestern_Iranian_Languages/eLL6nQEACAAJ?hl=en|year=2013}}</ref> Today, the language is known as an endangered language.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> In particular, UNESCO refers to it as a "definitely endangered" language with approximately 80,000 speakers.<ref name=":02" /> It also does not have official language status in Iran. This is because Iran only recognizes standard Persian as an official language. However, Iran allows the use of minority languages, such as Achomi, in the media and the education system (alongside Persian).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Islamic Parliament of Iran - Constitution|url=https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/constitution|access-date=2020-12-10|website=en.parliran.ir|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, Achomi remains an endangered language with many dialectal differences gradually disappearing because of the domination of Persian.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Moridi|first=Behzad|date=2009|title=The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703812|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=13|issue=2|pages=335–340|doi=10.1163/157338410X12625876281389|jstor=25703812|issn=1609-8498}}</ref> Many Iranians moved to [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Arab States]] in order to pursue better economic opportunities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Worrall|first1=James|last2=Saleh|first2=Alam|date=2019|title=Persian Pride and Prejudice: Identity Maintenance and Interest Calculations among Iranians in the United Arab Emirates|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0197918319860154|journal=International Migration Review|language=en|volume=54|issue=2|pages=496–526|doi=10.1177/0197918319860154|s2cid=203427429|issn=0197-9183}}</ref> This included Achomis.<ref name=":0" /> These Achomis are often multilingual.<ref name=":0" /> Achomi migrants still speak this language in their homes, however, this variety has been influenced by the [[Arabic|Arabic language]] a little but is mutually intelligible with standard Persian.<ref name=":35"/> == Classification == The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management|url=http://icehm.org/siteadmin/upload/4853ED0115115.pdf|access-date=2020-12-10|website=icehm.org|doi=10.15242/icehm.ed0115115}}</ref> This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi.<ref name=":1" /> It is also an analytical language.<ref name=":22" /> This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" /> With the exception of the regional accent, pronunciation of certain words, and a slight variation in grammar, this old language has been the common language of the Southwestern Pars Province and parts of Hormozgan Province for nearly 1,800 years despite the various conquests of the region since the fall of the Sassanid Empire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1699797|title=Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce}}</ref> == Dialects == Achomi has many dialects.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Rahimi|first1=Ali|last2=Tayebeh Mansoori|date=2016|title=A Study of Personal Pronouns of Achomi Language as an Endangered Iranian Language|url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> These dialects correspond to Larestan's different towns.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of these dialects include Lari, Evazi, Gerashi, Khonji and Bastaki.<ref name=":2" />These dialectical variations may present themselves through pronunciation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> There may also be grammatical and word differences between the dialects.<ref name=":2" /> Hence, if the speaker is from [[Evaz]], they are referred as speaking Evazi, and if they are from Bastak their dialect is known as Bastaki.<ref name=":0" /> An example of a dialectal variation: in some particular regions, Achomi people say ''raftom'' for "I went" (very similar to the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''raftam''), but in some other regions, just as Lar people, they say {{transl|fa|chedem}} (Kurdish: ''dichim'' or ''dechim)'' instead. == Samples == === Verbs === To make simple past verbs The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / tosho) + The simple past root of the first type Example: Omgot: I said oshbu: you (You could be referring to one or more) won Tokha: You (has to be more than two people) ate And ... The root of the past simple second type + ids (am / esh / ruleless / em / eh / et) Example: Chedam: a to be shortened! I went Khatesh: Sleep bodem: we got And... ==== Ergativity ==== To create an ergative verb in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix. For example, in Achomi, the root for the verb "to tell" is ''got'' (''gota'' equals "tell"). omgot (om+got), Kurdish (mi got or min got) = I told ... {{transl|fa|italic=no|otgot}} (om+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|tu got or te got}}) = You told... {{transl|fa|italic=no|oshgot}} (osh+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|wi got}}) = He told... {{transl|fa|italic=no|mogot}} (mo+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|me got}}) = We told... {{transl|fa|italic=no|togot}} (to+got), Kurdish pl ({{transl|ku|italic=no|we got}}) = You (pl) told {{transl|fa|italic=no|shogot}} (sho+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|wa-n got}}) = They told Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So: omdee = I saw, Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|mi deed, mi dee, min deed, min dee}}) otdee= you saw, Kurdish (tu-te dee).... To create a simple present or continued present tense of a transitive verb, here's another example: agota'em (a+got+aem):I am telling... agota'esh (a+got+aesh): You are telling... agotay (a+got+ay): He is telling... agota'am (a+got+a'am): We are telling... agotay (a+got+ay): You (pl) are telling... agota'en (a+got+a'en): They are telling... For the verb "see" ("deda"): adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,... ==References== {{Reflist}} {{incubator|lrl}} {{Iranian languages}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Southwestern Iranian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]]'