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History

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Main article: History of Parkinson's disease
In 1877, Jean-Martin Charcot (left) named the disease for James Parkinson, credited as the first to comprehensively describe it. Patient Pierre D. (right) served as the model for William Gowers' widely distributed illustration of Parkinson's disease.[1]

In 1817, English physician James Parkinson published the first comprehensive medical description of the disease as a neurological syndrome in his monograph An Essay on the Shaking Palsy.[2][3] He presented six clinical cases, inlcuding three he had observed afar near Hoxton Square in London.[4] Parkinson described three cardinal symptoms: tremor, postural instability and "paralysis" (undistinguished from rigidity or bradykinesia), and speculated that the disease was caused by trauma to the spinal cord.[5][6]

There was little discussion or investigation into the "shaking palsy" until 1861, when Frenchman Jean-Martin Charcot—regarded as the father of neurology—began expanding Parkinson's description, adding bradykinesia as one of the four cardinal symptoms.[5][4][6] In 1877, Charcot renamed the disease after Parkinson, as not all patients displaying the tremor suggested by "shaking palsy".[4][6] Subsequent neurologists who made early advances to the understanding of Parkinson's include Armand Trousseau, William Gowers, Samuel Kinnier Wilson, and Wilhelm Erb.[7]

The Internal Classic, a Chinese text written by the Yellow Emperor (pictured), details a disease with strikingly parkinsonian symptoms.

Although Parkinson is typically credited with the first detailed description of PD, many previous texts references some of the disease's clinical signs.[8] In his essay, Parkinson himself acknowledged partial descriptions by Galen, William Cullen, Johann Juncker, and others.[6] Possible earlier but incomplete descriptions include a Nineteenth Dynasty Egyptian papyrus, the ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita, Ecclesiastes 12:3, and a discussion of tremors by Leonardo da Vinci.[6][9] Multiple traditional Chinese medicine texts may include references to PD, including a discussion in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic (c. 425–221 BC) of a disease displaying symptoms of tremor, stiffness, staring, and stooped posture.[9] In 2009, a systematic description of PD was found in the Hungarian medical text Pax corporis written by Ferenc Pápai Páriz in 1690, some 120 years before Parkinson. Although he correctly described all four cardinal signs, it was only published in Hungarian and was not widely distributed.[10][11]

In 1912, Frederic Lewy described microscopic particles in affected brains, later named Lewy bodies.[12] In 1919, Konstantin Tretiakoff reported that the substantia nigra was the main brain structure affected, corroborated by Rolf Hassler in 1938.[13] The underlying changes in dopamine signaling were identified in the 1950s, largely by Arvid Carlsson and Oleh Hornykiewicz.[14] In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by Spillantini, Trojanowski, Goedert, and others.[15] Anticholinergics and surgery were the only treatments until the use of levodopa,[16][17] which, although first synthesized by Casimir Funk in 1911,[18] did not enter clinical practice until 1967.[19] By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation introduced by Alim Louis Benabid and colleagues at Grenoble, France, emerged as an additional treatment.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Lewis et al. 2020, p. 389.
  2. ^ Goetz 2011, pp. 1–2.
  3. ^ Lees 2007, p. S327.
  4. ^ a b c Goetz 2011, p. 2.
  5. ^ a b Louis 1997, p. 1069.
  6. ^ a b c d e Lees 2007, p. S328.
  7. ^ Lees 2007, p. S329.
  8. ^ Bereczki 2010, p. 290.
  9. ^ a b Blonder 2018, pp. 3–4.
  10. ^ Bereczki 2009, pp. 290–293.
  11. ^ Blonder 2018, p. 3.
  12. ^ Sousa-Santos, Pozzobon & Teixeira 2024, pp. 1–2.
  13. ^ Lees 2007, p. S331.
  14. ^ Fahn 2008, p. S500—S501, S504–S505.
  15. ^ Schulz-Schaeffer 2010, p. 131.
  16. ^ Lanska 2010, p. 507.
  17. ^ Guridi & Lozano 1997, pp. 1180–1183.
  18. ^ Fahn 2008, p. S497.
  19. ^ Fahn 2008, p. S501.
  20. ^ Coffey 2009, pp. 209–210.

Articles

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  • Goetz CG (2011). "The history of Parkinson's disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): 1–15. PMID 22229124.
  • Lees AJ (2007). "Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday". Movement Disorders. 22 (S17): S327–S334. PMID 18175393.
  • Louis ED (1997). "The shaking palsy, the first forty-five years: a journey through the British literature". Movement Disorders. 12 (6): 1068–1072. PMID 9399240.
  • Lewis PA, Plun-Favreau H, Rowley M, Spillane J (2020). "Pierre D. and the first photographs of Parkinson's disease". Movement Disorders. 35 (3): 389–391. PMID 31975439.
  • Bereczki D (2010). "The description of all four cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease in a Hungarian medical text published in 1690". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 16 (4): 290–293. PMID 19948422.
  • Blonder LX (2018). "Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson's disease". Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 15 (3): 1–15. PMID 29738310.
  • Coffey RJ (2009). "Deep brain stimulation devices: a brief technical history and review". Artificial Organs. 33 (3): 208–220. PMID 18684199.
  • Sousa-Santos PE, Pozzobon PM, Teixeira IL (2024). "Frederic Lewy: how the two World Wars changed his life, work, and name". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatri. 82 (3): 1–2. PMID 38467394.
  • Fahn S (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". Movement Disorders. 23 (S3): S497–S508. PMID 18781671.
  • Schulz-Schaeffer WJ (2010). "The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia". Acta Neuropathologica. 120 (2): 131–143. PMID 20563819.
  • Guridi J, Lozano AM (1997). "A brief history of pallidotomy". Neurosurgery. 41 (5): 1169–1180. PMID 9361073.
  • Lanska DJ (2010). "Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3. Vol. 95. History of Neurology. pp. 501–546. PMID 19892136.
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