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Middle Bronze Age II A (2000–1750 BCE)

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Main article: Middle Bronze Age

Assyrians (c. 1974 – c. 1836 BCE)

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Main articles: Assyria, Assyrian continuity, and Assyrian people

Old Assyrian kingdom (c. 1974 – c. 1836 BCE)

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Main articles: Old Assyrian kingdom, List of Assyrian kings § Puzur-Ashur dynasty (2025–1809 BC), Karum Kanesh, and Karum (trade post)
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
1st Erishum I reigned c. 1974 – c. 1934 BCE
(≈40 years) 		Son of Ilu-shuma
2nd Ikunum r. c. 1934 – c. 1920 BCE
(≈14 years) 		Son of Erishum I
3rd Sargon I r. c. 1920 – c. 1879 BCE
(≈40 years) 		Son of Ikunum
4th Puzur-Ashur II r. c. 1879 – c. 1871 BCE
(≈8 years) 		Son of Sargon I
5th Naram-Suen r. c. 1871 – c. 1836 BCE
(≈35 years) 		Son of Puzur-Ashur II

Amorites (c. 1836 – c. 1628 BCE)

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Main article: Amorites

Kingdom of Eshnunna (c. 1836 – c. 1809 BCE)

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Main article: Eshnunna
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
6th Naram-Suen r. c. 1836 – c. 1809 BCE
(≈27 years) 		Son of Ipiq-Adad II

Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia (c. 1809 – c. 1798 BCE)

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Main article: Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
7th Shamshi-Adad I r. c. 1809 – c. 1800 BCE
(≈9 years) 		Son of Ila-kabkabu
8th Ishme-Dagan I r. c. 1800 – c. 1798 BCE
(≈2 years) 		Son of Shamshi-Adad I

Kingdom of Yamhad (c. 1798 – c. 1750 BCE)

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Main articles: Yamhad; Halab; Mari, Syria § Third kingdom; Yamhad dynasty; and Alalakh
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
9th Zimri-Lim r. c. 1798 – c. 1761 BCE
(≈36 years) 		Son-in-law of Sumu-Epuh
10th Yarim-Lim r. c. 1761 – c. 1750 BCE
(≈11 years) 		Brother of Abba-El I

Old Babylonian empire (c. 1750 – c. 1628 BCE)

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Main articles: Old Babylonian Empire, Babylonia, Babylon, Amorite dynasty, and First Dynasty of Babylon
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
11th Hammurabi r. c. 1750 BCE
(≈1 year) 		Son of Suen-Muballit

Middle Bronze Age II B (1750–1650 BCE)

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Hattians (c. 1750 – c. 1650 BCE)

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Main article: Hattians

Kingdom of Hatti (c. 1750 – c. 1650 BCE)

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Main articles: Kussara and Hattusa
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
12th Pithana r. c. 1750 – c. 1745 BCE
(≈5 years) 		Unclear succession
13th Anitta r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE
(≈25 years) 		Son of Pithana
14th Zuzzu r. c. 1720 – c. 1710 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Unclear succession
15th Tudhaliya I (?) r. c. 1710 BCE
(≈1 year)
16th PU-Sarruma r. c. 1710 – c. 1680 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Son of Tudhaliya I
17th Huzziya I r. c. 1680 BCE
(≈1 year) 		Unclear succession
18th Labarna II (?) r. c. 1670 – c. 1650 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Son-in-law of PU-Sarruma (?)

Middle Bronze Age II C (1650–1550 BCE)

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Neshites (c. 1650 – c. 1550 BCE)

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Main article: Neshites

Old Hittite kingdom (c. 1650 – c. 1550 BCE)

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Main articles: Old Hittite Kingdom and List of Hittite kings § Old kingdom
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
12th Hattusili I r. c. 1650 – c. 1620 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Same person as Labarna II (?)
13th Mursili I r. c. 1620 – c. 1590 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Grandson of Hattusili I
14th Hantili I r. c. 1590 – c. 1560 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Brother-in-law of Mursili I
15th Zidanta I r. c. 1560 – c. 1550 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son-in-law of Hantili I

Late Bronze Age I (1550–1400 BCE)

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Mitannians (c. 1550 – c. 1400 BCE)

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Main article: Mitannians

Kingdom of Mitanni (c. 1550 – c. 1400 BCE)

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# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
33rd Kirta r. c. 1550 – c. 1540 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son of Maitta
34th Shuttarna I r. c. 1540 – c. 1510 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Son of Kirta
35th Parattarna I r. c. 1510 – c. 1490 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Unclear succession
36th Parshatatar r. c. 1490 – c. 1480 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Sons of Baratarna
37th Shaushtatar r. c. 1480 – c. 1460 BCE
(≈20 years)
38th Parattarna II r. c. 1460 – c. 1435 BCE
(≈25 years) 		Unclear succession
39th Shaitarna r. c. 1435 – c. 1425 BCE
(≈20 years)
40th Artatama I r. c. 1425 – c. 1400 BCE
(≈25 years) 		Son of Shaushtatar

Late Bronze Age II A (1400–1300 BCE)

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Hittites (c. 1465 – c. 1319 BCE)

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Main article: Hittites

New Hittite kingdom (c. 1465 – c. 1319 BCE)

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# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
44th Tudhaliya II r. c. 1465 – c. 1440 BCE
(≈15 years) 		Grandson of Huzziya II (?)
45th Hattusili II r. c. 1440 – c. 1425 BCE
(≈15 years) 		Unclear succcession
46th Tudhaliya III r. c. 1425 – c. 1390 BCE
(≈35 years) 		Son of Arnuwanda I
47th Arnuwanda I r. c. 1390 – c. 1370 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Son-in-law of Tudhaliya III
48th Tudhaliya IV r. c. 1370 – c. 1350 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Son of Tudhaliya III
49th Suppiluliuma I r. c. 1350 – c. 1319 BCE
(≈31 years) 		Son of Tudhaliya IV (?)

Late Bronze Age II B (1300–1200 BCE)

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Kingdom of Karkamissa (c. 1319 – c. 1180 BCE)

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Main article: Carchemish
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
50th Piyassili r. c. 1319 – c. 1309 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son of Suppiluliuma I
51st Sahurunuwa r. c. 1309 – c. 1275 BCE
(≈34 years) 		Son of Piyassili
52nd Ini-Tesub r. c. 1275 – c. 1209 BCE
(≈66 years) 		Son of Sahurunuwa
53rd Talmi-Teshub r. c. 1209 – c. 1180 BCE
(≈29 years) 		Son of Ini-Tesub

Iron Age I A (1200–1150 BCE)

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Main article: Iron Age I A

Kingdom of Melid (c. 1180 – c. 1100 BCE)

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Main articles: List of Neo-Hittite kings, Syro-Hittite states, and Melid
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
54th Kuzi-Teshub r. c. 1180 – c. 1150 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Son of Talmi-Teshub
55th PUGNUS-mili I r. c. 1150 – c. 1140 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son of Kuzi-Teshub
56th Runtiya r. c. 1140 – c. 1130 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son of PUGNUS-mili I
57th Arnuwanti I r. c. 1130 – c. 1120 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Brother of Runtiya
58th PUGNUS-mili II r. c. 1120 – c. 1112 BCE
(≈8 years) 		Son of Arnuwanti I
59th Arnuwanti II r. c. 1112 – c. 1100 BCE
(≈12 years) 		Son of PUGNUS-mili II

Iron Age I B (1150–1000 BCE)

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Luwians (c. 1100 – c. 858 BCE)

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Main article: Luwians

Kingdom of Gurgum (c. 1100 – c. 1000 BCE)

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Main article: Gurgum
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
60th Astuwaramanza r. c. 1100 – c. 1000 BCE
(≈100 years) 		Unclear succession

Kingdom of Carchemish (c. 1000 – c. 884 BCE)

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# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
61st Suhi I r. c. 1000 – c. 970 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Unclear succession
62nd Astuwalamanza r. c. 970 – c. 950 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Son of Suhi I
63rd Suhi II r. c. 950 – c. 920 BCE
(≈30 years) 		Son of Astuwalamanza
64th Katuwa r. c. 920 – c. 884 BCE
(≈36 years) 		Son of Suhi II

Kingdom of Kummuh (c. 884 – c. 853 BCE)

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Main article: Kummuh
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
65th Qatazilu r. c. 884 – c. 853 BCE
(≈31 years) 		Unclear succession

Iron Age II A (1000–900 BCE)

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Iron Age II B (900–700 BCE)

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Urartians (c. 834 – c. 764 BCE)

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Main article: Urartians

Kingdom of Urartu (c. 834 – c. 764 BCE)

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Iron Age II C (700–539 BCE)

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Phrygians (c. 830 – c. 675 BCE)

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Main article: Phrygians

Kingdom of Phrygia (c. 830 – c. 675 BCE)

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Main articles: Phrygia and Gordion
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
67th Gordias I (?) r. c. 830 – c. 820 BCE
(≈10 years) 		Son of Midas I (?)
68th Midas II (?) r. c. 820 – c. 800 BCE
(≈20 years) 		Unclear succession
69th Gordias II (?) r. c. 800 – c. 740 BCE
(≈60 years)
70th Midas III (?) r. c. 740 – c. 675 BCE
(≈65 years) 		Son of Gordias II (?)

Lydians (c. 675 – c. 546 BCE)

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Main article: Lydians

Kingdom of Lydia (c. 675 – c. 546 BCE)

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Main articles: List of kings of Lydia, Lydia, and Sardis
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign Succession and death details Comments, notes, and references
71st Gyges r. c. 675 – c. 644 BCE
(≈33 years) 		Son of Dascylus
d. c. 644 BCE
72nd Ardys r. c. 644 – c. 637 BCE
(≈7 years) 		Son of Gyges
d. c. 637 BCE
73rd Sadyattes r. c. 637 – c. 635 BCE
(≈12 years) 		Son of Ardys
d. c. 635 BCE
74th Alyattes r. c. 635 – c. 585 BCE
(≈57 years) 		Son of Sadyattes
d. c. 585 BCE
75th Croesus r. c. 585 – c. 546 BCE
(≈14 years) 		Son of Alyattes
d. c. 546 BCE
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See also

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References

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Notes

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Citations

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Sources

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Bibliography

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Journals
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Further reading
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Geography
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Language
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