μολύνω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Denominative in -ύνω (-únō), like παλύνω (palúnō, “to bestrew, besprinkle”) and φορύνω (phorúnō, “to be mingled”), from an unattested base form. Schmidt connects it with Lithuanian mulve (“mud, mire”) and the factitive verb mulvinti (“to cover with mire”). In order to combine the root vocalism with that of Lithuanian, he assumes *μαλύνω (*malúnō), and assimilation *α>ο before υ in the following syllable, but there are too many counterexamples to such a rule. Numerous words for "dark, dirty color" and "dirt, defilement" are assembled under Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-, but only Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”) is of interest here, with a derivative मलवत् (malavat, “filthy, dirty”), which formally matches the hydronim Μολόεις (Molóeis). Both the hydronim and this verb may have been built on older *μόλος (*mólos, “dirt”), which would correspond to the Sanskrit word. Alternatively, Furnée compares φολύνει (pholúnei, “to stain, defile”), which could point to a Pre-Greek word. See also μέλας (mélas, “black”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /mo.lý.nɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /moˈly.no/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /moˈly.no/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /moˈly.no/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /moˈli.no/
Verb
[edit]μολύνω • (molúnō)
- to stain, sully, defile
- Synonym: μορῠ́σσω (morússō)
- to pollute
- to stain, dye
- (in passive) to become vile, disgrace oneself
Conjugation
[edit]number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐμόλῠνον | ἐμόλῠνες | ἐμόλῠνε(ν) | ἐμολῠ́νετον | ἐμολῠνέτην | ἐμολῠ́νομεν | ἐμολῠ́νετε | ἐμόλῠνον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐμολῠνόμην | ἐμολῠ́νου | ἐμολῠ́νετο | ἐμολῠ́νεσθον | ἐμολῠνέσθην | ἐμολῠνόμεθᾰ | ἐμολῠ́νεσθε | ἐμολῠ́νοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | μολῠνέω | μολῠνέεις | μολῠνέει | μολῠνέετον | μολῠνέετον | μολῠνέομεν | μολῠνέετε | μολῠνέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | μολῠνέοιμῐ | μολῠνέοις | μολῠνέοι | μολῠνέοιτον | μολῠνεοίτην | μολῠνέοιμεν | μολῠνέοιτε | μολῠνέοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | μολῠνέομαι | μολῠνέῃ, μολῠνέει |
μολῠνέεται | μολῠνέεσθον | μολῠνέεσθον | μολῠνεόμεθᾰ | μολῠνέεσθε | μολῠνέονται | ||||
optative | μολῠνεοίμην | μολῠνέοιο | μολῠνέοιτο | μολῠνέοισθον | μολῠνεοίσθην | μολῠνεοίμεθᾰ | μολῠνέοισθε | μολῠνέοιντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | μολῠνέειν | μολῠνέεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | μολῠνέων | μολῠνεόμενος | ||||||||||
f | μολῠνέουσᾰ | μολῠνεομένη | |||||||||||
n | μολῠνέον | μολῠνεόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | μολῠνῶ | μολῠνεῖς | μολῠνεῖ | μολῠνεῖτον | μολῠνεῖτον | μολῠνοῦμεν | μολῠνεῖτε | μολῠνοῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | μολῠνοίην, μολῠνοῖμῐ |
μολῠνοίης, μολῠνοῖς |
μολῠνοίη, μολῠνοῖ |
μολῠνοῖτον, μολῠνοίητον |
μολῠνοίτην, μολῠνοιήτην |
μολῠνοῖμεν, μολῠνοίημεν |
μολῠνοῖτε, μολῠνοίητε |
μολῠνοῖεν, μολῠνοίησᾰν | |||||
middle | indicative | μολῠνοῦμαι | μολῠνῇ | μολῠνεῖται | μολῠνεῖσθον | μολῠνεῖσθον | μολῠνούμεθᾰ | μολῠνεῖσθε | μολῠνοῦνται | ||||
optative | μολῠνοίμην | μολῠνοῖο | μολῠνοῖτο | μολῠνοῖσθον | μολῠνοίσθην | μολῠνοίμεθᾰ | μολῠνοῖσθε | μολῠνοῖντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | μολῠνεῖν | μολῠνεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | μολῠνῶν | μολῠνούμενος | ||||||||||
f | μολῠνοῦσᾰ | μολῠνουμένη | |||||||||||
n | μολῠνοῦν | μολῠνούμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀνᾰμολῠ́νω (anamolúnō)
- μόλῠνσῐς (mólunsis)
- μολῠντός (moluntós)
- μόλῠσμᾰ (mólusma)
- μολῠσμός (molusmós)
- σῠμμολῠ́νω (summolúnō)
Further reading
[edit]- “μολύνω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “μολύνω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- μολύνω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G3435 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible