ligar

See also: lig ar and łigar

Galician

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin ligāre, present active infinitive of ligō, which substituted the semi-learned Old Galician-Portuguese legar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria). Doublet of lear.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [liˈɣaɾ]

Verb

ligar (first-person singular present ligo, first-person singular preterite liguei, past participle ligado)

1. (transitive) to link; to connect; to join (to put things together so they work together)
2. (metallurgy, transitive) to alloy (to make an alloy from)
3. (intransitive, of dough, clay) to acquire an elastic and homogeneous consistency

   As masas feitas de fariñas con glute ligan mellor, polo xeral

   Doughs made with glutinous flours are usually more homogeneous/elastic

4. (informal, intransitive) to flirt

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ligar (g-gu alternation)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ligar
Personal	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligaren
Gerund
	ligando
Past participle
Masculine	ligado			ligados
Feminine	ligada			ligadas
Indicative
Present	ligo	ligas	liga	ligamos	ligades	ligan
Imperfect	ligaba	ligabas	ligaba	ligabamos	ligabades	ligaban
Preterite	liguei	ligaches	ligou	ligamos	ligastes	ligaron
Pluperfect	ligara	ligaras	ligara	ligaramos	ligarades	ligaran
Future	ligarei	ligarás	ligará	ligaremos	ligaredes	ligarán
Conditional	ligaría	ligarías	ligaría	ligariamos	ligariades	ligarían
Subjunctive
Present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguemos	liguedes	liguen
Imperfect	ligase	ligases	ligase	ligásemos	ligásedes	ligasen
Future	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligaren
Imperative
Affirmative		liga	ligue	liguemos	ligade	liguen
Negative (non)		non ligues	non ligue	non liguemos	non liguedes	non liguen

    Reintegrated conjugation of ligar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ligar
Personal	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligarem
Gerund
	ligando
Past participle
Masculine	ligado			ligados
Feminine	ligada			ligadas
Indicative
Present	ligo	ligas	liga	ligamos	ligades, ligais	ligam
Imperfect	ligava	ligavas	ligava	ligávamos	ligávades, ligáveis, ligávais1	ligavam
Preterite	liguei	ligaste, ligache1	ligou	ligamos	ligastes	ligárom, ligaram
Pluperfect	ligara	ligaras	ligara	ligáramos	ligárades, ligáreis, ligárais1	ligaram
Future	ligarei	ligarás	ligará	ligaremos	ligaredes, ligareis	ligarám, ligarão
Conditional	ligaria	ligarias	ligaria	ligaríamos	ligaríades, ligaríeis, ligaríais1	ligariam
Subjunctive
Present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguemos	liguedes, ligueis	liguem
Imperfect	ligasse	ligasses	ligasse	ligássemos	ligássedes, ligásseis	ligassem
Future	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligarem
Imperative
Affirmative		liga	ligue	liguemos	ligade, ligai	liguem
Negative (nom)		nom ligues	nom ligue	nom liguemos	nom liguedes, nom ligueis	nom liguem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• liga
• ligadura
• ligazón
• obrigar

 

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “legar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “legar”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ligar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “ligar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ligar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “ligar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ligar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto ligi, French lier, Italian legare, Spanish ligar..

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /liˈɡar/

Verb

ligar (present tense ligas, past tense ligis, future tense ligos, imperative ligez, conditional ligus)

1. (transitive) to link, connect

   Synonyms: atachar, konektar

   Antonym: desligar

2. (transitive) to bind, tie

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ligar

		present		past		future
infinitive		ligar		ligir		ligor
tense		ligas		ligis		ligos
conditional		ligus
imperative		ligez
adjective active participle		liganta		liginta		ligonta
adverbial active participle		ligante		liginte		ligonte
nominal active participle	singular	liganto		liginto		ligonto
	plural	liganti		liginti		ligonti
adjective passive participle		ligata		ligita		ligota
adverbial passive participle		ligate		ligite		ligote
nominal passive participle	singular	ligato		ligito		ligoto
	plural	ligati		ligiti		ligoti

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan, from Latin ligāre, present active infinitive of ligō.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

ligar

1. to tie up; to bind

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		ligar			aver ligat
gerund		ligant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		ligat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	ligui	ligas	liga	ligam	ligatz	ligan
	imperfect	ligavi	ligavas	ligava	ligàvem	ligàvetz	ligavan
	preterite	liguèri	liguères	liguèt	liguèrem	liguèretz	liguèron
	future	ligarai	ligaràs	ligarà	ligarem	ligaretz	ligaràn
	conditional	ligariái	ligariás	ligariá	ligariam	ligariatz	ligarián
	conditional 2nd form1	liguèra	liguèras	liguèra	ligueram	ligueratz	liguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguem	liguetz	liguen
	imperfect	liguèssi	liguèsses	liguèsse	liguèssem	liguèssetz	liguèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			liga		liguem	ligatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		ligar			aver ligat
gerund		ligant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		ligat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	ligue	ligues	liga	ligam	ligatz	ligon
	imperfect	ligave	ligaves	ligava	ligaviam	ligaviatz	ligavon
	preterite	liguere	ligueres	liguet	liguem	liguetz	ligueron
	future	ligarai	ligaràs	ligará	ligarem	ligaretz	ligarán
	conditional	ligariá	ligariás	ligariá	ligariam	ligariatz	ligarián
	conditional 2nd form1	liguèra	liguèras	liguèra	ligueram	ligueratz	liguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	ligue	ligues	ligue	ligassiam	ligassiatz	ligon
	imperfect	liguesse	liguesses	liguesse	liguessiam	liguessiatz	liguesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			liga		ligassiam	ligatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		ligar			aver ligat
gerund		ligant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		ligat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	ligui	ligas	liga	ligam	ligatz	ligan
	imperfect	ligavi	ligavas	ligava	ligàvam	ligàvatz	ligavan
	preterite	liguèi	liguès	liguè	liguèm	liguètz	liguèn
	future	ligarèi	ligaràs	ligarà	ligaram	ligaratz	ligaràn
	conditional	ligarí	ligarés	ligaré	ligarem	ligaretz	ligarén
	conditional 2nd form1	liguèra	liguèras	liguèra	ligueram	ligueratz	liguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	ligui	ligues	ligue	liguem	liguetz	liguen
	imperfect	liguèssi	liguèsses	liguèsse	liguèssem	liguèssetz	liguèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			liga		liguem	ligatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		ligar			aver ligat
gerund		ligant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		ligat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	ligue	ligas	liga	ligam	ligatz	ligan
	imperfect	ligava	ligavas	ligava	ligàvam	ligàvatz	ligavan
	preterite	liguei	ligueras	liguet	liguèram	liguèratz	ligueran
	future	ligarai	ligaràs	ligará	ligarem	ligaretz	ligarán
	conditional	ligariá	ligariàs	ligariá	ligariam	ligariatz	ligarián
	conditional 2nd form1	liguèra	liguèras	liguèra	ligueram	ligueratz	liguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguem	liguetz	liguen
	imperfect	liguèsse	liguèsses	liguèsse	liguèssem	liguèssetz	liguèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			liga		liguem	ligatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		ligar			aver ligat
gerund		ligant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		ligat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	ligue	ligues	liga	ligam	ligatz	ligan
	imperfect	ligavi	ligavas	ligava	ligàvem	ligàvetz	ligavan
	preterite	liguère	liguères	liguèt	ligueriam	ligueriatz	liguèron
	future	ligarai	ligaràs	ligarà	ligarem	ligaretz	ligaràn
	conditional	ligariáu	ligariás	ligariá	ligariam	ligariatz	ligarián
	conditional 2nd form1	liguèra	liguèras	liguèra	ligueram	ligueratz	liguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguem	liguetz	ligan
	imperfect	liguèsse	liguèsses	liguèsse	liguessiam	liguessiatz	liguèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			liga		liguem	ligatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Related terms

• desligar

Portuguese

Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin ligāre, from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”). Compare the form liar, which may have (Old) French influence, as well as the inherited Old Portuguese form legar.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa(ʁ)/ [liˈɡa(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa(ʁ)/ [liˈɡa(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa(ʁ)/ [liˈɡa(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /liˈɡaɾ/ [liˈɣaɾ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /liˈɡaɾ/ [liˈɣaɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /liˈɡa.ɾi/ [liˈɣa.ɾi]

• (Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): /li.ˈɡa(h)/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: li‧gar

Verb

ligar (first-person singular present ligo, first-person singular preterite liguei, past participle ligado)

1. (transitive) to link; to connect; to join (to put things together so they work together)

   Synonyms: juntar, conectar, unir, acoplar

   Antonyms: desconectar, separar, desacoplar

   O ferreiro ligou os ferros com um maçarico. ― The blacksmith connected the irons with a blowtorch.

2. (transitive) to connect; to associate (to consider multiples things related)

   Synonyms: conectar, associar, relacionar

   Antonym: desassociar

   O detetive tentou ligar as evidências. ― The detective tried to connect the evidence.

3. (transitive) to turn on (to make a device start operating)

   Antonym: desligar

   Liguem os motores e se preparem para a largada! ― Turn your engines on and prepare for the start of the race!

   Alguém ligou a luz. ― Somebody turned on the light.

4. (telephony) to call; to dial (to attempt to talk to someone with a telephone) [with para or a or indirect object pronoun ‘someone’]

   Synonym: telefonar (para)

   Tentei ligar para a minha mãe, mas ela não atendeu. ― I tried to call my mum, but she didn’t pick up.

5. (intransitive) to turn on (to start operating, said of a device)

   Computador não quer ligar. ― The computer doesn't want to turn on.

6. (intransitive, Brazil, informal) to care (about); to mind (to have concern or interest in) [with para ‘something’]

   Synonyms: dar a mínima, importar-se

   Antes eu não ligava para a política. ― Previously I didn't care about politics.

7. (Brazil, informal, reflexive) to become aware; to realize or perceive something

   Synonyms: tocar-se, dar-se conta

   Só me liguei depois. ― I only realized it later.

8. (metallurgy, transitive) to alloy (to make an alloy from)

   Para fazer bronze, deves ligar estanho com cobre. ― To make bronze, you must alloy tin with copper.

9. (surgery, transitive) to tie (tie a ligature around a vessel)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ligar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ligar
Personal	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligarem
Gerund
	ligando
Past participle
Masculine	ligado			ligados
Feminine	ligada			ligadas
Indicative
Present	ligo	ligas	liga	ligamos	ligais	ligam
Imperfect	ligava	ligavas	ligava	ligávamos	ligáveis	ligavam
Preterite	liguei	ligaste	ligou	ligamos1, ligámos2	ligastes	ligaram
Pluperfect	ligara	ligaras	ligara	ligáramos	ligáreis	ligaram
Future	ligarei	ligarás	ligará	ligaremos	ligareis	ligarão
Conditional	ligaria	ligarias	ligaria	ligaríamos	ligaríeis	ligariam
Subjunctive
Present	ligue	ligues	ligue	liguemos	ligueis	liguem
Imperfect	ligasse	ligasses	ligasse	ligássemos	ligásseis	ligassem
Future	ligar	ligares	ligar	ligarmos	ligardes	ligarem
Imperative
Affirmative		liga	ligue	liguemos	ligai	liguem
Negative (não)		não ligues	não ligue	não liguemos	não ligueis	não liguem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ligar.

Related terms

• liga
• ligação
• ligado
• ligadura
• ligamentoso
• obrigar
• religar

 

Further reading

• “ligar”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2024
• “ligar”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2024
• “ligar” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
• “ligar”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
• “ligar”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
• “ligar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

Spanish

Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin ligāre, from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”). Compare the doublet liar, which may have (Old) French influence or origins, as well as the inherited Old Spanish form legar (“to tie, bind”) (in modern Spanish, this word survives as a rare regionalism, often with a specialized sense such as "tie or bind a sheep for shearing", or "to join together, unite").

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /liˈɡaɾ/ [liˈɣ̞aɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: li‧gar

Verb

ligar (first-person singular present ligo, first-person singular preterite ligué, past participle ligado)

1. (transitive) to link, join
2. (transitive) to tie
3. (intransitive, colloquial) to pull; to score (kiss or have sex)
4. (intransitive) to flirt

   Synonym: pinchar

5. (transitive, Argentina) to obtain; to get

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ligar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			ligar
gerund			ligando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		ligado		ligada
		plural		ligados		ligadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	ligo	ligastú ligásvos	liga	ligamos	ligáis	ligan
	imperfect	ligaba	ligabas	ligaba	ligábamos	ligabais	ligaban
	preterite	ligué	ligaste	ligó	ligamos	ligasteis	ligaron
	future	ligaré	ligarás	ligará	ligaremos	ligaréis	ligarán
	conditional	ligaría	ligarías	ligaría	ligaríamos	ligaríais	ligarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	ligue	liguestú liguésvos2	ligue	liguemos	liguéis	liguen
	imperfect (ra)	ligara	ligaras	ligara	ligáramos	ligarais	ligaran
	imperfect (se)	ligase	ligases	ligase	ligásemos	ligaseis	ligasen
	future1	ligare	ligares	ligare	ligáremos	ligareis	ligaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		ligatú ligávos	ligue	liguemos	ligad	liguen
	negative		no ligues	no ligue	no liguemos	no liguéis	no liguen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of ligar (g-gu alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive ligar
	dative	ligarme	ligarte	ligarle, ligarse	ligarnos	ligaros	ligarles, ligarse
	accusative	ligarme	ligarte	ligarlo, ligarla, ligarse	ligarnos	ligaros	ligarlos, ligarlas, ligarse
with gerund ligando
	dative	ligándome	ligándote	ligándole, ligándose	ligándonos	ligándoos	ligándoles, ligándose
	accusative	ligándome	ligándote	ligándolo, ligándola, ligándose	ligándonos	ligándoos	ligándolos, ligándolas, ligándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative liga
	dative	lígame	lígate	lígale	líganos	not used	lígales
	accusative	lígame	lígate	lígalo, lígala	líganos	not used	lígalos, lígalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative ligá
	dative	ligame	ligate	ligale	liganos	not used	ligales
	accusative	ligame	ligate	ligalo, ligala	liganos	not used	ligalos, ligalas
with formal second-person singular imperative ligue
	dative	lígueme	not used	líguele, líguese	líguenos	not used	lígueles
	accusative	lígueme	not used	líguelo, líguela, líguese	líguenos	not used	líguelos, líguelas
with first-person plural imperative liguemos
	dative	not used	liguémoste	liguémosle	liguémonos	liguémoos	liguémosles
	accusative	not used	liguémoste	liguémoslo, liguémosla	liguémonos	liguémoos	liguémoslos, liguémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative ligad
	dative	ligadme	not used	ligadle	ligadnos	ligaos	ligadles
	accusative	ligadme	not used	ligadlo, ligadla	ligadnos	ligaos	ligadlos, ligadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative liguen
	dative	líguenme	not used	líguenle	líguennos	not used	líguenles, líguense
	accusative	líguenme	not used	líguenlo, líguenla	líguennos	not used	líguenlos, líguenlas, líguense

Derived terms

• desligar
• liga
• ligamiento
• ligarse las trompas

 

Related terms

• liar
• ligación
• ligamento
• ligazón
• ligón
• lío
• religar

 

Further reading

• “ligar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), 23rd edition, Royal Spanish Academy, 2014 October 16