Abstract

INTRODUCTION

There are many available devices or implants to treat unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures. The type of implant used for the fixation of an intertrochanteric fracture can be broadly divided into intramedullary devices and extramedullary devices. An intramedullary nail (IMN) consists of a dynamic lag screw that passes through a short IMN. It confers a short-term advantage of full weight-bearing capacity shortly after implantation. A dynamic hip screw (DHS) with a side plate assembly is the most commonly used device for fixation of an intertrochanteric fracture. It is a non-collapsible fixation device that permits the proximal fragment to collapse or settle on the fixation device seeking its own position of stability¹⁾. Drawbacks to the DHS include complications such as varus deformity and lag screw cut-out. Alternatively, the wedge wing type screw (Dyna Locking Trochanter®[DLT]; U&I Corporation, Seoul, Korea) has the advantage of improving the fixation force by protruding the wing from the lag screw in patients with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture^2,3).

There are limited studies regarding clinical outcomes of the DLT nail used for intertrochanteric femur fractures. Therefore, in the current study, we report the radiological and clinical results of unstable intertrochanteric fractures repaired using the DLT nail with wedge wing of the lag screw (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1

DLT (Dyna Locking Trochanter®; U&I Corporation) nail used in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Wonkwang University Hospital (No. WKUHIRB-2020-04-020) and the informed consent was waived by the IRB.

2. Surgical Technique & Postoperative Rehabilitation

Operations were performed using an image amplifier on the fracture operating table. If radiographic findings showed that the proximal bone fragment was displaced outward from the distal fragment, the fractured portion of the bone was towed, and the distal fragment was displaced outward using a Steinmann pin. The proximal bone fragment was displaced inward to overlap the distal bone fragment or displaced 5 mm further inward to reduce the valgus. When the proximal fragment was displaced posteriorly, a Hohmann retractor was inserted between the fractures. After the proximal fragment spanned the anterior cortical bone, the proximal fragment was reduced interiorly in the first half in the form of levers and overlapped the distal fragments. If the proximal bone fragment was displaced inward, the lag screw was fixed after pulling and holding it toward the distal bone fragment using a retractor. On the anteroposterior view of the image amplifier, it is observed in the form of the valgus within 5°. On the lateral view of the image amplifier, the proximal bone fragment was observed 1 cm ahead of the distal bone fragment (Fig. 2). A guide pin was fixed to the acetabulum to prevent the deformation of the femoral head and the varus during the fixation of the lag screw. A Steinman pin was used to prevent external rotation of the proximal bone fragment. The lag screw inserted into the femoral head was positioned center-center or center-inferior when possible. In all cases, a 200-mm-long nail with a distal diameter of 10 mm or 11 mm and a lag screw angle of 130°was used. Active joint exercises were allowed as early as the day after the surgery. Seated and quadriceps muscle exercises were allowed from the first postoperative day, and ambulation with a wheelchair along with caregiver assistance was started on the 3rd to 5th day postoperative. Tolerable weight-bearing was instructed 7 days postoperative depending on the degree of reduction, systemic condition, and pain. Full weight-bearing ambulation with a walker was allowed 10 to 14 days postoperative.

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Fig. 2

(A) Radiographs of an 82-year-old female with 31-A2. (B) Postoperative radiographs show 5° valgus reduction in anteroposterior and anterior angulation in lateral view. (C) Follow-up radiographs show cut-through of the lag screw at 4 months.

3. Radiologic and Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic follow-up was performed immediately, 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the surgery. The adequacy of the fracture reduction was evaluated using the modified Baumgaertner criteria suggested by Fogagnolo et al.⁵⁾ (Table 2). The Cleveland index, which divides anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the hip joint into nine zones, was used to classify the position of the lag screws in the femoral head⁶⁾ (Fig. 3). Moreover, the tip-apex distance (TAD)⁷⁾, which is the distance between the tip of the substitute and the cortex of the femoral head, was measured using the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the hip joint. The TAD and the femoral neck-shaft angle were measured immediately after the surgery and at the last follow-up. The femoral neck-shaft angle was the difference in the actual anatomical neck-shaft angle of the fused femur, not the metal that was inserted. This serves as an index for indirect evaluation of the degree of reduction after surgery. Cases with 10°or more of angular deformation were classified as varus deformity. If the bone union was not observed in the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the hip joint after 6 months, it was classified as non-union. The distance between the outer end of the lag screw and the outer cortical bone of the femur in the anteroposterior radiographs were measured. The degree of sliding was then calculated by measuring the difference between the measured distance and the bone union image at the last follow-up session. Surgical time, bleeding volume, and transfusion volume were evaluated retrospectively. The Harris Hip Score was used for clinical evaluation. In addition, recovery of walking ability and daily activity were used to evaluate recovery measured against the preoperative level^8,9). A Mann–Whitney U-test was performed for statistical analysis.

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Fig. 3

Postoperative radiological lag screw position. The numbers in parentheses represent as number of each cases of lag screw position.

Table 2

Postoperative Radiologic Outcomes

Radiologic evaluation		Value
Postoperative reduction state
	Good	28
	Acceptable	20
Bone union		40
Mean union period (wk)		16.7±4.7 (14-27)
Tip-apex distance (mm)
	Postoperative	17.1±3.8 (13-23)
	Last F/U	20.5±4.1 (16-25)
Neck-Shaft angle (。)
	Postoperative	135
	Last F/U	127
Sliding distance (mm)		3.4
Cleveland index
	5	26
	6	4
	7	2
	8	14
	9	2

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Values are presented as number only or mean±standard deviation (range).

F/U: follow-up.

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

The incidence rate of intertrochanteric fracture is gradually increasing in accordance with the growing elderly population. For unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly, stable fixation is important to restore activity to the preoperative level and reduce the risk of reoperation, complications, and death^{10,11,12,13,14)}.

The IMN has a theoretical advantage as a load-sharing implant and can reduce the surgical time and amount of bleeding by using an obstructive technique. In order to increase the compression and stability of the fracture in the lag screw type, a groove was made in the lag screw, and the compression screw was fixed to induce sliding of the lag screw in a certain direction. However, biomechanical compression was not significantly different from the screw metal plate and complications such as cut-out could not be prevented^{15,16,17,18,19,20,21)}. Thus, variations of implants have been developed to prevent such issues. The blade type nail (PFNA; Synthes, Raynham, MA, USA) is an alternative characterized by inserting a spiral-shaped blade, which results in less bone loss in the femoral head and excellent fixation power, providing resistance to varus and rotational deformation. Another method utilizes a screw with u-blade type nail (Gamma-3; Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) which consists of one distal locking screw that has a flexible curved instrument shape to prevent compression of soft tissues and collision of iliac ridges. Another option includes integrated interlocking screws (Intertan; Smith & Nephew, London, UK) where the mechanism of the two screws directed to the femoral head enables linear compression during surgery and improves the rotational stability of the femoral head and neck bone fragments. Recently, the use of blade type and screw with u-blade type lag screws have been reported promising results. In the current study, the authors used a DLT nail with a wedge wing type lag screw that can achieve rotational stability in the femoral head while preserving the advantages of the existing lag screw in elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture. The use of the wedge wing of the DLT nail strengthens the fixation power in the femoral head, preventing cut-out and loss of reduction of the lag screw in patients with severe osteoporosis. Compared to other implants, dynamization of the distal occlusal screw fracture has the advantage of reducing the rate of fixation failure or reoperation.

The position of the lag screw (TAD<25 mm) is considered to be a critical factor in reducing the failure rate of internal fixation of a femoral head perforation¹⁰⁾. Ruecker et al.¹³⁾ reported disagreement in the ideal position of the lag screw in the femoral head. However, many authors state that it is ideal to position the lag screw in the center inferior location on the anteroposterior view and in the center on the lateral view^17,18). Kuzyk et al.²²⁾ reported that the inferior position on the anteroposterior view maximizes biomechanical stiffness and that the center position on the lateral view helps to achieve maximum load-to-failure and minimum TAD. In the current study, the lag screws in the head were positioned in the center and inferior end on the anteroposterior view and in the center on the lateral view. The mean TAD was 18.5 mm (range, 14–25 mm). Perforation occurred in one case with a TAD of 25 mm and non-union occurred in one case with a thickness of 22 mm. The mean TAD was increased as it was difficult to locate within 10 mm of the femoral cartilage head to extend the wedge wing after the fixation of the lag screw. Kim et al.²⁾ reported that DLT nails were a good option for intertrochanteric fractures for the first time in Korea. However, stable fractures and unstable fractures were observed in 22 cases and 14 cases, respectively, and the benefit of the wedge wing lag screw could not be confirmed in unstable fractures.

Temiz et al.²³⁾ reported zero cases of implant failure and cut-out, five cases of greater trochanter fracture, and three cases of varus deformity as a result of DLT treatment in 32 geriatric patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures. However, Gunay et al.²⁴⁾ reported that 13 out of 51 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures over 80 years of age who were treated with DLT nails experienced cut-out complications. Thus, the authors reported that wedge wing lag screws do not function properly in unstable intertrochanteric fractures and that the reduction quality was the most important factor. In addition, Kim et al.²⁾ stated that in a comparison of the three different types of lag screws, which included screw type, blade type, and wedge wing type, there were no differences in complications such as cut-out and that precise reduction of fracture site and surgical technique is fundamental. In the current study, it was observed that adequate reduction led to only one case of a cut-out. In particular, cutout may occur in the elderly when an unstable femoral intertrochanteric fracture is anatomically reduced. Thus, we attempted to reduce the proximal fragment to an extramedullary type instead of the distal fragment and reduce in the form of valgus within 5°to decrease the chance of complications. Notably, though implants cannot prevent complications, the quality of reduction and lag screw position is critical for the prevention of complications.

Fogagnolo et al.⁵⁾ reported that the degree of reduction after surgery should be the normal femoral neck-shaft angle or slightly valgus on the anteroposterior view and within 20°on the lateral view. Andruszkow et al.²⁵⁾ stated that in order to prevent perforation of the femoral head, the femoral neck-shaft angle should be valgus at 5–10°compared to the contralateral side. In the current study, the proximal and distal fragments were displaced inward and outward, respectively, and the valgus was reduced. The proximal fragment was then displaced in the anterior direction and the lag screw was fixed. The mean postoperative femoral neck-shaft angle measured immediately after surgery was 135°on the anteroposterior view.

In our study, there was only one case of fixation failure, though we believe we used adequate lag screws for the types of fractures presented. The limitations of the current study include a small sample size and a short follow-up period. Moreover, factors related to fixation failure were not considered in this study and there were no selection criteria for the patient group as it is not a comparative study. Further follow-up studies will be needed to support the current findings.

CONCLUSION

Functional and radiological results obtained in this study using DLT nails in elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were satisfactory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Footnotes

References