Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia in veterinary medicine and is diagnosed currently based on compatible history, clinical signs, and thoracic radiographic (TXR) lesions. Further differentiation between bacterial pneumonia and pneumonitis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis rarely is performed in clinical practice and, therefore, AP is primarily treated as a bacterial pneumonia using antimicrobials given the risk for dogs if an infection is left untreated. ^{1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}

C‐reactive protein (CRP) seems to be a reliable acute phase protein (APP) to monitor treatment response in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. ^{6 , 7} Monitoring serum CRP even allowed a reduction in treatment duration without increasing the number of relapses in a small cohort of dogs with bacterial pneumonia. ⁶ We sought to evaluate the usefulness of serum CRP monitoring specifically for dogs with suspected AP prospectively, while assessing the use of imaging modalities simultaneously.

In human medicine, lung ultrasound (LUS) has been increasingly used as a bedside, easy, and rapid tool to diagnose and monitor pneumonia. ^{8 , 9 , 10 , 11} In veterinary medicine, 1 study described LUS lesions in dogs with various causes of cough and a shred sign was more frequently observed in dogs with AP. ¹² In addition, LUS has been described as a sensitive tool for the diagnosis and short‐term follow‐up of AP in dogs. ¹³

Because clinical improvement precedes TXR resolution of lesions, TXR is no longer recommended in people with pneumonia, ^{14 , 15} whereas in veterinary medicine, studies about the value of TXR to guide treatment in dogs with AP are lacking.

Current veterinary recommendations advise that bacterial pneumonia should be treated for 3 to 6weeks with antimicrobials or 1 to 2weeks beyond the resolution of clinical signs, radiographic lesions or both. ¹ These recommendations are largely opinion‐based given the absence of data about the appropriate duration of treatment in affected dogs. In addition, the optimal duration of antimicrobial treatment in dogs with AP, which is mostly treated as bacterial pneumonia in clinical practice, has not been studied yet. The lack of evidence‐based medicine behind these recommendations is problematic given increasing concern over antimicrobial resistance. Studies investigating CRX and LUS findings during the recovery process and their impact on treatment duration also are lacking.

Our aim was to investigate the safety of antimicrobial discontinuation based on clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization in dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of AP. The second objective was to evaluate the usefulness of TXR and LUS in the follow‐up of these dogs.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective observational study between January 2020 and June 2021. Owner consent and ethics approval from the University of Liège was obtained before inclusion in the study. Dogs were included if a diagnosis of AP was made based on compatible acute history (eg, vomiting, regurgitation, laryngeal dysfunction), clinical signs (eg, cough, fever, increased respiratory rate), TXR findings (interstitial or alveolar lung lesions), and increased serum CRP concentration. Dogs diagnosed with AP within the previous 30days, and having received antimicrobials before presentation or those having suspected concomitant diseases were excluded.

At diagnosis and during each follow‐up visit, a physical examination, 3‐view TXR, LUS, and serum CRP measurements were performed within 60minutes of each other. Owners also were asked to fill out a quality‐of‐life questionnaire (QoL) at each time point that included 9 questions (scored from 0 to 4, total score of 36) concerning the impact of AP on the daily life of the dog, taking into account the 2days before the consultation. The QoL used was derived from a validated QoL used in dogs with cardiac problems ¹⁶ (Appendix S1).

The TXR and LUS results were reviewed by a board‐certified radiologist and a blinded trained internal medicine resident, respectively. During follow‐up, AP lesions on TXRs were classified as being either resolved, improving, stable, or worsening according to the interpretation of the radiologist. Lung ultrasonography was performed using a portable echography machine and a modification of a protocol described previously ¹⁷ in which 3‐second video cineloops were recorded at 9 windows per hemithorax, at the dorsal, mid‐thorax, and ventral levels, and at the 4th, 6th, and 8th intercostal spaces. At the ventral level, a modification of the previously described technique ¹⁸ was used, where the probe is turned parallel to the rib within each intercostal space. Abnormalities that could be observed in each of the 9 windows of both hemithoraces were: >3 B‐lines, coalescent B‐lines, shred sign, tissue‐like sign, air or fluid bronchograms, and pleural effusion.

Serum CRP concentrations were measured using a particle‐enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay, previously validated in dogs. ¹⁹ The lower detection limit for CRP concentration was 0 mg/L and there was no upper detection limit. The normal reference range for CRP was between 0 and ≤9 mg/L. Samples were either analyzed within 24hours or stored at −80°C until analysis. The QoL scores and serum CRP concentrations in all dogs included at each time point were reported as median and range.

Follow‐up consultations were scheduled 1 week after diagnosis and every 2weeks thereafter. Treatment was discontinued at 1 of these time points based on a normal physical examination, a decrease of at least 25% in the QoL score compared to the time of diagnosis and normal serum CRP concentration. The cut‐off of 25% in the QoL score was arbitrarily decided by the investigators. If after 5weeks the dog had not reached the endpoints, further information about outcome was not included in the study.

Relapse was defined as the reoccurrence of clinical signs observed by the owner before the scheduled consultation (eg, cough, increased respiratory rate or respiratory distress, anorexia, lethargy), which was quantified by an increase in QoL score, abnormal physical examination findings (eg, increased temperature, crackles or increased lung sounds at auscultation), increased serum CRP concentration, or some combination of these. Based on this definition, relapse could be a consequence of inappropriate antimicrobial treatment, relapse of AP, a new occurrence of pneumonia or an increase in serum CRP concentration caused by another concomitant disease. Evolution of imaging findings was not taken into account when considering the occurrence of relapse. Clinical improvement was defined as an improvement in clinical signs observed by the owners at home and was quantified by a decrease of at least 25% in the QoL score compared to the time of diagnosis and the absence of abnormalities on physical examination. If relapse was present in the short‐term, antimicrobial treatment was re‐implemented. Long‐term relapse was investigated by follow‐up consultation or phone call. Owners were advised to contact an internal medicine resident before the scheduled consultation if necessary.

Empirical antimicrobial treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (approximately 22mg/kg PO q12h) was implemented in all dogs at diagnosis. Dogs were hospitalized for at least 24hours after diagnosis. Treatments other than antimicrobials or other diagnostic tests were performed at the discretion of the attending clinician. In severe cases with a clinical diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis as previously defined, ²⁰ or that worsened within the first 48hours, another antimicrobial (enrofloxacin, 5 mg/kg PO q24h) was added.

3. RESULTS

3.2. Clinical findings at admission

Presenting complaints reported by the owner were lethargy in all dogs, and increased respiratory rate (>40 breaths/min) in 14, anorexia in 10, and coughing in 2 dogs. At admission based on physical examination findings, 11, 4, and 2 dogs had expiratory, mixed, and normal respiratory patterns, respectively. The expiratory pattern was further classified as being restrictive. Mixed inspiratory and expiratory effort was observed in the 4 French Bulldogs included in the study. Bilateral or unilateral increased lung sounds and bilateral crackles were detected on auscultation in 7, 2, and 2 dogs, respectively. Hyperthermia (>39.3°C) was present in 6 dogs with a median of 39.9°C (range, 39.4‐40°C).

Changes in QoL scores at presentation, at 1 and 3weeks, and short‐ and long‐term follow‐ups are presented in Figure 1. Median QoL score was 15 (range, 8‐30) at admission.

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FIGURE 1

Box plot showing quality‐of‐life scores (QoL) in dogs at diagnosis (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 16; median (‐): 15; range, 8‐30), 1 week (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 6; median (‐): 6; range, 0‐19), 3weeks (n = 5 dogs, mean (X): 3; median (‐): 2; range, 0‐6), short‐term (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 3; median (‐): 3; range, 0‐12), and long‐term follow‐ups (n = 10 dogs, mean (X): 5; median (‐): 1; range, 0‐25). Outliers at each time point are represented as circles

Information regarding the evolution of serum CRP concentration at admission and during follow‐up is presented in Figure 2. Median serum CRP concentration was 82.8 mg/L (range, 24‐267mg/L) at admission.

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FIGURE 2

Box plot showing C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in dogs at diagnosis (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 112.7 mg/L; median (‐): 82.8 mg/L; range, 9.4‐532mg/L), 1 week (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 8.2 mg/L; median (‐): 6. mg/dL; range, 0‐31.3 mg/L), 3weeks (n = 5 dogs, mean (X): 4 mg/L; median (‐): 3.4 mg/L; range, 2.7‐3.4 mg/L), short‐term (n = 17 dogs, mean (X): 3.2 mg/L; median (‐): 2.9 mg/L; range, 0‐9 mg/L), and long‐term follow‐ups (n = 10 dogs, mean (X): 32.4 mg/L; median (‐): 3.5 mg/L; range, 0‐198mg/L). Outliers at each time point are represented as circles

3.2.1. Thoracic radiographic findings

At admission on TXR, all dogs had localized ventral alveolar consolidation that was bilateral in 9 and unilateral in 8 dogs (left or right lung consolidation in 5 and 3 dogs, respectively). The cranial and middle lung lobes were affected in 13 and 8 dogs, respectively, and in 12 dogs an alveolar pattern was observed in multiple lobes. Pleural effusion was observed in 2 dogs. Other findings on TXR included generalized megaesophagus in 1 dog, bronchiectasis of the consolidated lung lobe in 1 dog, and bronchiectasis affecting multiple bronchi in another dog. Information regarding the evolution of TXR lesions during follow‐up is presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Classification of TXR lesions during follow‐up

	1 week (n = 17)	3weeks (n = 5)	Short term (n = 17)	Long term (n = 10)
Resolution	2	2	14	8
Improving	15	2	2	0
Stable	0	1	1	0
Relapse	0	0	0	2

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3.2.2. Lung ultrasound findings

At admission on LUS, all dogs had lung consolidation characterized by a shred sign. The lung consolidations were observed in the same hemithorax (left, right, or bilaterally) as the radiographic consolidations. Fluid and air bronchograms were observed in at least 1 of the 18 regions evaluated per dog in 1 and 9 dogs, respectively. Coalescent numbers of B‐lines were detected in all dogs and >3 B‐lines in 11 dogs. Pleural effusion was only observed in 1 dog. Table 2 gives the percentage of regions that had LUS lesions at admission and during follow‐up.

TABLE 2

Percentage of regions (total regions = n×18 regions/dog) showing LUS lesions at diagnosis, 1 week, 3weeks, short‐, and long‐term follow‐ups

	Diagnosis (n = 17) (%)	1 week (n = 17) (%)	3weeks (n = 5) (%)	Short term (n = 17) (%)	Long term (n = 10) (%)
Shred sign	20.6	6.5	4	0	1.6
Fluid bronchogram	5.9	1.6	0	0	0
Air bronchogram	15.3	2.9	0	0	1
>3 B‐lines	8.8	10.1	12	6.2	3.6
Coalescent numbers of B‐lines	26.1	6.8	1	0	1.6
Pleural effusion	1.3	0	0	0	0

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4. DISCUSSION

Our results suggest that, in dogs with suspected AP, antimicrobial discontinuation can be safely based on clinical improvement and normal serum CRP concentration. This approach resulted in a treatment duration of 1 week (70.6%) or 3weeks (29.4%) in this population, because none of the dogs required >3weeks of antimicrobial treatment. Based on our findings, current opinion‐based veterinary recommendations to treat bacterial pneumonia for 3 to 6weeks with antimicrobials or 1 to 2weeks beyond resolution of clinical signs or radiographic lesions or both should be reconsidered, specifically for AP. ¹

C‐reactive protein is a reliable APP to monitor treatment response in dogs with bacterial pneumonia, ^{6 , 7} but treatment discontinuation based on serum CRP normalization only has been described in a small number of dogs. In the previous study, a significant decrease in treatment duration was achieved without increasing the number of relapses. ⁶ Our study reinforces the concept that clinical and biomarker‐guided antimicrobial discontinuation is useful in decreasing treatment duration in dogs with AP. Whether the persistent mild increase in serum CRP concentration in 5 dogs and therefore the continued antimicrobial treatment for 3weeks was really necessary was not assessed in our study.

In addition to physical examination findings, we also used QoL score to assess clinical improvement. The QoL assessment is a tool that previously has been described in veterinary medicine ¹⁶ and seems to be useful in assessing the health of patients even if information about its usefulness to modulate treatment is lacking. Although our suggested QoL score has not been validated, it appeared useful during the follow‐up of dogs with AP, and only relapsing dogs had increasing QoL scores.

Diagnostic imaging modalities such as TXR and LUS are useful in the diagnosis of AP in dogs, ^{1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 12} but information about their impact on treatment modulation is lacking. We showed that the follow‐up of both TXR and LUS might not be useful in dogs with AP given that, despite improvement, lesions persisted in 88% (15/17) and 71% (12/17) of dogs 1 week after initiation of antimicrobials based on TXR and LUS, respectively, whereas treatment was discontinued based on clinical improvement and normalized serum CRP concentration in 70.6% (12/17) of dogs, without any short‐term relapse. During serial follow‐up of AP, LUS lesions seemed to resolve faster than TXR lesions and to follow more closely clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization.

There is a lack of information in the veterinary literature about short‐ and long‐term relapse in dogs with AP. A single prospective study described a long‐term relapse rate of 17.1% in dogs treated for uncomplicated AP. ²¹ We found a similar long‐term complication rate of 17% (3/17) despite a shorter treatment duration. Given that all relapses occurred in the long‐term, it is probable they were caused by a new AP event, rather than a complication of the previous AP. Long‐term relapse occurred in a dog with megaesophagus, which is not surprising because AP is a common complication of this disease, being described in 38% of cases. ²² The 2 other relapsing dogs had evidence of bronchiectasis in the same region as the new lesions compatible with pneumonia that could predispose to recurrent or new infections. Bacterial pneumonia is a common cause and complication of bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is irreversible and requires effective treatment to attempt to slow the cycle of destruction and preserve the integrity of unaffected bronchi. ²³ Information about appropriate duration of antimicrobial treatment in both veterinary and human medicine is lacking in cases of bronchiectasis with secondary pneumonia. ^{23 , 24 , 25} In our opinion, given the complete resolution of imaging lesions at short‐term follow‐up in addition to serum CRP normalization, longer antimicrobial treatment may not necessarily be warranted in these dogs. In dogs with predisposing (eg, megaesophagus) or aggravating (eg, bronchiectasis) factors, owners should be made aware of the increased risk of relapse so as to encourage fast and appropriate action. It seems unlikely that other long‐term relapses were missed and, therefore, clinical and serum CRP‐guided shorter treatment duration appears to be safe, without increased occurrence of relapse.

The major limitation of our study is the lack of lower airway sampling to accurately differentiate bacterial pneumonia from pneumonitis, which does not necessarily warrant antimicrobial treatment. Additional prospective studies in which supportive treatment for pneumonitis is implemented pending culture results from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are needed. Another limitation is the absence of long‐term follow‐up in all dogs. Long‐term follow‐up was not achieved in some dogs because of lack of owner compliance. Nevertheless, given the follow‐up information obtained by phone, it seems unlikely that any long‐term relapse was missed. Serum CRP concentration can be increased as a result of any inflammatory systemic disease. Consequently, increased serum concentrations of CRP may have been caused by other systemic inflammatory conditions. That being said, dogs were reportedly healthy before developing clinical signs suggestive of AP. Moreover, complementary examinations were performed based on clinical suspicion by the attending clinician. All dogs had imaging findings suggestive of AP, without any other indication of a different systemic inflammatory disease. Finally, all dogs also had resolution of their clinical signs, which appeared to be associated with normalization of serum CRP concentrations. All of these findings make it unlikely that another systemic inflammatory condition was missed in these patients.

In conclusion, AP seems to be safely and effectively treated in most cases with 1 to 3weeks of antimicrobials based on clinical resolution and serum CRP normalization without increased risk of short‐ or long‐term relapses. In this study population, TXR and LUS do not seem to add valuable information during follow‐up because resolution of imaging abnormalities appears to lag behind clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATION

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

OFF‐LABEL ANTIMICROBIAL DECLARATION

Approved by the small animal ethics committee at the University of Liège, number 1610012.

INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE (IACUC) OR OTHER APPROVAL DECLARATION

HUMAN ETHICS APPROVAL DECLARATION

Authors declare human ethics approval was not needed for this study.

Supporting information

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Notes

Fernandes Rodrigues N, Giraud L, Bolen G, et al. Antimicrobial discontinuation in dogs with acute aspiration pneumonia based on clinical improvement and normalization of C‐reactive protein concentration. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(3):1082‐1088. 10.1111/jvim.16405 [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Funding information Purina Institute Resident Research Award, Grant/Award Number: 2019_Purina_05; European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine‐Companion Animals (ECVIM‐CA)

REFERENCES