Serum uromodulin associates with kidney function and outcome in a cohort of hospitalised COVID-19 patients

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76372-3

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Sci Rep. 2024; 14: 25420.

Published online 2024 Oct 25. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76372-3

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Table 1

Descriptive statistics are shown as numbers and percent (%) for categorical variables and median (Interquartile-Range) for continuous variables for all patients (overall) as well as separately for patients with and without acute kidney injury (AKI).

Variable		Overall		No AKI (n=227)		AKI (n=151)
		Value	n	Value	n	Value	n
Sex	F	44.18%	167	65.27%	109	34.73%	58
	M	55.82%	211	55.92%	118	44.08%	93
Age		73 (59–82)	378	66 (54–79)	227	79 (69–84)	151
Invasive ventilation	No	87.53%	330	65.76%	217	34.24%	113
	Yes	12.47%	47	19.15%	9	80.85%	38
WHO-score at admission	1	0.26%	1	100.00%	1	0.00%	0
	2	1.06%	4	100.00%	4	0.00%	0
	3	19.58%	74	64.86%	48	35.14%	26
	4	47.35%	179	53.63%	96	46.37%	83
	5	28.04%	106	61.32%	65	38.68%	41
	6	3.70%	14	92.86%	13	7.14%	1
In-hospital death	No	84.66%	320	91.15%	103	81.87%	217
	Yes	15.34%	58	8.85%	10	18.11%	48
Co-morbidities
Arterial hypertension	No	95.49%	360	60.56%	218	39.44%	142
	Yes	4.51%	17	52.94%	9	47.06%	8
Diabetes mellitus	No	65.08%	246	69.92%	172	30.08%	74
	Yes	34.92%	132	41.67%	55	58.33%	77
COPD	No	91.01%	344	61.92%	213	38.08%	131
	Yes	8.99%	34	41.18%	14	58.82%	20
History of malignoma	No	90.74%	343	61.52%	211	38.48%	132
	Yes	9.26%	35	45.71%	16	54.29%	19
CKD	No	76.98%	291	69.07%	201	30.93%	90
	Yes	23.02%	57	29.89%	26	70.11%	61
Renal replacement therapy	No	95.77%	362	62.15%	225	37.85%	137
	Yes	4.23%	16	12.50%	2*	87.50%	14^#
Immunocompromised	No	96.82%	365	60.55%	221	39.45%	144
	Yes	3.18%	12	50.00%	6	50.00%	6
Asthma	No	96.03%	363	59.78%	217	40.22%	146
	Yes	3.97%	15	66.67%	10	33.33%	5
Organ transplantation	No	99.73%	376	60.37%	227	39.63%	149
	Yes	0.27%	1	0.00%	0	100.00%	1
Variables at baseline
sUmod (ng/ml)		166.5 (95–251)	378	202 (147.5–288.5)	127	103 (62–168)	151
eGFR (CKD-EPI; ml/min/1,73m²)		67 (46–87)	377	82 (66.5–96.5)	227	43 (31–58)	150
UACR (g/g creatinine)		0.06 (0.02–0.17)	291	0.04 (0.01–0.1)	175	0.11 (0.03–0.23)	116
CRP (mg/l)		64.6 (26.75–104.45)	375	54.25 (20.45–91.82)	124	69.7 (34.15–130.15)	151
IL-6 (ng/l)		37.25 (18.52–80.97)	330	31.1 (13.9–55.4)	189	54.1 (26.5–127)	141
Leukocytes (Gpt/l)		6.3 (4.5–8.1)	378	6.1 (4.4–7.7)	227	6.6 (4.75–8.9)	151
Serum urea (mmol/l)		6.5 (4.6–10.2)	377	5.2 (3.8–6.77)	226	10.5 (7.05–15.55)	151
Serum albumin (g/l)		35.7 (31.9–38.9)	341	36.45 (33.98–39.52)	204	34.3 (30.6–37.6)	137
Urinary albumin (g/l)		0.05 (0.02–0.15)	305	0.03 (0.01–0.09)	186	0.1 (0.03 -0.27)	119
Serum creatinine (µmol/l)		90 (72–113)	378	78 (64.5–90.5)	227	124 (103–160)	151
PCT (µg/l)		0.12 (0.07–0.28)	350	0.09 (0.06–0.14)	207	0.22 (0.12–0.53)	143
LDH (µmol/l*s)		5.6 (4.3–7.3)	366	5.6 (4.45–7.25)	219	5.8 (4.3–7.3)	147
Serum protein (g/l)		63.6 (59.7–68.1)	349	64.5 (60.4–68.2)	206	62.75 (59.08–67.25)	144
Urinary protein (mg/l)		239 (130.25–482)	298	212 (116.5–388)	179	299 (159–688.5)	119

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CKD: chronic kidney disease, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP: C-reactive protein, IL-6: Interleukin-6, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, PCT: procalcitonin sUmod: serum uromodulin, UACR: urine albumin-creatinine ratio. * chronic dialysis patients. # acute renal replacement therapy in AKI patients (3 of 14 with preexisting CKD, 11/14 had no CKD at baseline).