PERMANOVA tests of the phylogenetic difference between pairs of groups, based on unweighted UniFrac (panels a, b, c) and weighted UniFrac (panels d, e, f). Shown are groups defined by country of origin (panels a, d), subsistence practice (panels b, e), and sex (panels c, f). The subsistence practices are abbreviated as US=western (Philadelphian), HG=hunter-gatherers (Hadza, San), AP=agropastoralists (Bantu agropastoralists, Burunge, Sandawe), and PA=pastoralists (Herero, Maasai). Bar in red denote pairs where the F-statistic p value is <0.05