'Apapane

taxon
aha mkpirisi	H. sanguinea
aha taxon	Himatione sanguinea
ọkwa taxon	species
nne na nna taxon	Himatione
original combination	Certhia sanguinea
endemic to	Hawaii
ọnọdụ nchekwa IUCN	Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha

ʻapapane (/ˌɑːpɑːˈpɑːneɪ/ AH-pah-PAH-nay; Himatione sanguinea) bụ obere, ụdị na-acha uhie uhie nke Hawaiian onye na-aṅụ mmanụ aṅụ nke dị na Hawaiian Agwaetiti.^[1] Ha bụ ndị na emepụta mmanụ aṅụ kachasị ukwuu ma na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe ma na ahụkwa n'àgwàetiti Hawaiʻi, Maui, Lānaʻi, Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi na Oʻahu.

ʻApapane na erikarị nri n'okirikiri osisi ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha), na-aṅụ nectar sitere na okooko osisi ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndị na-eme ndị pollinators dị mkpa. Ndị Hawaii na-ejikarị nku na-acha uhie uhie sitere na ʻiʻiwi, ma ụfọdụ sitere na apapane, iji chọọ ʻahuʻula (okpu), mahiole (okpu agha), na lei hulu (nku leis) nke aliʻi (ndị isi Hawa) chọọ mma..^[2]

Nkọwa

Apapane dị obere na 13 cm (5.1 in) mgbe ha toro nke ọma. Ha bụ dimorphic n'ụzọ mmekọahụ n'ogo: nwoke `apapane nwere oke 16 g (0.56 oz), ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-eru 14.4 g (0.51 oz). Apapane toro eto na-acha odo odo n'ozuzu ya, nwere mkpuchi mkpuchi ọdụ na-acha ọcha dị iche iche na nku afọ ala. Ha nwere primaries ojii na retricies. Nwatakịrị `apapane na acha odo odo-aja aja na isi awọ, nwere otu ụdị ọcha dị ka ndị toro eto, na-adaba n'ime mkpọ mkpọ n'ime afọ abụọ. 'A na-ahụkarị Apapane na ọdụ ọdụ, na-egosipụta nku ọcha ha.

Abụ

'Apapane bụ ndị na agụ egwú na arụsi ọrụ ike, gụnyere n'ụgbọelu. Enwere nnukwu ọdịiche na oku na abụ ha, mana a na-ekwughachi ahịrịokwu ugboro ugboro. A maara ha ka ha na-abụ abụ n'otu ebe maka oge 10-30 nke abụọ, abụ ha nwere ike ịgụnye mkpu ugboro ugboro, ụda, rasps, ụda olu, na ụda ụda.

Ihe oriri

ʻApapane nwere asụsụ tubular, asụsụ na-afụ ụfụ na ụgwọ ndị a na adịghị ahụkebe emebere maka inye nri nectar. Ha na-agakarị osisi ohia, na azụ okooko osisi n'ìgwè ewu na atụrụ dị iche iche na ụdị agwakọta, na-agbasakwa n'ọtụtụ ebe na-eso phenology okooko osisi. Apapane na-atụtụkọtakwa ụmụ ahụhụ na ududo site na akwụkwọ na obere alaka dị n'okirikiri; ha anaghị eri nri n'ala. Na 1953, nnyocha e mere 63 'apapane chọpụtara na 87% n'ime ha nwere urukurubụba na nla (Lepidoptera) n'ime afọ ha; 75% eriwo hoppers (Homoptera); 60% riri lacewing larvae (Neuroptera); na 43% riri spiders (Arachnida). Osisi ndị ọzọ 'apapane na-eji eme nri bụ māmane (Sophora chrysophylla), koa (Acacia koa), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), kọlea (Myrsine lessertiana), alani (Melicope sp.), kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), koki'o. ke'oke'o (Hibiscus arnotianus), na 'olapa (Cheirodendron trigynum).^[3]

Ịzụlite

Oge ọmụmụ na-amalite n'etiti Ọktọba na Nọvemba, na-arị elu n'etiti Febụwarị na June. 'Apapane akwụ́ na adịkarị na alaka ikpeazụ nke 'ōhiʻa; a chọtawo akwụ́ n'ime oghere osisi na tubes lava nakwa n'elu koa, kāwaʻu (Ilex anomala) na hapuʻu (Cibotium tree ferns). Nwanyị na-eyi àkwá 1-4 ma na-ekpuchi ruo ụbọchị 13.^[4] N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, n'oge a na-ekpuchi nwa, nke oké anaghị eleta akwụ́ mana ọ ga-enye nke nne nri mgbe ọ na-anọghị n'akwụ́.^[4] Ọ bụ ezie na nke nne anaghị abụ abụ ma ọ bụ kpọọ site na akwụ́, ọ na-achọta nke nwoke na-abụ abụ ma rịọ maka nri.^[4] Ozugbo àkwá ahụ pupụtara, nne na nna abụọ na-enye ụmụ ha nri.^[4] Ụmụ 'apapane na-adabere na nne na nna ha ruo ihe na-erughị ọnwa 4.^[4]

Ebe obibi na nkesa

A na-ahụ Apapane n'ime ọhịa mesic na oke mmiri nke osisi 'ohia na koa na-achị. Ogologo ha dị ukwuu ma njupụta ha na-agbanwe ka ha na-eme njem oge oge na nke oge maka ịchọ ifuru. A na-achọpụta ha n'ebe dị elu n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti, Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ 'apapane n'elu 4,100 feet (1,200 m), ebe anwụnta dị ole na ole ya mere ọ na-enwe obere nrụgide ọrịa. 'Apapane bi n'agwaetiti Hawai'i (~ 86% nke ndị bi: 1,080 ± 1,855 ±. 2009 maka West Maui), Kaua'i (98,506 2012), Molokaʻi (38,643 ± 2,360 est. 1979), O`ahu (24,000 ± 2,600 est. 1991), na Lānaʻi (540 ± 213 est. 1979). Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha kwụsiri ike ma bụrụkwa ụdị nke IUCN na-enwechaghị nchegbu.^[5]

Egwu na nchekwa

Anụ anwụnta na-eri nri ọbara site na 'apapane

‘Apapane are the most abundant honeycreeper species with the largest range. The total population has been estimated at more than 1.5 million individuals with the largest populations on Hawaii and Maui Islands. The main threats for 'apapane are habitat loss, disease and the introduction of alien species. ‘Apapane can be found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and Kaho’olawe, where it is primarily found at high elevations where rates of avian malaria are comparatively low. The species is also threatened by non-native mammalian predators such as Small Indian mongooses, rats, and feral cats.^[6] The species has the highest reported prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum), but their mortality is lower than most other honeycreeper species.^[7] Their high infection prevalence may be the result of their seasonal migrations to lower elevation forests putting individuals in contact with mosquitoes, particularly the introduced southern house mosquito, the primary vector of avian malaria, which are less common at higher elevations. 'Apapane are therefore suspected to be a significant reservoir for malaria transmission. P. relictum is a blood parasite, and host death is usually caused by anemia. Avian pox, which causes wart-like lesions to form around a bird's eyes, beak, legs, or feet, may also be lethal to ʻapapane if the lesions inhibit feeding, seeing, or perching. Like avian malaria, avian pox is transmitted by mosquitoes and birds infected with one are often coinfected with the other. The synergistic effects of co-infection may have additional impacts on infected 'apapane's survival.^[8] It is believed that at least a small portion of the population is becoming resistant to malaria, as some pairs have been seen breeding in mid-elevation forests, ~300m, where the rate of malaria transmission is high.

Taa, ọ dịghị ihe a na-eme kpọmkwem banyere ụdị a. Otú ọ dị, usoro nchekwa iji nyere ụdị nnụnụ ndị dị ụkọ aka na Hawaii ga-enyekwa 'apapane aka. Nzukọ dị iche iche n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ eguzobewo ebe nchekwa okike iji chebe ebe obibi ụmụ amaala. Igbochi akụkụ ala iji gbochie anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị ezì, ewu, na axis deer na-enyere osisi ala aka ịgbake site na ịtabiga nri ókè ma na-enyere aka iweghachi ebe obibi nnụnụ.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe egwu ọzọ etinyela ebe obibi nnụnụ n'ihe ize ndụ. Òtù ndị na-echekwa ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịgbasa ọrịa fungal a na-akpọ Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD).^[9] Ọrịa a, tinyere ʻōhiʻa dieback na ʻōhi'a rust, nwere ike iduga na mbelata ngwa ngwa n'ọhịa ʻōhi′a, isi iyi dị mkpa maka ʻapapane.

Ihe odide

↑ Definition of apapane | Dictionary.com (en). www.dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2022-08-06.
↑ Pratt (2009). Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300141085.
↑ Hibiscus arnottianus (Koki'o ke'oke'o). www.ctahr.hawaii.edu. Retrieved on 2022-07-09.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BirdsNorthAm
↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione sanguinea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103828426A111174421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103828426A111174421.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
↑ Feral Cats (en). Hawaii Invasive Species Council (2016-01-21). Retrieved on 2022-07-09.
↑ Samuel (June 2015). "Avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds: infection and population impacts across species and elevations" (in en). Ecosphere 6 (6): art104. DOI:10.1890/ES14-00393.1. ISSN 2150-8925.
↑ Samuel (November 2018). "The epidemiology of avian pox and interaction with avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds" (in en). Ecological Monographs 88 (4): 621–637. DOI:10.1002/ecm.1311. ISSN 1557-7015.
↑ RAPID ʻŌHIʻA DEATH. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved on 3 January 2020.

Njikọ mpụga

Foto - Monte M. Taylor
Vidio, foto na ụda - Nchịkọta Nnụnụ Ịntanetị

[1] Definition of apapane | Dictionary.com (en). www.dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2022-08-06.

[2] Pratt (2009). Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300141085.

[3] Hibiscus arnottianus (Koki'o ke'oke'o). www.ctahr.hawaii.edu. Retrieved on 2022-07-09.

[BirdsNorthAm-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BirdsNorthAm

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-5] BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione sanguinea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103828426A111174421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103828426A111174421.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[6] Feral Cats (en). Hawaii Invasive Species Council (2016-01-21). Retrieved on 2022-07-09.

[7] Samuel (June 2015). "Avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds: infection and population impacts across species and elevations" (in en). Ecosphere 6 (6): art104. DOI:10.1890/ES14-00393.1. ISSN 2150-8925.

[8] Samuel (November 2018). "The epidemiology of avian pox and interaction with avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds" (in en). Ecological Monographs 88 (4): 621–637. DOI:10.1002/ecm.1311. ISSN 1557-7015.

[9] RAPID ʻŌHIʻA DEATH. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved on 3 January 2020.

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