Apprenticeship

Ịmụ oru bụ usoro maka ịzụ ọgbọra ọhụrụ nke ndị na-amu ọrụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ nwere ọzụzụ ọrụ na mgbe ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ihe na-esote (ọrụ klas na ịgụ akwụkwọ). Ikuzi nkuzi nwekwara ike ime ka ndị na-eme ya nweta ikike ịme n'ọrụ ahaziri ahazi. A na-eme ọtụtụ n'ime ọzụzụ ha mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ maka onye were ha n'ọrụ na-enyere ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ aka ịmụta ọrụ ha , n'ọnọdụ maka ọrụ ha na-aga n'ihu maka oge ekwekọrịtara mgbe ha nwetachara ikike pụrụ iche.

Usoro okwu ọzọ

Enweghị nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ n'otu oge maka mmụta. Dabere na omenala, obodo na mpaghara, otu nkọwa ma ọ bụ yiri ya ka a na-eji kọwaa usoro mmụta mmụta, nkuzi, na ụgbọ mmiri ọzụzụ . Usoro abụọ ikpeazụ nwere ike ịka mma na ngalaba ahụike. Otu ihe atụ bụ internships na nkà mmụta ọgwụ maka ndị Dibia oyibo na ọzụzụ-ụgbọ mmiri maka ndị nọọsụ – na ọdịda anyanwụ mba. Ịmụ akwụkwọ bụ oge kachasị mma nke European Commission na nke a họpụtara maka iji European Center for Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) mee ihe, nke mepụtara ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere isiokwu a. Ụfọdụ mba ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe na-emezigharị omume mmụta nke Europe.

Usoro mmụta nke izizi malitere n'oge emepe emepe wee bụrụ ndị guild na gọọmenti obodo na-elekọta ya. Omenkà omenkà tozuru oke iwe ndị ntorobịa were dị ka ụdị ọrụ dị ọnụ ala maka inye nri, ebe obibi na ọzụzụ ọzụzụ n'ọrụ nka. Ọtụtụ ndị na-amụ ihe bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ndị inyom na-amụ akwụkwọ ka a hụrụ n'ọrụ aka dị ka seamtress, ^[1] ịkwa akwa, cordwainer, bred na onye na -ede akwụkwọ . ^[2] Ndị nkuzi na-amalitekarị mgbe ha dị afọ iri ruo afọ iri na ise, ha ga-ebikwa n'ụlọ ndị omenkà. Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti onye omenkà, onye na-amụ ọrụ na, n'ozuzu, ndị nne na nna onye na-amụ ihe na-abụkarị ihe ntinye aka . ^[3] Ọtụtụ ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ chọsiri ike ịghọ ndị omenkà n'onwe ha mgbe ha gwụchara nkwekọrịta ha (na-abụkarị afọ asaa), mana ụfọdụ ga-anọ oge dị ka onye njem na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu agaghị enweta ogbako nke ha. Na Coventry ndị na-emecha ọzụzụ afọ asaa na ndị na- ere ahịa nwere ikike ịghọ ndị nweere onwe ha n'obodo ahụ . ^[4]

Ụdị nkuzi

Enwere ike kewaa nkuzi ụzọ abụọ: Independent and Cooperative. ^[6]

Ọzụzụ nkuzi nọọrọ onwe ya bụ nke ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ haziri na jikwaa ya, na-enweghị itinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ. Ha na-ekewapụ onwe ha na usoro ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụla, nke pụtara na, ha na-emekarị, ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ anaghị etinye aka na mmemme mmụta ọ bụla n'otu oge mana, ọ bụrụgodị na ha nọ, ọ dịghị njikọ dị n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe na nkuzi.

Ọzụzụ nkuzi nkwado bụ nke ahaziri na jikwaa na nkwado n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na ndị were were n'ọrụ. Ha na-adịgasị iche n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị, ụfọdụ bụ ndị na-edu ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ na ndị ọzọ na-eduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, mana a na-ejikọta ha na usoro ọmụmụ ma na-emepụta ya dị ka ụzọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ iji tinye tiori n'ọrụ na ịmụta nkà mmụta n'ụzọ na-enye ha ike. nnwere onwe ọkachamara. Enwere ike ichikota njirimara ha bụ isi na ndị a:


	Ụlọ ọrụ na onye ọrụ na-ekekọrịta ọchịchị	Institution led Governance (ogologo okirikiri)	Institution led Governance (obere okirikiri)	Onye ọrụ na-edu ọchịchị
Mmemme agụmakwụkwọ	ISCED 6	ISCED 6	ISCED 6	ISCED 5–6
Ụdị mmemme	Ụlọ ọrụ- & arụkọ ọrụ	Ọzụzụ nka dị elu, agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọkachamara, agụmakwụkwọ ka elu	Ọzụzụ nka dị elu, agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọkachamara, agụmakwụkwọ ka elu	Nkuzi aka oru di elu, mmuta di elu ndi okachamara
Ogologo ogologo	3-4 afọ	2-3 afọ	2-3 afọ	1 afọ
Tiori/omume nguzozi	Ozizi & omume ọzọ (50%-50%)	Ndokwa dị mkpirikpi site na izu ole na ole ruo ọnwa 6	Ndokwa site na 30 ruo 40% nke usoro ọmụmụ	Na-arụ ọrụ maka opekempe nke awa 30 kwa izu, 20% nke awa mmụta ga-apụrịrị n'ọrụ.
Ebe mmụta	Ụlọ ọrụ -& arụkọ ọrụ	Ụlọ ọrụ -& arụkọ ọrụ	Ụlọ ọrụ -& arụkọ ọrụ	Dabere na ọrụ
Nkwekọrịta	Ee	Ee	Ee	Ee

Sistemụ nkuzi n'ụwa niile

Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọzụzụ ọrụ aka, Bagan ( Myanmar ).

Amumu oru Australia gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ it niile. Ha na-ekpuchi ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ niile dị n'Australia ma ejiri ha wee nweta ma ebumnuche 'ntinye-ọkwa' na ebumnuche 'oke' ọrụ. Enwere ndị nkuzi Australia 475,000 na ọzụzụ dịka na 31 Maachị 2012, mmụba nke 2.4% site na afọ gara aga. Gọọmenti Australia na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ na ihe mkpali ndị ọrụ nwere ike dị, ebe Gọọmenti Steeti na gburugburu nwere ike inye nkwado ego ọhanaeze maka akụkụ ọzụzụ nke atụmatụ a. Ịmụ akwụkwọ Australian na-ejikọta oge na-arụ ọrụ na ọzụzụ ọzụzụ ma nwee ike ịbụ oge zuru oke, nwa oge ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. ^[7]

Austria

Ahaziri ọzụzụ nkuzi n'Austria n'usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere akụkụ ọzụzụ ogologo oge. Yabụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnweta Matura chọrọ ịbanye mahadum. WIFI ^[8] nke ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ọzụzụ nke ndị na-amụ ọrụ na-akwado ya site na ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ nwa oge maka ndị na-amụ (Berufsschule). ^[9] Ọ na-adị afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ - ogologo oge dịgasị iche n'etiti azụmaahịa 250 a ghọtara n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.

Czech Republic

Na Czech Republic, okwu ahụ bụ "ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ" (učiliště) nwere ike na-ezo aka na afọ abụọ, atọ ma ọ bụ anọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. A na-emejuputa ọzụzụ nkuzi n'okpuru iwu agụmakwụkwọ (školský zákon). Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-etinye ihe dị ka 30-60% nke oge ha na ụlọ ọrụ (sociální partneři školy) na ndị ọzọ na agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị. Dabere na ọrụ ha, ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'izu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wee nọrọ ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka.

Germany

Nkụzi bụ akụkụ nke usoro mmụta abụọ nke Germany. Berufsakademie bụ sistemu abụọ iji nweta nzere bachelọ na Gesellenbrief. Na Teknụzụ Welding dị na Germany anabataghị ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na-enweghị ezigbo Schweißerprüfung. Ndị dị otú ahụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ọrụ ọtụtụ mmadụ. Ịchọta ezigbo ọrụ n'agụchabeghị akwụkwọ mmụta bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. Maka Technikerschule, Höhere Fachschule, Betriebsleiterlehrgang na Seefahrt dị ka teknụzụ nri, nkuzi na ọrụ akwadoro. Ugo mmụta a bụ Staatlich geprüfter Techniker (Ọkachamara steeti enwetara asambodo).

United Kingdom

Welsh Government video: case study; 2016

Analogs na mahadum na ọkachamara mmepe

Echiche ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ọzụzụ nkuzi yiri nkuzi mana ọ bụghị nke siri ike. Ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ka na-eji amatụ ịmụ akwụkwọ na-emepụta ndị ọkà mmụta : a na-ebuli ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nna ukwu wee mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye nlekọta tupu òtù ụlọ ọrụ nke mahadum aghọta na mmezu nke ụkpụrụ nke doctorate . Echiche ọzọ nke usoro a bụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọrụ nke ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ, ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ post-doctoral dị ka ndị njem njem, na ndị ọkachamara dị ka ndị nna ukwu . Na ụba nke Mba" Adam Smith kwuru na:

Afọ asaa di ka ọ bụ n'oge ochie, na Europe niile, usoro a na-emebu emebe maka oge mmụta n'akụkụ ka ukwuu nke azụmaahịa agbakwunyere. A na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ niile dị otú ahụ mahadum n'oge ochie, nke bụ aha Latin kwesịrị ekwesị maka ntinye ọ bụla. Mahadum smiths, mahadum nke akwa akwa, wdg, bụ okwu anyị na-ezute na akwụkwọ ikike ochie nke obodo ochie [. . . N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ afọ asaa n'okpuru nna ukwu nke ruru eru dị mkpa iji nye onye ọ bụla ikike ịghọ nna ukwu na ịmụta nkà n'ịzụ ahịa nkịtị; ya mere, akwụkwọ afọ asaa n'okpuru nna ukwu tozuru oke dị mkpa iji nye ya ikike ịghọ nna ukwu, onye nkụzi, ma ọ bụ dọkịta (okwu oge ochie) na nkà na-emesapụ aka, na inwe ndị ọkà mmụta ma ọ bụ ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ (okwu ndị ahụ na-ejikọta ya na mbụ) iji mụọ n'okpuru ya. ^[10]

↑ Apprenticeship indenture. Cambridge University Library Archives (Luard 179/9) (March 18, 1642). Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved on February 23, 2022.
↑ Apprenticeship indentures 1604–1697. Cambridge St Edward Parish Church archives (KP28/14/2). Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved on 2009-12-07.
↑ Morgan (2001). "The Early Middle Ages", The Oxford History of Britain. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
↑ Adrian Room, "Cash, John (1822–1880)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
↑ ApprenticeshipQ – Managing Apprenticeships Quality.
↑ Davy, N., Frakenberg, A. (2019). Typology of Apprenticeships in Higher Vocational Education. Retrieved 8 May 2019
↑ Australian Apprenticeships Homepage. www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
↑ WIFI Vorarlberg. www.vlbg.wifi.at.
↑ Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung: Aktuelles. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved on 2010-07-11.
↑ Smith (1776). Wealth of Nations: An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell. ISBN 9781607781738.

[1] Apprenticeship indenture. Cambridge University Library Archives (Luard 179/9) (March 18, 1642). Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved on February 23, 2022.

[2] Apprenticeship indentures 1604–1697. Cambridge St Edward Parish Church archives (KP28/14/2). Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved on 2009-12-07.

[KOM-3] Morgan (2001). "The Early Middle Ages", The Oxford History of Britain. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

[4] Adrian Room, "Cash, John (1822–1880)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

[5] ApprenticeshipQ – Managing Apprenticeships Quality.

[6] Davy, N., Frakenberg, A. (2019). Typology of Apprenticeships in Higher Vocational Education. Retrieved 8 May 2019

[7] Australian Apprenticeships Homepage. www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.

[8] WIFI Vorarlberg. www.vlbg.wifi.at.

[bmukk.gv.at-9] Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung: Aktuelles. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved on 2010-07-11.

[10] Smith (1776). Wealth of Nations: An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell. ISBN 9781607781738.

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