Asụsụ Wintuan

Wintuan (nke a na-akpọkwa Wintun, Wintoon, Copeh, Copehan) bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Ndagwurugwu Sacramento nke etiti Northern California.

Asụsụ Wintuan niile bụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

Nchịkọta

Nkewa ezinụlọ

Shipley (1978:89) depụtara asụsụ Wintuan atọ na nchịkọta encyclopedic ya nke asụsụ California Indian. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Mithun (1999) kewara Southern Wintuan n'ime asụsụ Patwin na asụsụ Southern Patwin, na-akpata nkewa ndị a.   Wintu kwụsịrị na ọnwụ nke onye na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na 2003 (Golla 2011: 143). Nomlaki nwere opekata mpe otu ọkà okwu (dịka nke 2010, Golla 2011:143). Otu ọkà okwu nke Patwin (olumba Hill Patwin) nọgidere na 2003 (Golla 2011: 145). Southern Patwin, nke ebo Suisun na-ekwu okwu ya dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke San Francisco Bay, kwụsịrị na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ma bụrụ nke a maara nke ọma (Golla 2011: 146; Mithun 1999). Wintu kwesịrị ekwesị bụ nke kacha mma edere n'asụsụ Wintuan anọ.

Pitkin (1984) mere atụmatụ na asụsụ Wintuan dị nso na ibe ha dịka Asụsụ Romance. Ha nwere ike isi n'asụsụ ha na-asụ naanị afọ 2,000 gara aga. Nnyocha ntụnyere gụnyere nrụzigharị nke ụdaolu Proto-Wintuan, ọdịdị na okwu bụ nke Shepherd mere (2006).

Mmekọrịta nwere ike ịdị na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ

A na-elekarị ezinụlọ Wintuan anya dị ka otu n'ime hypothetical Penutian language phylum (Golla 2011:128-168) ma bụrụ otu n'ime ngalaba ise nke kernel California mbụ nke Penutian nke Roland B. Dixon na Alfred L. Kroeber tụpụtara ( 1913a, 1913b). Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ndị Wintuans banyere onwe ha batara California ihe dị ka afọ 1,500 gara aga site na ebe mbụ ebe na Oregon (Golla 2007: 75-78). Usoro okwu ọnụ nke Wintuan yiri nke Klamath, ebe enwere ọtụtụ myirịta okwu n'etiti Northern Wintuan na Alsea nke yiri ka ọ bụ mbinye ego (Golla 1997; DeLancey na Golla 1997; Liedtke 2007).

Akwụkwọ

• DeLancey, Scott & Victor Golla (1997). The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 171-202.
• Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1903). The native languages of California. American Anthropologist, 5, 1-26.
• Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1913a). New linguistic families in California. American Anthropologist, 15, 647-655.
• Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1913b). Relationship of the Indian languages of California. Science, 37, 225.
• Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1919). Linguistic families of California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16:47-118. Berkeley: University of California.
• Golla, Victor (1997). The Alsea-Wintu connection. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 157-170.
• Golla, Victor (2007). Linguistic Prehistory. California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, pp. 71–82. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York: Altamira Press. Àtụ:ISBN.
• Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
• Grant, Anthony (1997). Coast Oregon Penutian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 144-156.
• Liedtke, Stefan (2007).The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics, 55. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 978-3-89586-357-8
• Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); Àtụ:ISBN.
• Pitkin, Harvey (1984). Wintu grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 94). Berkeley: University of California Press. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-520-09612-6.
• Pitkin, Harvey (1985). Wintu dictionary. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 95). Berkeley: University of California Press. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-520-09613-4.
• Schlichter, Alice (1981). Wintu Dictionary. Report #2 of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Department of Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley.
• Shepherd, Alice (1989). Wintu texts. Berkeley: University of California Press. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-520-09748-3.
• Shipley, William F. (1978). Native Languages of California. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8 (California), pages 80–90. William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754.
• Shepherd, Alice (2006). Proto-Wintun. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 137). Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Whistler, Kenneth W. (1977). Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 19–21. pp. 157–174. Berkeley.
• Whistler, Kenneth W. (1980). Proto-Wintun kin classification: A case study in reconstruction of a complex semantic system. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).