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Ihe osise nke Alaeze Benin

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Art of the Kingdom of Benin
art of an area
obere ụdị nkeart of the Earth Dezie
ihu nkeBenin Empire Dezie
mba/obodoBenin Empire Dezie
oge obidoro13. century Dezie
oge ngwụcha1897 Dezie
Benin ọla
Benin nkpuchi ọdụm
Bronze Head of Queen Idia

  Nkà Benin bụ nka sitere n'alaeze Benin [1] ma ọ bụ Edo Empire (1440–1897), obodo Afrịka tupu oge ọchịchị nke dị na ebe a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka mpaghara ndịda Naijiria . [2] N'ịbụ nke e ji ọla nchara akpụ akpụ na ọdụ́ a kpụrụ akpụ mee, a na-emepụta ihe osise Benin karịsịa maka ụlọikpe Oba nke Benin - onye ọchịchị Chineke nke ndị omenkà rụpụtara ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ememe. [3] Enwere ike ịghọta mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ndị a site na mmata na nleba anya n'echiche omenala abụọ na-akwado nka nke Benin: ekele Western maka ha bụ isi dị ka ọrụ nka, na nghọta ha na Benin dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na dị ka ngwaọrụ mnemonic iji wughachi. akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe omume. Ihe mbụ a pụtara dị oke mkpa na Benin. [4]

Mkpa nka na omenala Benin

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Ala eze Benin dị ike, mana omenaala Benin enyeghị ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ amara nke ọma. [5] Akụkọ ka alaeze Benin siri malite dịka omenala na obodo si malite na akụkọ mmalite :

Otu nwoke nke na-enweghị isi nọ na-ese n'elu mmiri mgbe ọ nụrụ olu sitere na mmụọ na-asị, "Meghee anya gị". [5] Ozugbo nwoke ahụ meghere anya ya, ọ ghọrọ otu na mmụọ nsọ. [5] N'oge na-adịghị ka ụtarị na eju eju pụtara n'akụkụ ya, nwoke ahụ wee kpebie ịpịa ala ọ nọ na ya. [5] Akara ọla edo pụtara, na orb ọla edo a, nke ga-emecha mara dị ka anyanwụ, na-ewetara nwoke ahụ obi ụtọ na obi ụtọ. [5] Ọzọ, nwoke ahụ tiri ụtarị ya n'ala, nke a mere ka oké ọhịa na anụ ọhịa pụta n'ihu ya. [5] Ma ọzọ, nwoke ahụ were ụtarị ya tie ụwa, ma otu obodo jupụtara na mmadụ pụtara. [5] Mgbe ahụ, a bịara mara ya dị ka Onyenwe anyị si n'eluigwe. [5] N’ihi ya, o nyere obodo ahụ iwu ka ha wuo mkpọmkpọ ala e sere ọcha nke ga-abụ ihe ncheta nke ike na ihe o kere. [5] O wee mata na otu nwoke bụ onye nchụàjà, o wee nye iwu ka onye nchụàjà na-eyi uwe ọcha mgbe niile. [5]

E jighị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ebugharị akụkọ banyere mmalite Benin. [5] N'ezie, Benin dị ka omenala sitere n'ọdịnala ọnụ : akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ niile anyị maara taa site na Benin na-agafe site na mmadụ gaa na onye site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ. [5] Ihe a na-akpọ Benin bronze (a na-eji ọla kọpa eme ha) na ihe osise ndị ọzọ dị ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mkpa karịsịa n'ihi na ha bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin . [6] [5] Ọzọkwa, ọla kọpa Benin na ọrụ nka bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe atụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere maka ihe ngosi anụ ahụ nke ọdịbendị. [5] Na mbụ, obodo na omenala Benin malitere dị ka alaeze nke dabere naanị n'ụtụ isi. [5] Ka e mesịrị, omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin mere ka ọ baa ọgaranya ma na-esiwanye ike n'ihi mmeri ha meriri site n'agha. [5] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agha nke mebiri Benin bụ agha Idah (1515-1516). Agha Idah bụ agha okpukpe nke Benin meriri na ya. Agha a mere ka e nwee ịdị n’otu na ike n’Alaeze Ukwu Benin. [5] Agha ndị Benin so na ndị Benin meriri mere ka Benin ghọọ ike ọchịchị . [5] Ọ bụ n'okpuru Oba Ewuare (r. 1440-1473) ka Benin ghọrọ alaeze site n'ịmalite agha na imeri ala ndị ọzọ. [5] Nke a mekwara ka e guzobe ọtụtụ ụzọ ahia na obodo ndị na-akwụ ụtụ . [5] Ya mere, akụ na ụba na ọganihu nke mba ahụ masịrị ndị Europe mbụ rutere Benin. [5] N'ozuzu, omenala Benin bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ omenala na-adabereghị na akwụkwọ, na ọ bụ omenala nwere ike dị ukwuu tupu narị afọ nke 16 . [5]

Ọgụgụ oge

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N'iburu n'uche ọdịiche dị n'ụdị, ụfọdụ ndị edemede kewara nka nke Benin, gụnyere Egyptologist Boris de Rachewiltz n'oge ndị a:

Mba. Aha Ogologo oge
1 Oge Archaic site na mmalite-1360
2 Oge Ochie 1360-1500
3 Oge Okooko 1500-1575
4 Oge Apogee 1575–1648
5 "Renaissance" 1648–1691
6 Oge Mbelata 1691–1819

Mgbe ndị Britain 1897 kwakọchara ụlọ Oba Ovonramwen maka mmegwara maka igbu ọchụ nke ndị nnọchi anya Britain, a na-erere ọtụtụ ihe nka Benin na London. [7] Taa, alaeze Benin, nke dị ugbu a na Naijiria nke oge a, na-arịọ maka ihe osise ya azụ, nke gbasaa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ dịka Britain, Germany, na United States. [7] N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " Benin Dialogue Group " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. [7] Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi ogbugbu George Floyd na ngagharị iwe sochirinụ . [7] Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie alaghachila ma ọ bụ kwe nkwa iweghachi iberibe ha. [7] Site na nlọghachi nke ọrụ zuru ezu, ọtụtụ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnọdụ nka, ebe a na-alụ ọgụ maka inwe na Nigeria n'etiti otu atọ dị iche iche: ụmụ nke oba ikpeazụ, onye ọchịchị ugbu a, Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki, na gọọmenti etiti. ọchịchị na steeti Naijiria. [7] Oba ugbu a kwenyere na ezinaụlọ eze nwere ikike na-ekwu maka ihe osise. Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na inye otu ezinụlọ ihe osise nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma ebe ọ bụ na ezinụlọ eze enweghịzi ike. [7] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, gọvanọ nwere atụmatụ maka ụlọ ihe ngosi nka. [7] Ndị nkatọ na-arụ ụka na ozugbo gọvanọ ugbu a Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki hapụrụ ọrụ na 2024 na a ga-ahapụ atụmatụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. [7] Steeti Naijiria kwenyere na ya nwere ikike maka ihe osise ahụ, mana ọtụtụ na-atụ egwu na nrụrụ aka na nrụrụ aka na gọọmentị Naijiria, na-ekwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mere na 1973 mgbe onye isi ala n'oge ahụ, General Yakubu Gowon, banyere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria dị na Legọs were otu n'ime ndị isi Benin nye ya Queen Elizabeth ; Ibé ahụ ka dị taa na Royal Collection nke Britain. [7]

Nkà eze nke Benin

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Britain, Germany, na United States. [8] N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " Benin Dialogue Group " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. [8] Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi ogbugbu George Floyd na ngagharị iwe sochirinụ . [8] Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochieBritain, Germany, na United States. [9] N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " Benin Dialogue Group " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. [9] Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi ogbugbu George Floyd na ngagharị iwe sochirinụ . [9] Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie

  1. ↑ The Kingdom of Benin. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-01-24.
  2. ↑ Benin | historical kingdom, West Africa (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  3. ↑ Benin Standing Figure (en-US). Peyton Wright Gallery (2015-03-11). Retrieved on 2022-06-11.
  4. ↑ (2007) in Barbara Plankensteiner: Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria. Exhibition catalogue Kunsthistoriches Museum Vienna mit MVK und OTM/Snoeck. ISBN 3-88609-606-8. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 Docherty (2021). Blood and bronze : the British empire and the sack of Benin. London: C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 978-1-78738-456-9. OCLC 1242465258. 
  6. ↑ Cartwright. Kingdom of Benin (en). World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2023-01-24.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 Frum (2022-09-14). Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? (en). The Atlantic. Retrieved on 2022-11-22.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Frum (2022-09-14). Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? (en). The Atlantic. Retrieved on 2022-11-22.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Frum (2022-09-14). Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? (en). The Atlantic. Retrieved on 2022-11-22.

Nkà eze nke ala eze Benin nke mpaghara ndịda Nigeria na-ekwusi ike na etiti Oba, ma ọ bụ eze Chineke, na-egosipụta ọdịdị dị nsọ ya. Mgbe ha na-edekọ ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ịrịba ama nke ala-eze na nsonye nke Oba na ha, ha na-ebutekwa mmekọrịta nke Oba na ndị dị elu ma na-asọpụrụ ndị nna nna ya chi, na-eme ka ọga n'ihu dị mkpa maka ọdịmma ala-eze ahụ. [1]

E nyere ihe ndị e ji eme ihe na nkà eze nke Benin—nke bụ́ isi ọla, ọdụ́, na coral—nwere ike dị nsọ. Uru ebumpụta ụwa nke ihe ndị a dị n'ime Benin na oge na nka a na-etinye n'ọrụ ha na-egosipụta mmetụta ụwa na nke ụwa ọzọ nke Oba na nnukwu akụ nke alaeze ya. Nkà eze nke Benin so na omenala na-akwado mgbakọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akwalite mmepụta ihe na ihe ọhụrụ, karịsịa dị ka ngosipụta nke ikike eze. Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọchịchị ejirila nka kọwaa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala-eze na iji dobe onwe ha n'oge gara aga na mbọ iji kwado atụmatụ nke ha na ịkọwapụta ihe oyiyi ha maka ụmụ ọmụmụ. [2]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị ndị na-ege ntị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ mara amara mgbe njem Benin nke 1897 gasịrị, [3] nka Benin dị adị kemgbe opekata mpe narị afọ nke 13.

Ebe ịchụàjà ndị nna ochie

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Ebe ịchụ-aja abụọ nke nna ochie, nke dị n’ihu, nke Oba Akenzua nke Abụọ, 1936

Oba arụnyere ọhụrụ bụ ọrụ maka imepụta ebe ịchụàjà nke a raara nye nna ya, na-enye ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ka ha chọọ ya mma ma na-arụ ọrụ ya mgbe niile site na iji àjà nri ma ọ bụ ọbara anụmanụ. Oba na-emere nne ya otu ihe ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nweta aha iyoba, ma ọ bụ eze nwanyị . Ebe a na-edobe mgbịrịgba na mgbịrịgba n'elu ebe ịchụàjà ndị nna ochie niile, a na-eme ọdụm na isi ọla ncheta maka ebe ịchụàjà eze. Ejikọtara ya na ahia, ọdụm na ọla na-adịte aka ma baa uru, na agba ha - na-acha ọcha dị ka ụrọ kaolin dị nsọ na uhie dị ka ọkụ na coral beads - metụtara ike eze. [4]

Tupu mmeri Briten, ogige Oba bụ ebe a na-eme ememe na nsọpụrụ ya. Ndị agha Britain kọrọ akụkọ ebe ịchụàjà 18 raara nye Obas gara aga mgbe ha weghaara obí ahụ na 1897. Taa, ebe ịchụàjà eze niile guzoro n'otu ogige. [1]

Otu n'ime ihe ndị pụrụ iche na nka Benin bụ Ikegbo, ma ọ bụ "ebe ịchụàjà aka," nke na-eme ememe nke ndị pụrụ iche. A na-ejikọta aka na ime ihe na mmepụta ihe, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke akụ na ụba, ọkwa, na ihe ịga nke ọma maka ndị niile na-adabere na nkà aka na ike anụ ahụ. A na-enye ụdị ebe ịchụàjà dị otú a na terracotta, osisi, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa, dabere na ọkwa nke onye na-elekọta ya. [5]

Art metụtara ememe n'ụlọ ikpe

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Mgbịrịgba mgbịrịgba abụọ a (Egogo) bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọdụm kacha ochie dị ndụ n'Africa; naanị isii n'ime gong ọdụm ndị a ka amara. Ndị oba ji ha mee emume Emobo chụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ. E ji oba kpụrụ ya, onye ọchịagha ya na onye nketa ya kwadoro.

Ememe nkeonwe na nke ọha na-egosi ọtụtụ oge dị mkpa na kalenda afọ Benin. N'oge gara aga, a na-eme ọtụtụ emume n'ime afọ niile iji nweta nkwado nke ụwa ọzọ maka ọdịmma ala-eze na ime emume ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ntolite ya. Maka ihe dị mma, onye ọchịchị ugbu a, Oba Ewuare II, na-emesi mmemme ngwụcha afọ a na-akpọ Igue, bụ nke a na-eme n'oge ezumike oyi iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ bịa. Igue na-agụnye usoro mmemme nke na-eme ka ike dị elu nke Oba dị ọcha ma sachapụ mmụọ ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ala-eze. [6]

Ememe emume ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke Benin gụnyere Ague, bụ ebe a na-agọzi yams mbụ na-enwe olileanya na owuwe ihe ubi ga-aga nke ọma; Ugie Ivie, [7] Ememe Osolobuẹ, nke a na-asa coral na nkume uhie uhie n'ọbara ehi iji meghachi ya n'ike mmụọ; Ugie Erha Oba, nke na-asọpụrụ nna Oba na ndị nna nna nile; Oduduwa, a masquerade that also sọpụrụ ndị nna nna Oba; na Ugie Oro, na-eme ememe mmeri Oba Esigie meriri ala eze Idah na narị afọ nke iri na isii. [6]

Ngongị abụọ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọma bụ ihe atụ nka metụtara emume n'ụlọ ikpe. A na-akpọ ha gong "okpukpu abụọ" n'ihi iko nke abụọ na-emegharị emegharị n'ihu ha. Dịka, onyonyo etiti bụ Oba na coral regalia nke ndị isi nchụaja Osa na Osuan na-akwado, ndị isi na-elekọta ebe ịchụàjà nke chi abụọ na-akwado alaeze ahụ. Gong ndị a ka na-ebu taa site n'Oba n'oge Emobo, nke ikpeazụ n'ememe ike nke Igue. Oba na-eji nwayọ kpatụ ngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ ahụ, na-emepụta ụda ụda iji mee ka obi dị jụụ na ịchụpụ mmụọ na-enweghị isi n'alaeze ahụ. [8]

Ihe onyonyo agụ owuru na nka Benin

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A na-akpọ Oba ahụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ dị ka "agụ ụlọ," na ihe oyiyi nke nwamba mara mma, aghụghọ na nke dị ize ndụ na-apụta ugboro ugboro na nka eze nke Benin. Tupu mbuso agha Briten na 1897, a na-edobe agụ owuru n'ime ulo n'ulo eze iji gosi na Oba nwere ikike n'ime ozara. A na-ejikọkwa onyonyo agụ owuru na ike ndị agha Oba. [9]

  • Box in the form of a leopard's head; 19th century; 17.1 x 14 cm (6 3⁄4 x 5 1⁄2 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City). This box was used to hold kola nuts presented to visitors in the royal court of Benin. Leopards are one of the most commonly portrayed animals in African art. Intelligent and courageous, they often serve as metaphors for powerful individuals or associations
    Igbe dị n'ụdị isi agụ; àjà nke 19; 17.1 x14 cm (6 );Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn(New York City). E ji igbe a na-ebunye njikere kola e nyere ndị ọbịa n'obí eze Benin. Agụ bụ otu n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-agụkarị na nka n'Africa. N'ịbụ ndị nwere ikike isi na ndị nwere obi ike, ha na-ese ihe atụ maka ndị dị ike ma ọ bụ ibu
  • Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass; Ethnological Museum of Berlin (Germany)
    Leopard aquamanile; àjà nke 17; ọla;Ethnological Museum nke Berlin(Germany)
  • Figure of a leopard; 1550-1680; bronze; height: 39.4 cm (15 1⁄2 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
    Ihe atụ nke agụ owuru; 1550-1680; ọla kọpa; elu: 39.4 cm (15);Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan(New York City)

Nkedo ọla

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Brass casters ( igun eronmwon ) are the highest-ranking craft guild within the hierarchical structure of the Iwebo society, followed by blacksmiths ( igun ematon ) and evory and wood carvers ( igbesanwan ). [10]

A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmalite nkedo ọla na Benin. Otu akụkọ na-ewu ewu na-akwado Oba Oguola (echichiri c. 1280) na iziga onye isi ụlọ ọrụ brass si Ile Ife, bụ isi obodo nke ala eze Ife oge ochie n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, ma mechaa guzobe otu ụlọ ọrụ nkedo ọla eze. [11] [12] Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro ka a na-eme nkedo ọla n'onwe ya na Benin ma nwee ike irite uru n'otu n'otu site na mgbanwe ha na Ile Ife. [13] Ndị na-emepụta ihe na mpaghara abụọ ahụ na-eji usoro wax furu efu, bụ nke a na-emepụta ihe nlereanya wax zuru ezu nke ọma n'elu isi ụrọ. Mgbe ihe nlereanya ahụ zuru ezu, a na-eji nlezianya tinye ụrọ n'elu wax. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agbaze wax, nke na-esi na ọwa dị warara pụta. Na-esote, a na-awụsa ígwè a wụrụ awụ n'ime ihe. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, a na-akpụpụ ụrọ ahụ tara akpụ, hapụ ihe oyiyi a tụbara n'ọla. [14] [15]

  • Horse and rider; 16–17th century; Rietberg Museum (Zürich, Switzerland)
    Ịnyịnya na onye na-agba; Narị afọ 16–17;Rietberg Museum(Zürich,Switzerland)
  • Portrait of the king Osemwende; circa 1810; Rietberg Museum
    Eserese nke eze Osemwende; ihe dịka 1810; Rietberg Museum

Njem njem ntaramahụhụ

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Mbelata nka nka Benin mere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe njem Benin nke 1897 [3] [16] [17] nke ndị Britain butere mmebi n'ime imepụta nka. Na February 18, 1897, ndị Briten rutere Benin City iji taa ahụhụ mgbuchapụ. Ngwongwo nke Oba na ogba ya ghuru ihe agha. A na-agbakọta ihe ndị ahụ na-enweghị mmasị maka ihe jikọrọ ha; Enweghị ndekọ ahaziri ahazi gbasara nhazi ma ọ bụ ntinye ha. E rere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na London iji mebie ọnụ ahịa njem ahụ. [18] [19] [20]

Okwu ndị dị ugbu a gbasara nloghachi nke nka Benin e mebiri emebi

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Ihe ndị e bukọrọ n’ike sitere na Benin punative Raid, 1897

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Benin—Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved on 2 April 2013.
  2. ↑ Overview | The Art Institute of Chicago. archive.artic.edu. Retrieved on 2021-05-24.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Robert. (1983). City of blood revisited : a new look at the benin expedition of 1897.. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-4824-9. OCLC 795371327. 
  4. ↑ The Royal Altars | The Art Institute of Chicago. archive.artic.edu. Retrieved on 2021-05-24.
  5. ↑ Oba with Animals, Altar to the Hand (Ikegobo) of Ezomo Ehenua [Nigeria; Edo peoples, court of Benin (1991.17.113,1996.11)]. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2000). Retrieved on 3 April 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rituals at Court (en). Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved on 2021-07-09.
  7. ↑ admin (2022-03-29). The Cultural Significance Of Coral Beads To The Benin People (en-US). The Street Journal. Retrieved on 2023-01-24.
  8. ↑ Double-Gong and Striker. Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved on 2021-07-09.
  9. ↑ The Oba: Leopard of the House (Ekpen N'Owa). Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  10. ↑ Benin Bronze casting: The story of power and royalty... (en-US). Vanguard News (2010-04-10). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  11. ↑ Inneh (2007). "The Guilds Working for the Palace", in Plankensteiner: Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria. Ghent: Snoeck. ISBN 978-9053496268. 
  12. ↑ Egharevba (1968). A Short History of Benin, 4th Edition. Ibadan University Press. 
  13. ↑ Gore (Summer 1997). "Casting Identities in Contemporary Benin". African Arts 30 (3): 54–61, 93. DOI:10.2307/3337500. 
  14. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Plankensteiner
  15. ↑ Jeffreys (June 1951). "The origins of the Benin bronzes" (in en). African Studies 10 (2): 87–92. DOI:10.1080/00020185108706840. ISSN 0002-0184. 
  16. ↑ What are the Benin bronzes, and why are they so controversial? (en). aljazeera.com (16 April 2021). Retrieved on 2021-07-12.
  17. ↑ Augoye (2021-07-08). Nigeria demands unconditional return of looted artefacts from Germany (en-GB). Premium Times. Retrieved on 2021-07-12.
  18. ↑ "What was life like in Benin?", BBC Bitesize. Retrieved on 2021-07-10. (in en-GB)
  19. ↑ Wiggins (2020-11-29). The kingdom of Benin was obliterated by the British, who still have the evidence on display (en-AU). abc.net.au. Retrieved on 2021-07-12.
  20. ↑ Marshall. "This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?", The New York Times, 2020-01-23. Retrieved on 2021-07-12. (in en-US)

Njikọ mpụga

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